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Topic Review
Percutaneous Cryoablation in Bone and Soft Tissue Tumors
In the rapidly evolving field of interventional oncology, minimally invasive methods, including CT-guided cryoablation, play an increasingly important role in tumor treatment, notably in bone and soft tissue cancers. Cryoablation works using compressed gas-filled probes to freeze tumor cells to temperatures below −20 °C, exploiting the Joule–Thompson effect. This cooling causes cell destruction by forming intracellular ice crystals and disrupting blood flow through endothelial cell damage, leading to local ischemia and devascularization. Coupling this with CT technology enables precise tumor targeting, preserving healthy surrounding tissues and decreasing postoperative complications.
  • 926
  • 01 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Natural-Compound-Based Treatments for Osteoarthritis
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a complex degenerative disease in which joint homeostasis is disrupted, leading to synovial inflammation, cartilage degradation, subchondral bone remodeling, and resulting in pain and joint disability.
  • 925
  • 08 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Follicular Lymphoma
Follicular Lymphoma (FL), the most common indolent non-Hodgkin’s B cell lymphoma, is a paradigm of the immune microenvironment’s contribution to disease onset, progression, and heterogeneity.
  • 924
  • 25 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Dysbiosis of the Subgingival Microbiome
Human microbiomes are polymicrobial structures, and the different microenvironments that harbour them are regulated by environmental factors, complicated inter-microbial communication signals, and hosts’ immune responses. A collective functioning of these microbial communities leads to symbiosis or eubiosis with the host. However, when they are broken due to the dominance of specific species, it leads to dysbiosis and the onset of pathological processes or diseases. In the oral microbiome, extrinsic factors such as diet, tobacco, stress, and antibiotics, as well as intrinsic factors such as poor dental hygiene, cytokines, microRNAs, and diabetes, will have an effect on the microbiota-host immunity axis, promoting the loss of microbial diversity of the symbiotic subgingival biofilm, and favouring the predominance of a certain disease-initiating dysbiotic flora.
  • 922
  • 05 May 2022
Topic Review
HDLs and Adiponectin in Promoting Endothelial Dysfunction
Obesity is an epidemic public health problem that has progressively worsened in recent decades and is associated with low-grade chronic inflammation (LGCI) in metabolic tissues and an increased risk of several diseases. In particular, LGCI alters metabolism and increases cardiovascular risk by impairing endothelial function and altering the functions of adiponectin and high-density lipoproteins (HDLs). Adiponectin is an adipokine involved in regulating energy metabolism and body composition. Serum adiponectin levels are reduced in obese individuals and negatively correlate with chronic sub-clinical inflammatory markers. HDLs are a heterogeneous and complex class of lipoproteins that can be dysfunctional in obesity. Adiponectin and HDLs are strictly interdependent, and the maintenance of their interplay is essential for vascular function.
  • 921
  • 16 Jun 2022
Topic Review
NF-κB in Acute Myeloid Leukemia
Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) is an aggressive hematological malignancy that relies on highly heterogeneous cytogenetic alterations. Although in the last few years new agents have been developed for AML treatment, the overall survival prospects for AML patients are still gloomy and new therapeutic options are still urgently needed. Constitutive NF-κB activation has been reported in around 40% of AML patients, where it sustains AML cell survival and chemoresistance. Given the central role of NF-κB in AML, targeting the NF-κB pathway represents an attractive strategy to treat AML.
  • 921
  • 08 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Human granulocytic Anaplasmosis (HGA)
Human granulocytic Anaplasmosis (HGA), is a tick-borne infectious disease transmitted by ticks, resulting in acute feverish episodes. The etiological agent is the bacteria Anaplasma phagocytophilum; which is spread by ticks of the genus Ixodes spp. to complete its life cycle. 
  • 919
  • 26 Jul 2021
Topic Review
SARS-CoV-2 infection induced Immunity
SARS-CoV-2 infection-induced adaptive immunity includes humoral and cellular immune responses. Though the duration of protection is unclear so far, the induced immunity has been found to play an important role in mediating protection against subsequent  SARS-CoV-2 infections.    
  • 914
  • 11 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Anatomical Imaging Techniques for Skin Cancer Pathobiology
Early diagnosis is essential for completely eradicating skin cancer and maximizing patients’ clinical benefits. Emerging optical imaging modalities such as reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM), optical coherence tomography (OCT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), near-infrared (NIR) bioimaging, positron emission tomography (PET), and their combinations provide non-invasive imaging data that may help in the early detection of cutaneous tumors and surgical planning. Hence, they seem appropriate for observing dynamic processes such as blood flow, immune cell activation, and tumor energy metabolism, which may be relevant for disease evIolution.
  • 913
  • 03 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Microglial Responses to Stress-Induced Depression
Growing evidence suggests that microglial inflammatory activation is crucial in psychiatric disorders, including major depressive disorder (MDD). Chronic exposure to stressful stimuli, a significant risk factor for MDD, has been associated with the activation of peripheral and central immune cells, leading to inflammation. The aim is to discuss microglial responses to stress-induced depression comprehensively. Animal models used in preclinical studies of depression often utilize stressors to induce pathology similar to depression. These studies offer compelling evidence of microglial inflammatory activation, resulting in neuropathology and depressive-like behavior.
  • 910
  • 12 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Nervous Disorders Modify Skeletal Muscle
It is widely known that nervous and muscular systems work together and that they are strictly dependent in their structure and functions. Consequently, muscles undergo macro and microscopic changes with subsequent alterations after a central nervous system (CNS) disease. Despite this, only a few researchers have addressed the problem of skeletal muscle abnormalities following CNS diseases. The purpose of this review is to summarize the current knowledge on the potential mechanisms responsible for changes in skeletal muscle of patients suffering from some of the most common CSN disorders (Stroke, Multiple Sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease).
  • 908
  • 16 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Universal Influenza Vaccines
Influenza viruses pose a significant threat to human health. They are responsible for a large number of deaths annually and have a serious impact on the global economy. There are numerous influenza virus subtypes, antigenic variations occur continuously, and epidemic trends are difficult to predict—all of which lead to poor outcomes of routine vaccination against targeted strain subtypes. Therefore, the development of universal influenza vaccines still constitutes the ideal strategy for controlling influenza. This article reviews the progress in development of universal vaccines directed against the conserved regions of hemagglutinin (HA), neuraminidase (NA), and other structural proteiinfluenza virus; antigenic variation; universal vaccine; cross-protection; cellular immunityns of influenza viruses using new technologies and strategies with the goals of enhancing our understanding of universal influenza vaccines and providing a reference for research into the exploitation of natural immunity against influenza viruses.
  • 907
  • 22 Oct 2020
Topic Review
CNNs in lymph node metastasis
Deep learning models have potential to improve performance of automated computer-assisted diagnosis tools in digital histopathology and reduce subjectivity. The main objective of this study was to further improve diagnostic potential of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) in detection of lymph node metastasis in breast cancer patients by integrative augmentation of input images with multiple segmentation channels. For this retrospective study, we used the PatchCamelyon dataset, consisting of 327,680 histopathology images of lymph node sections from breast cancer. Images had labels for the presence or absence of metastatic tissue. In addition, we used four separate histopathology datasets with annotations for nucleus, mitosis, tubule, and epithelium to train four instances of U-net. Then our baseline model was trained with and without additional segmentation channels and their performances were compared. Integrated gradient was used to visualize model attribution. The model trained with concatenation/integration of original input plus four additional segmentation channels, which we refer to as ConcatNet, was superior (AUC 0.924) compared to baseline with or without augmentations (AUC 0.854; 0.884). Baseline model trained with one additional segmentation channel showed intermediate performance (AUC 0.870-0.895). ConcatNet had sensitivity of 82.0% and specificity of 87.8%, which was an improvement in performance over the baseline (sensitivity of 74.6%; specificity of 80.4%). Integrated gradients showed that models trained with additional segmentation channels had improved focus on particular areas of the image containing aberrant cells. Augmenting images with additional segmentation channels improved baseline model performance as well as its ability to focus on discrete areas of the image.
  • 902
  • 19 Oct 2020
Topic Review
COPD’s Patients in COVID-19 Pandemic
For the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), early diagnosis and unconditionally correct management at the initial stage of the disease are very important when the symptoms are not yet too worrying. In this way, the progress of the disease can be slowed down, as can the occurrence of late, life-threatening symptoms. Pulmonary rehabilitation is an essential component of the management of COPD. The selection of appropriate exercises, which are determined during the classification of patients into a suitable improvement program, is of key importance in the process of rehabilitation. 
  • 902
  • 30 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Molecular Basis of Vessel Disease
Currently, atherosclerosis, which affects the vascular bed of all vital organs and tissues, is considered as a leading cause of death. Most commonly, atherosclerosis involves coronary and peripheral arteries, which results in acute (e.g., myocardial infarction, lower extremities ischemia) or chronic (persistent ischemia leading to severe heart failure) consequences. All of them have a marked unfavorable impact on the quality of life and are associated with increased mortality and morbidity in human populations. Lower extremity artery disease (LEAD, also defined as peripheral artery disease, PAD) refers to atherosclerotic occlusive disease of the lower extremities, where partial or complete obstruction of peripheral arteries is observed. Decreased perfusion can result in ischemic pain, non-healing wounds, and ischemic ulcers, and significantly reduce the quality of life. However, the progressive atherosclerotic changes cause stimulation of tissue response processes, like vessel wall remodeling and neovascularization. These mechanisms of adapting the vascular network to pathological conditions seem to play a key role in reducing the impact of the changes limiting the flow of blood. Neovascularization as a response to ischemia induces sprouting and expansion of the endothelium to repair and grow the vessels of the circulatory system. Neovascularization consists of three different biological processes: vasculogenesis, angiogenesis, and arteriogenesis. Both molecular and environmental factors that may affect the process of development and growth of blood vessels were analyzed. Particular attention was paid to the changes taking place during LEAD.
  • 902
  • 24 May 2021
Topic Review
Relevance of 5-HT4Rs Modulation in Memory Disorders
Multilevel alterations of hippocampal function have been identified as a common denominator of memory impairments in a number of psychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases. For many years, the glutamatergic and cholinergic systems have been the main targets of therapeutic treatments against these symptoms. Type 4 serotonin receptors (5-HT4Rs) is a new therapeutic target for memory disorders. To date, much of the researched information gathered by scientists from both animal models and humans converge on pro-mnesic and anti-amnesic properties of 5-HT4Rs activation.
  • 900
  • 02 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Orofacial Cancers
Orofacial cancers result in facial deformities and impairment of vital functions and are often lethal. These aggressive solid tumors exhibit great heterogeneity between them and show distinct and exclusive molecular alterations that deregulate the function of important signaling pathways. The Notch signaling pathway is involved in the initiation and development of orofacial cancers. Increasing evidence suggests that Notch molecules may have a dual function in cancer, acting either as oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes. Crosstalk between Notch and other signaling pathways provides a critical multidirectional control in these cancers. Protein phosphorylation is activated in cancers and therefore novel drugs inhibiting phosphorylation events (kinase inhibitors) are increasingly used in the treatment of cancers. Another pharmacological strategy is the selective targeting of Notch signaling in order to eliminate the cancer stem cells using monoclonal antibodies against specific regions of the Notch molecules. Organoids, “organ-on-a-chip” devices and single-cell genomic analyses could be used for further investigations and preclinical studies in orofacial cancers. Organoids can be used to study complex interactions between the various cells lines in orofacial cancers, as well as for the preclinical screening of novel drugs. Microfluidic culture systems, also called “organs-on-chips”, can be used to model cancer cell behavior within orofacial tissues and their environment. These chips also enable to vary drug delivery and composition in a controlled manner in order to study cancer tissue responses to various pharmaceutical anticancer products. Single-cell RNA-seq analyses allow exploring the genetic and functional heterogeneity of orofacial cancers at a cellular resolution, thus revealing new insights into tumor composition and drug resistance. These important technological developments and the innovative therapeutic strategies demonstrate significant promise and generate enthusiasm and optimism within the oncology community.
  • 897
  • 28 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Delta and Lambda Variants of SARS-CoV-2
The high transmissibility of Delta and Lambda variants has raised the need to determine the reason for the infectivity of these variants. Since the Delta variant first emerged in India in June 2020, the global incidence of the Delta variant has made it a VOC. The Delta variant is 60% more infectious than the original Wuhan SARS-CoV-2 strain. Similarly, Lambda, a VOI, was first reported in Peru in December, 2020 and currently, its diverse mutations and increased frequency in over 29 countries has raised more attention.
  • 894
  • 23 Nov 2021
Topic Review
EMF-ELF and Wound-Repair
Wound healing is a complex, staged process. It involves extensive communication between the different cellular constituents of various compartments of the skin and its extracellular matrix (ECM). Different signaling pathways are determined by a mutual influence on each other, resulting in a dynamic and complex crosstalk. It consists of various dynamic processes including a series of overlapping phases: hemostasis, inflammation response, new tissue formation, and tissue remodeling. Interruption or deregulation of one or more of these phases may lead to non-healing (chronic) wounds. The most important factor among local and systemic exogenous factors leading to a chronic wound is infection with a biofilm presence. In the last few years, an increasing number of reports have evaluated the effects of extremely low frequency (ELF) electromagnetic fields (EMFs) on tissue repair. Each experimental result comes from a single element of this complex process. An interaction between ELF-EMFs and healing has shown to effectively modulate inflammation, protease matrix rearrangement, neo-angiogenesis, senescence, stem-cell proliferation, and epithelialization.
  • 891
  • 28 May 2021
Topic Review
Genes Associated with Atopic Dermatitis
Atopic dermatitis and abnormalities in tooth development (including hypomineralization, hypodontia and microdontia) have been observed to co-occur in some patients. A common pathogenesis pathway that involves genes and protein interactions has been hypothesized.
  • 890
  • 03 Apr 2023
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