Your browser does not fully support modern features. Please upgrade for a smoother experience.
Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort by:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Topic Review
The Role of ABC Transporters in the Skin
ABC transporters are expressed in skin cells to protect them against harmful xenobiotics. These transmembrane proteins have a number of additional functions that ensure skin homeostasis. 
  • 1.6K
  • 03 Jan 2023
Topic Review
ER Stress
Recent studies undoubtedly show the importance of inter-organellar connections to maintain cellular homeostasis. In normal physiological conditions or in the presence of cellular and environmental stress, each organelle responds alone or in coordination to maintain cellular function. The Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria are two important organelles with very specialized structural and functional properties. These two organelles are physically connected through very specialized proteins in the region called the mitochondria-associated ER membrane (MAM). The molecular foundation of this relationship is complex and involves not only ion homeostasis through the shuttling of calcium but also many structural and apoptotic proteins. IRE1alpha and PERK are known for their canonical function as an ER stress sensor controlling unfolded protein response during ER stress. The presence of these transmembrane proteins at the MAM indicates its potential involvement in other biological functions beyond ER stress signaling. Many recent studies have now focused on the non-canonical function of these sensors. 
  • 1.6K
  • 06 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Platelet
Platelets are small, anucleate blood cells produced by megakaryocytes. The main function of platelets is to participate in the physiological process of haemostasis, allowing bleeding to stop at the site of an injury, while maintaining normal blood flow elsewhere in the circulation. Platelets are also involved in immunity, antimicrobial defense, cancer growth and metastasis, lymphangiogenesis, inflammatory diseases, wound healing, liver regeneration and neurodegeneration. Their life span is 7–10 days in human. They are produced by megakaryocytes (MKs), mostly in the bone marrow.
  • 1.6K
  • 11 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Pharmacological Effects of Flueggea virosa Extracts
The white berry bush, officially Flueggea virosa (Roxb. ex Willd.) Royle is a medicinal plant distributed throughout tropical areas and traditionally used in Africa, India and China. Root decoctions are used to treat abdominal pain, whereas extracts from the aerial parts serve to treat liver and urinary diseases, inflammatory pathologies and diabetes, among other pathologies. Plant extracts have revealed antiparasitic, antimicrobial, antiepilepsy, antidiabetic, anticancer and analgesic effects.
  • 1.6K
  • 23 Jan 2024
Topic Review
The Keap1–Nrf2 Pathway
The Nrf2 is a transcription factor and it belongs to cap ‘n’ collar (CNC) basic leucine zipper (bZIP) protein subfamilies.
  • 1.6K
  • 23 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Polyphenols (PCs)
Polyphenols, a diverse group of naturally occurring molecules commonly found in higher plants, have been heavily investigated over the last two decades due to their potent biological activities—among which the most important are their antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticancer, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective activities.
  • 1.6K
  • 27 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Deubiquitinase (DUB)
Ubiquitination is one of the most important regulatory machinery of post-translational modification of intracellular proteins. The cellular reversible ubiquitination regulatory machinery consisting of ubiquitinating cassette and deubiquitinating enzymes can change intracellular homeostasis to modulate cell fate. Modifiers involved in these regulations include monomers of ubiquitin (Ub), homopolymeric and heteropolymeric Ub chains. Ub protein, is a highly conserved small protein consisting of 76 amino acids throughout eukaryotes.
  • 1.6K
  • 01 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Hematogenous Tumor Metastasis
Hematogenous tumor metastasis begins with the invasion and spread of primary tumor cells in the local tissue leading to intravasation. Directional migration of primary cancer cells toward intratumor blood/lymphatic vessels should elevate the probability for intravasation and ultimate hematogenous metastasis. Many presume, on the analogy of chemotaxis by specific chemoattractants, that concentration gradients of energy substrates/metabolites in tumor tissue would be a guiding cue for directional cell migration, whereas strong experimental evidence is scarce at present. Here, using a novel microfluidic device, we clearly demonstrated that the gradient of extracellular pH is a cue for directional migration of MDA-MB-231 cells in vitro.
  • 1.6K
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Antibacterial Peptides
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), also known as host defense peptides (HDPs), are produced by all living matter as a critical part of the innate immune system [1,2,3]. Their existence was discovered in 1939, the year gramicidin was isolated from the bacteria, Bacillus brevis; some resources, however, claim that the discovery of lysozyme in the 1920s should be treated as the first AMP instance, due to lysozyme’s non enzymatic, bactericidal second mode of action [2].
  • 1.6K
  • 20 Oct 2020
Topic Review
LncRNA–Protein Interaction
Epigenetic dysregulation is an important feature for cancer initiation and progression. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are transcripts that stably present as RNA forms with no translated protein and have lengths larger than 200 nucleotides. LncRNA can epigenetically regulate either oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes. Nowadays, the combined research of lncRNA plus protein analysis is gaining more attention. LncRNA controls gene expression directly by binding to transcription factors of target genes and indirectly by complexing with other proteins to bind to target proteins and cause protein degradation, reduced protein stability, or interference with the binding of other proteins. Various studies have indicated that lncRNA contributes to cancer development by modulating genes epigenetically and studies have been done to determine which proteins are combined with lncRNA and contribute to cancer development. In this review, we look in depth at the epigenetic regulatory function of lncRNAs that are capable of complexing with other proteins in cancer development.
  • 1.6K
  • 09 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Phenolic Compound Family Extracted from Raspberries
In plant physiology, a phenolic compound family can act as an antioxidant and antimicrobial agent, and their biosynthesis follows the shikimate and phenylpropanoid pathways.
  • 1.6K
  • 04 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Adipogenic Transcription Factors
Adipogenic transcription factors including CCAAT/enhancer binding protein alpha (C/EBPα), C/EBP beta (C/EBPβ) and peroxisome proliferator-associated receptor gamma (PPARγ) are also expressed by osteoclastogenic cells. However, in contrast to MSCs, activation of these adipogenic transcription factors in HSCs promotes the differentiation of osteoclast precursors into mature osteoclasts. Herein, we discuss the molecular mechanisms that link adipogenic transcription factors to the osteoclast differentiation program.
  • 1.6K
  • 28 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Deubiquitinases in Breast Cancer
Deubiquitinase (DUB) is an essential component in the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) by removing ubiquitin chains from substrates, thus modulating the expression, activity, and localization of many proteins that contribute to tumor development and progression. DUBs have emerged as promising prognostic indicators and drug targets. DUBs have shown significant roles in regulating breast cancer growth, metastasis, resistance to current therapies, and several canonical oncogenic signaling pathways. In addition, specific DUB inhibitors have been identified and are expected to benefit breast cancer patients in the future. 
  • 1.6K
  • 09 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Cell-Type Annotation
Multicellular organisms consist of cells that can be categorized by their function and morphology. Single-cell transcriptomics makes it possible to individually profile thousands of cells in multiple tissues and organisms within a single experiment. Determining and labeling cell types or states in single cell transcriptomic data is known as cell-type annotation or identification. Several methods are employed for cell-type annotation, including signature scoring, supervised learning, cell-integration-based label transfer, and semi-supervised annotation. Considering the lineage relationships among cell types, hierarchical classification methods are crucial for accurately identifying cell types and subtypes at an optimal clustering resolution. The use of well-curated reference datasets, implementation of quality control measures, and careful consideration of cluster resolutions heavily influence the reliability of cell-type annotation. The aim of cell-type annotation is to gain insights into cell heterogeneity in various biological processes and diseases, with the potential to drive improvements in therapeutic interventions.
  • 1.6K
  • 08 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Polyphenols in the Mediterranean Diet
The Mediterranean diet varies by country and region, so it has a range of definitions. In general, however, it is high in vegetables, fruits, legumes (such as beans), nuts, cereals, fish and unsaturated fats (such as olive oil). It usually includes a low intake of meat and dairy foods. In particular, some plants are characteristic of the Mediterranean vegetation; some have been present for thousands of years, such as olive trees, walnuts, oregano, pomegranates, onions and others including various citrus species. Polyphenols have a typical molecular structure with one or more aromatic rings, and one or more double bonds are present in the molecule. This structure guarantees an antioxidant action for all classes, as there is delocalization of the free radical itself, with consequent antioxidant activity.
  • 1.6K
  • 31 May 2022
Topic Review
Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species by Mitochondria
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are series of chemical products originated from one or several electron reductions of oxygen. ROS are involved in physiology and disease and can also be both cause and consequence of many biological scenarios. Mitochondria are the main source of ROS in the cell and, particularly, the enzymes in the electron transport chain are the major contributors to this phenomenon. 
  • 1.6K
  • 24 May 2022
Topic Review
L–Tryptophan Derivatives as Essential Compounds for Serotonin Synthesis
L–Tryptophan (Trp) and its derivatives, such as 5-hydroxy–L–tryptophan (5-OH-L-Trp), and tryptamine, are related to biochemical reactions that lead to serotonin synthesis in the brain’s neurotransmitters, lower levels of which are observed in clinically depressed patients.
  • 1.6K
  • 10 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Important Plant Viruses for Plant Biotechnology
Plant viruses have traditionally been studied as pathogens in the context of understanding the molecular and cellular mechanisms of a particular disease affecting crops. In recent years, viruses have emerged as a new alternative for producing biological nanomaterials and chimeric vaccines. Plant viruses were also used to generate highly efficient expression vectors, revolutionizing plant molecular farming (PMF). 
  • 1.6K
  • 18 Jan 2023
Topic Review
CNS Glial Cells FA Synthesis
The central nervous system (CNS) has an exceptionally high lipid content. The brain contains the highest diversity of lipids than any other organ. Fatty acids (FA) are essential monomeric components that define the structural diversity of lipids and determine their functional properties in the CNS. FAs and their metabolites are critical for brain homeostasis and influence many neural functions, including cell survival, neurogenesis and synaptogenesis. Glial cells are a highly heterogeneous population of cells and predominate the mammalian brain. Astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and microglia are the major types of glial cells in the CNS. Their main function is to sustain a homeostatic environment for neuronal circuits, providing not only structural or trophic support but also controlling neuronal function and plasticity. To do so, glial cells heavily rely on transient and temporal changes in the FA and lipid metabolism.
  • 1.6K
  • 23 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Glutamate Receptor in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s Diseases
Glutamate excitotoxicity is a complex biological process that initiates when glutamate receptors are activated, leading to damage in dendrites and eventually causing cell death.
  • 1.6K
  • 13 Nov 2023
  • Page
  • of
  • 133
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Reprints

>>
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Encyclopedia of Engineering
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of Medieval Royal Iconography
Academic Video Service
Feedback