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Topic Review
On-Line Monitoring of Biological Parameters in Microalgal Bioprocesses
Microalgae are promising sources of fuels and other chemicals. To operate microalgal cultivations efficiently, process control based on monitoring of process variables is needed. On-line sensing has important advantages over off-line and other analytical and sensing methods in minimizing the measurement delay. Consequently, on-line, in-situ sensors are preferred. In this respect, optical sensors occupy a central position since they are versatile and readily implemented in an on-line format. In biotechnological processes, measurements are performed in three phases (gaseous, liquid and solid (biomass)), and monitored process variables can be classified as physical, chemical and biological. 
  • 964
  • 18 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Bioupcycling Technology for Sustainable Plastic Waste Management
Effective plastic bioupcycling processes that can act as a drive to increase waste removal from the environment and valorize post-consumer plastic streams, thus accelerating the implementation of a circular (plastic) economy.
  • 962
  • 30 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Outer Membrane Vesicles as an Emerging Vaccine Platform
Vaccine adjuvants are substances that improve the immune capacity of a recombinant vaccine to a great extent and have been in use since the early 1900s; they are primarily short-lived and initiate antigen activity, mainly an inflammatory response. With the developing technologies and innovation, early options such as alum were modified, yet the inorganic nature of major vaccine adjuvants caused several side effects. Outer membrane vesicles, which respond to the stressed environment, are small nano-sized particles secreted by gram-negative bacteria. The secretory nature of outer membrane vesicles (OMV) gives us many benefits in terms of infection bioengineering. 
  • 961
  • 01 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Monitoring of Bone Health
Changing lifestyle and food habits are responsible for health problems, especially those related to bone in an aging population. Poor bone health has now become a serious matter of concern for many of us. In order to avoid serious consequences, the early prediction of symptoms and diagnosis of bone diseases have become the need of the hour. From this inspiration, the evolution of different bone health monitoring techniques and measurement methods practiced by researchers and healthcare companies has been discussed. This paper focuses on various types of bone diseases along with the modeling and remodeling phenomena of bones. The evolution of various diagnosis tests for bone health monitoring has been also discussed. Various types of bone turnover markers, their assessment techniques, and recent developments for the monitoring of biochemical markers to diagnose the bone conditions are highlighted. Then, the paper focuses on the potential assessment of the recent sensing techniques (physical sensors and biosensors) that are currently available for bone health monitoring. Considering the importance of electrochemical biosensors in terms of high sensitivity and reliability, specific attention has been given to the recent development of electrochemical biosensors and significance in real-time monitoring of bone health.
  • 961
  • 02 Nov 2020
Topic Review
miRNA-Based Technologies in Cancer Therapy
The discovery of therapeutic miRNAs is one of the most exciting challenges for pharmaceutical companies. Since the first miRNA was discovered in 1993, our knowledge of miRNA biology has grown considerably. Many studies have demonstrated that miRNA expression is dysregulated in many diseases, making them appealing tools for novel therapeutic approaches.
  • 960
  • 23 Nov 2023
Topic Review
The Interactions between Microorganisms and Arsenic
While arsenic is a natural and inevitable part of the biogeochemical cycle, the rise in anthropogenic activities has led to its continued increase in arsenic concentrations in various environmental matrices. High arsenic concentration is considered a threat due to its recalcitrant nature as well as its capacity for highly toxic effects in plants, animals, and humans. Among all domains of life, microorganisms have been dealing with arsenic since life arose and are the most resilient to its lethal effects. Strides in elucidating the biochemical pathways of their ability to detoxify arsenic has allowed us to utilize their potential in bioremediation processes. 
  • 954
  • 03 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Nostocyclopeptides
Nostocyclopeptides (Ncps) are a small class of bioactive nonribosomal peptides thus far identified only in cyanobacteria of the genus Nostoc. They are composed of six-seven amino acid residues and contain a unique imino linkage formed between C-terminal aldehyde and an N-terminal amine group of the conserved tyrosine. Nostocyclopeptides occur both in cyclic and linear form.
  • 948
  • 05 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Microorganisms in Pristine Cave Environments
Microorganisms are essential to life on Earth and can be found almost everywhere. In pristine environments, through evolutionary change, microorganisms have developed strategies adapted to such hostile conditions. They have adapted their metabolism to survive in extreme conditions with low levels of elements, such as carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus, as well as the chemical composition of the surfaces, which directly affect community diversity. This occurs specifically in caves, which are natural geological formations formed by cavities in the rock and are considered extreme and unfavorable living environments due to severe abiotic conditions. Colonization of substrates in caves is not homogeneous. Different groups of microorganisms occupy different ecological niches in different caves, and together with cave fauna and environmental factors, such as carbon dioxide, temperature, and organic matter content, they determine the biotic functions of caves. Microorganisms colonize in host rock and detrital sediments with different compositions and/or structures, where minerals act as environmental filters that provide specific microhabitats for metabolically similar microorganisms. Microbial colonization is ultimately a complex and dynamic process determined and controlled by physicochemical characteristics and biochemical factors. 
  • 947
  • 19 May 2023
Topic Review
Liquid Biopsy Technology
Liquid biopsy, which surmounts the limitation of tissue biopsy, is evaluated as a potential tool for early cancer detection and monitoring. By sampling from blood, stool, urine, saliva, and other fluid samples, liquid biopsy provides a non-invasive and feasible cancer detection service. Compared with tissue biopsy, liquid biopsy is also more comprehensive to evaluate tumor heterogeneity since tumor sites can release aberrant signals into body fluid.
  • 946
  • 23 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Evaluation of Microalgae Antiviral Activity
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, una microalga verde, viene utilizzata come vettore per esprimere l'RNA a doppio filamento nel virus della testa gialla (YHV), un virus a RNA a filamento singolo della famiglia Roniviridae che infetta gamberetti e gamberi. Viene somministrato agli animali per introduzione orale. Gli organismi trattati con queste microalghe bioingegnerizzate sopravvivono all'infezione di questo virus.
  • 945
  • 25 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Reduction of Hydroxycinnamic Acids in Lactobacilli
Hydroxycinnamic acids (HCAs) are phenolic compounds produced by the secondary metabolism of edible plants and are the most abundant phenolic acids in our diet. The antimicrobial capacity of HCAs is an important function attributed to these phenolic acids in the defense of plants against microbiological threats, and bacteria have developed diverse mechanisms to counter the antimicrobial stress imposed by these compounds, including their metabolism into different microbial derivatives. The metabolism of HCAs has been intensively studied in Lactobacillus spp., as the metabolic transformation of HCAs by these bacteria contributes to the biological activity of these acids in plant and human habitats or to improve the nutritional quality of fermented foods. 
  • 942
  • 29 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Challenges for Biocatalysts and the Circular Economy
In a circular economy era the transition towards renewable and sustainable materials is very urgent. The development of bio-based solutions, that can ensure technological circularity in many priority areas (e.g., agriculture, biotechnology, ecology, green industry, etc.), is very strategic. 
  • 940
  • 19 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Rhizobia as Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria
Rhizobia can associate with non-legume roots, which ultimately leads to the stimulation of growth through diverse direct and indirect mechanisms. For example, rhizobia can enhance growth through phytohormones production, the improvement of plant nutrient uptake, such as the solubilization of precipitated phosphorus, the production of siderophores to address iron needs, and also the reduction of ethylene levels through the aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) deaminase enzyme to cope with drought stress. Additionally, rhizobia can improve, indirectly, non-legume growth through biocontrol of pathogens and the induction of systemic resistance in the host plant. It can also increase root adherence to soil by releasing exopolysaccharides, which regulate water and soil nutrient movement.
  • 937
  • 21 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Smartphone Apps in Tinnitus
Smartphones containing sophisticated high-end hardware and offering high computational capabilities at extremely manageable costs have become mainstream and an integral part of users' lives. Widespread adoption of smartphone devices has encouraged the development of many smartphone applications, resulting in a well-established ecosystem, which is easily discoverable and accessible via respective marketplaces of differing mobile platforms. These smartphone applications are no longer exclusively limited to entertainment purposes but are increasingly established in the scientific and medical field. In the context of tinnitus, the ringing in the ear, these smartphone apps range from relief, management, self-help, all the way to interfacing external sensors to better understand the phenomenon. In this paper, we aim to bring forth the smartphone applications in and around tinnitus. Based on the PRISMA guidelines, we systematically analyze and investigate the current state of smartphone apps, that are directly applied in the context of tinnitus. In particular, we explore Google Scholar, CiteSeerX, Microsoft Academics, Semantic Scholar for the identification of scientific contributions. Additionally, we search and explore Google's Play and Apple's App Stores to identify relevant smartphone apps and their respective properties. This review work gives (1) an up-to-date overview of existing apps, and (2) lists and discusses scientific literature pertaining to the smartphone apps used within the context of tinnitus.
  • 934
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy-Based Sensing of Biofilms
Biofilms are complex communities of microorganisms that can form on various surfaces, including medical devices, industrial equipment, and natural environments. The presence of biofilms can lead to a range of problems, including infections, reduced efficiency and failure of equipment, biofouling or spoilage, and environmental damage. As a result, there is a growing need for tools to measure and monitor levels of biofilms in various biomedical, pharmaceutical, and food processing settings.
  • 933
  • 21 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Legionella and Biofilms
Legionella is responsible for the life-threatening pneumonia commonly known as Legionnaires’ disease or legionellosis. Legionellosis is known to be preventable if proper measures are put into practice. Despite the efforts to improve preventive approaches, Legionella control remains one of the most challenging issues in the water treatment industry. Legionellosis incidence is on the rise and is expected to keep increasing as global challenges become a reality. This puts great emphasis on prevention, which must be grounded in strengthened Legionella management practices. The perpetuation of a water focused monitoring approach and the importance of protozoa and biofilms are bottom-line questions for reliable Legionella real-field surveillance. Under this scope an integrated monitoring model is proposed to study and control Legionella at water systems, by combining discrete and continuous information about water and biofilm. Although the successful implementation of such model requires a broader discussion across the scientific community and practitioners, this might be a starting point to build more consistent Legionella management strategies that can effectively mitigate legionellosis risks by reinforcing a pro-active Legionella prevention philosophy.
  • 931
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Biotechnologies in Perfume Manufacturing
The fragrance industry is increasingly turning to biotechnology to produce sustainable and high-quality fragrance ingredients. Microbial-based approaches have been found to be particularly promising, as they offer a more practical, economical and sustainable alternative to plant-based biotechnological methods for producing terpene derivatives of perfumery interest. Among the evaluated works, the heterologous expression of both terpene synthase and mevalonate pathway into Escherichia coli has shown the highest yields.
  • 928
  • 09 May 2023
Topic Review
Bio-Nanoparticles Mediated Transesterification of Algal Biomass
Immense use of fossil fuels leads to various environmental issues, including greenhouse gas emissions, reduced oil reserves, increased energy costs, global climate changes, etc. These challenges can be tackled by using alternative renewable fuels such as biodiesel. Many studies reported that biodiesel production from microalgae biomass is an environment-friendly and energy-efficient approach, with significantly improved fuel quality in terms of density, calorific value and viscosity. Biodiesel is produced using the transesterification process and the most sustainable method is utilizing enzymes for transesterification. Lipase is an enzyme with excellent catalytic activity, specificity, enantio-selectivity, compatibility and stability and hence it is applied in microalgae biodiesel production. But, difficulty in enzymatic recovery, high enzyme cost and minimal reaction rate are some of its drawbacks that have to be addressed. In this aspect, the nanotechnological approach of lipase immobilization in producing microalgae biodiesel is a promising way to increase production yield and it is due to the adsorption efficiency, economic benefit, recyclability, crystallinity, durability, stability, environmental friendliness and catalytic performance of the bio-nanoparticles used. Through increasing post-harvest biomass yield, absorption of CO2 and photosynthesis in the photobioreactor, the use of nanoparticle immobilized lipase during the generation of biodiesel from microalgae has the potential to also remove feedstock availability constraints. 
  • 928
  • 16 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Micropropagation Protocol of Phyllanthus niruri
Phyllanthus niruri (P. niruri) or Dukung Anak is a herbal plant in the Phyllanthaceae family that has been used traditionally to treat various ailments such as diabetes, jaundice, flu and cough. P. niruri contains numerous medicinal benefits such as anti-tumor and anti-carcinogenic properties and a remedy for hepatitis B viral infection. Due to its beneficial properties, P. niruri is overharvested and wild plants become scarce. This study was conducted to develop an appropriate in vitro culture protocol for the mass production of P. niruri. An aseptic culture of P. niruri was established followed by multiplication of explants using different types of basal medium and its strength and plant growth regulators manipulation. This study also established the induction of in vitro rooting utilizing various types and concentrations of auxin. Treatment of Clorox® with 30% concentration showed the lowest percentage (%) of contamination, 4.44% in P. niruri culture. Nodal segments of P. niruri were successfully induced in full-strength of Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal media with 2.33 number of shoots, 3.11 cm length of shoot and 27.91 number of leaves. In addition, explants in full-strength MS media without any additional cytokinin were recorded as the optimum results for all parameters including the number of shoots (5.0 shoots), the length of shoots (3.68 cm) and the number of leaves (27.33 leaves). Treatment of 2.5 µM indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) showed the highest number of roots (17.92 roots) and root length (1.29 cm). Rooted explants were transferred for acclimatization, and the plantlet showed over 80% of survival rate. In conclusion, plantlets of P. niruri were successfully induced and multiplied via in vitro culture, which could be a step closer to its commercialization.
  • 924
  • 10 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensors for Sensitive Optical Detection
The advancement of science and technology has led to the recent development of highly sensitive pathogen biosensing techniques. The effective treatment of pathogen infections requires sensing technologies to not only be sensitive but also render results in real-time. Increasing numbers of human diseases are reported each year. Therefore, researchers need to develop a sensor that can easily detect different kinds of pathogens. In many situations, the analytes of interest are present in low concentrations in complex media. Therefore, additional efforts are required to improve the materials and technology on which biosensors rely to improve their sensitivity, accuracy, and specificity. Furthermore, the sensing performance of platforms with complex structures is often superior, but this commonly reduces stability.
  • 924
  • 01 Apr 2022
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