Submitted Successfully!
To reward your contribution, here is a gift for you: A free trial for our video production service.
Thank you for your contribution! You can also upload a video entry or images related to this topic.
Version Summary Created by Modification Content Size Created at Operation
1
Patrici Perez-Galan
 + 1696 word(s) 1696 2021-02-15 10:10:37 |
2 format correct
Karina Chen
 Meta information modification 1696 2021-02-25 08:23:01 |

Video Upload Options

Do you have a full video?
Send video materials Upload full video

Confirm

Are you sure to Delete?
Yes No
Cite
If you have any further questions, please contact Encyclopedia Editorial Office.
Perez-Galan, P. Follicular Lymphoma. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/7408 (accessed on 27 July 2024).
Perez-Galan P. Follicular Lymphoma. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/7408. Accessed July 27, 2024.
Perez-Galan, Patrici. "Follicular Lymphoma" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/7408 (accessed July 27, 2024).
Perez-Galan, P. (2021, February 20). Follicular Lymphoma. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/7408
Perez-Galan, Patrici. "Follicular Lymphoma." Encyclopedia. Web. 20 February, 2021.
Follicular Lymphoma
Edit
This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper 10.3390/cancers13040641

Follicular Lymphoma (FL), the most common indolent non-Hodgkin’s B cell lymphoma, is a paradigm of the immune microenvironment’s contribution to disease onset, progression, and heterogeneity.

follicular lymphoma microenvironment immunotherapy

1. FL Microenvironment: Friend or Foe?

Follicular lymphoma (FL), the most common indolent non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL), is a biologically heterogeneous disease with clinical variations in patient outcome [1].

The initial oncogenic hit happens in the Pre B/Pro B stage of B cells in the bone marrow (BM) where they acquire the t (14;18) translocation due to an error in V(D)J recombination. Subsequently, these cells home to B cell follicles inside lymph nodes (LNs) where they encounter the antigen (Ag) and undergo, in the germinal center (GC), somatic hypermutation (SHM) and class switch recombination (CSR) (IgM to IgG) of the immunoglobulin that constitutes the B cell receptor (BCR). FL-like cells interact with follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) and are selected to undergo apoptosis or be rescued by follicular helper T cells (TFH), based on the Ag affinity of their BCRs. Overexpression of BCL2, along with additional anti-apoptotic proteins, allow apoptosis escape independently of BCR affinity. These FL-like B cells then exit the GC and enter circulation where they might be prone to traffic between secondary lymphoid organs and the BM, and they acquire additional genetic changes necessary for transformation to FL, such as CREBBP, KMT2D, EZH2, TNFRS14, among others [2][3].

There is now growing evidence that crosstalk between lymphoma cells and stromal and immune cells in lymphoid compartments is fundamental for disease onset and progression. This crosstalk is dynamic and shapes the tumor microenvironment enhancing the pro-tumoral features of the niche [4][5]. FL represents a paradigm of dependence on the microenvironment. Seminal microarray studies in LN biopsies from the Leukemia and Lymphoma Profiling Project (LLMPP) series established for the first time that FL prognosis was not given by the tumor cell per se but by the composition of non-malignant cells [6][7][8]. Subsequently, many studies have tried to identify phenotypic markers to stratify patients, although this picture has been more complicated than anticipated, and influenced by treatment.

The main players that support tumors, through a complex set of cytokines, receptors, immune modulators, and pro-angiogenic factors, are follicular dendritic cells (FDCs), fibroblastic reticular cells (FRCs), mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), and tumor-associated macrophages (TMAs), together with a rich T cell infiltrate composed of CD4 T follicular helpers (TFH) cells, CD4 T follicular regulatory (TFR) cells, CD4 T regulatory cells (TREG), and CD8 cytotoxic T cells (CTL) [9][10] (Figure 1).

Figure 1. An integrative view of follicular lymphoma (FL) microenvironment and its crosstalk with genetic drivers. (A) FL is highly infiltrated with several T cell subpopulations, where TFH are fundamental players through MHC II and CD40L, while immunosuppressive TREG hamper cytotoxic T cells (CTLs) activation. Fibroblastic reticular cells (FRCs) also participate in immunosuppression by secreting extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins that regulate T cell trafficking and cooperate with TFH. (B) FL cells favor the recruitment of monocytes through CCL2 and CSF-1 that differentiate and polarize mostly into M2-like macrophages expressing PD-L1 and PD-L2 and dampening CTLs cytotoxic activity. Both macrophages and FDCs activate B cell receptors (BCRs) through lectins binding to mannosylated BCR. Likewise, FDCs also activate BCRs through the presentation of immunocomplexes to FL cells. Neutrophils are recruited through IL8 secretion in the FL niche and support lymphoma growth. (C) Several genetic alterations corrupt the microenvironment to better support FL. Mutations in CREBBP and deletions in B2M genes reduce MHC II and MHC I expression, respectively. On the contrary, aberrant CATHEPSIN B leads to an increase in MHC II expression and CD8 expansion. Both EZH2 and RRAGC mutations reduce the need for TFH help making FL cells more dependent on FDCs, while disruption of the HVEM–BTLA axis allows uncontrolled TFH support to FL cells.

The FL–LN maintains a structure reminiscent of a normal LN, where B cells are supported by TFH and the follicles are delimitated for a network of FDCs. These types of dendritic cells are only present in the follicles of primary and secondary lymph organs. FDCs are particular Ag-presenting cells (APCs) as they do not internalize, process, and present Ag, but present intact Ag–Ab complexes on their cell surface that induce survival of FL cells and their differentiation into memory B cells or plasma cells. In vitro studies using a non-immortalized FDC cell line have demonstrated that FDCs preferentially bind to GC B cells and deliver a positive signal for B cell survival, activation, and differentiation [11][12]. Interestingly, FL cells are then able to present this Ag derived from FDC presentation and trigger TFH recruitment. TFH are specialized CD4+ T cells located in the GC light zone and are characterized by CD4+, CXCR5+, PD1+, ICOS+, and CD25- phenotype. TFH are essential for the formation and maintenance of GC, contributing to B cell fitness by means of CD40L signaling and IL-4 or IL-21 cytokines [13]. It is noteworthy that IL-4 proteins are five-fold more abundant in FL germinal centers than in normal tonsil [14]. Moreover, malignant B cells are involved in the recruitment of TREG (CD4+, CD25+), present in a higher frequency in FL compared with tonsils, and acting as inhibitors of CD8+ T cell effector activity [15].

FRCs are stromal cells present in the T cell zone of the LN that are endowed with functions that create a permissive niche by secreting components of the extracellular matrix (ECM), including laminin, fibronectin, and collagen IV. They organize and regulate immune cell trafficking, differentiation, and migration of T cells through an IL-4/CXCL12 communication axis with TFH, among other signals, and secretion of additional chemokines such as CCL19 and CCL21. FRC also plays a direct role in B malignant cells’ activation and survival through BAFF signaling [16][17][18][19].

MSCs are present both in the BM niche and LNs, supporting B cell survival through the secretion of numerous factors, such as BAFF, TNFα, lymphotoxin α (LTα) [20], while chemokine CCL2 favors the recruitment of macrophages to the FL niche [21].

Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are highly plastic cells from the myeloid lineage. Depending on the stimuli, macrophages can be polarized into M1 (inflammatory phenotype) or M2 (anti-inflammatory), resulting in distinct cytokine production or T cell function (Th1 and Th2). We have recently demonstrated that FL-FDC niche promotes, via the secretion of CCL2 and CSF-1, monocyte recruitment, differentiation, and polarization towards an M2-like pro-tumoral phenotype, as seen in FL patient biopsies [5], favoring angiogenesis, dissemination, and immunosuppression [22]. Moreover, macrophages express C-type lectin dendritic cell–specific intercellular adhesion molecule-3-grabbing non-integrin (DC-SIGN) that binds to mannosylated BCR, activating B cell survival independently of Ag [23][24][25]. In addition, monocyte/macrophages trans-present IL-15 to B cells in the FL niche and cooperate with T-cell-derived CD40L to promote IL-15-dependent B-cell proliferation [26].

Thus, FL is surrounded by a rich and well-interconnected network of supportive allies that may account for the incurability of this indolent lymphoma. Moreover, this dynamic microenvironment also takes part in the histological transformation (HT) of FL to an aggressive lymphoma. These modifications comprise the disruption of the FDC network [27], changes in the gene expression of CD4/8 T cells leading to decrease motility [28], a decrease in the number and follicular distribution of FoxP3+ TREG [29] and PD-1 positive T cells. [30]

2. FL Mutational Landscape and Microenvironment Interplay

Although t(14;18) (q32;q21) was discovered decades ago [31], it is considered the first oncogenic hit in FL. It is not present in approximately 10% of patients [32][33], and it has been detected in some healthy individuals [34][35]. Therefore, additional mutations must contribute to disease onset. In this genomic era, the FL genome has been fully characterized by whole genome and exome sequencing and, more recently, by single-cell RNA sequencing (sc-RNAseq). In this review, we focus on those mutations with an impact on the FL microenvironment remodeling.

FL is a malignancy addicted to epigenetic mutations [36] where these hits (KTMD2, CREBBP/EP300, and EZH2 genes) constitute early oncogenic events present in virtually all FL patients [37][38][39]. These genes are involved in the post-translational modification of histones [40]. The loss of function of histone K3K4 methyltransferase KMT2D (also known as MLL2) is the most frequent alteration (60–90%), followed by loss of function mutations in the H3K27/H3K18 acetyltransferases CREBBP (50–70%) and EP300 (10–20%), resulting in transcriptional repression [40][41].

Histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 2D (KMT2D) function is related to GC formation and CSR, two critical steps in the maturation process of B cells, and it cooperates with BCL-2 in lymphomagenesis [40][42]. No impact on the immune microenvironment has been described thus far.

CREB-binding protein (CREBBP) is a haploinsufficient tumor suppressor that acts as a major regulator of enhancer networks in the GC, especially in the light zone, and avoids terminal B cell differentiation [41]. CREBBP also acetylates non-histone proteins such as p53 and BCL6. Loss of function CREBBP mutations leads to reduced activation of p53 as well as to diminished inactivation of BCL6 [43][44]. Noteworthy, CREBBP mutations have a clear effect on the immune microenvironment. MHC class II is reduced in FL cells at both the transcriptome and protein levels, resulting in a diminished Ag presentation [45]. Recently, this finding has been confirmed by scRNA-seq analysis [46]. Furthermore, CREBBP mutations are associated with reduced T cell proliferation and have been identified as early mutations, since they are present in the earliest inferable progenitors [45] and could even be present in hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell compartments [44]. Altogether, there is a large amount of evidence indicating that CREBBP mutations may play a major role in the evasion of immune surveillance during the development of FL tumors. In addition, both mutCREBBP and mutEP300 contribute to lymphomagenesis by enabling unopposed suppression of enhancers by BCL6/SMRT/HDAC3 complexes, suggesting HDAC3-targeted therapy as a precision approach for CREBBP-mutant lymphomas [47], and recent results with specific HDAC3 inhibitors have demonstrated the reactivation of immune responses [48]. While specific HDAC3 inhibitors are not at a clinical stage, diminished chromatin acetylation by mutCREBBP might be reverted using pan-HDACi. Preclinical data suggest that these families of compounds may be beneficial in combination with immunotherapy in B cell lymphomas [49]. Some clinical trials have explored pan-HDAC in monotherapy. Vorinostat yielded moderate responses (<50%) in two phase II clinical trials [50][51], while abexinostat has shown an improved overall response rate (ORR) [52]. The lack of isoform-specificity could lead to immunosuppressive effects by pan-HDACi [53].

References

  1. B.S., K. Follicular lymphoma: Are we ready for a risk-adapted approach? Hematology 2017, 2017, 358–364.
  2. Huet, S.; Sujobert, P.; Salles, G. From genetics to the clinic: A translational perspective on follicular lymphoma. Nat. Rev. Cancer 2018, 18, 224–239, doi:10.1038/nrc.2017.127.
  3. Kahl, B.S.; Yang, D.T. Follicular lymphoma : evolving therapeutic strategies. Blood 2018, 127, 2055–2064, doi:10.1182/blood-2015-11-624288.The.
  4. Shain, K.H.; Dalton, W.S.; Tao, J. The tumor microenvironment shapes hallmarks of mature B-cell malignancies. Oncogene 2015, 34, 4673–4682, doi:10.1038/onc.2014.403.
  5. Yang, Z.Z.; Ansell, S.M. The tumor microenvironment in follicular lymphoma. Clin. Adv. Hematol. Oncol. 2012, 10, 810–818.
  6. Léa Verdière, Frédéric Mourcin, K.T. Microenvironment signaling driving lymphomagenesis. Curr. Opin. Hematol. 2018, 335–345, doi:10.1097/MOH.0000000000000440.
  7. Jong, D. De; Hemato, S.; Fest, T. The microenvironment in follicular lymphoma. Best Pract. Res. Clin. Haematol. 2011, 24, 135–146, doi:10.1016/j.beha.2011.02.007.
  8. Dave, S.S.; Wright, G.; Ph, D.; Tan, B.; Rosenwald, A.; Gascoyne, R.D.; Chan, W.C.; Fisher, R.I.; Braziel, R.M.; Rimsza, L.M.; et al. Prediction of Survival in Follicular Lymphoma Based on Molecular Features of Tumor-Infiltrating Immune Cells. New Engl. J. Med. 2004, 2159–2169.
  9. Chraa, D.; Naim, A.; Olive, D.; Badou, A. T lymphocyte subsets in cancer immunity: Friends or foes. J. Leukoc. Biol. 2019, 243–255, doi:10.1002/JLB.MR0318-097R.
  10. Ame-Thomas, P.; Tarte, K. The yin and the yang of follicular lymphoma cell niches: role of microenvironment heterogeneity and plasticity. Semin. Cancer Biol. 2014, 24, 23–32, doi:10.1016/j.semcancer.2013.08.001.
  11. Matas-Céspedes, A.; Rodriguez, V.; Kalko, S.G.; Vidal-Crespo, A.; Rosich, L.; Casserras, T.; Balsas, P.; Villamor, N.; Gin??, E.; Campo, E.; et al. Disruption of follicular dendritic cells-follicular lymphoma cross-talk by the pan-PI3K inhibitor BKM120 (buparlisib). Clin. Cancer Res. 2014, 20, 3458–3471, doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-14-0154.
  12. Park, C.-S.; Choi, Y.S. How do follicular dendritic cells interact intimately with B cells in the germinal centre? Immunology 2005, 114, 2–10, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2567.2004.02075.x.
  13. P Amé-Thomas, J Le Priol, H Yssel, G Caron, C Pangault, R Jean, N Martin, T Marafioti, P Gaulard, T Lamy, T Fest, G.S.& K.T. Characterization of intratumoral follicular helper T cells in follicular lymphoma : role in the survival of malignant B cells. Leukemia 2011, 1053–1063, doi:10.1038/leu.2011.301.
  14. Pangault, C.; Amé-Thomas, P.; Ruminy, P.; Rossille, D.; Caron, G.; Baia, M.; De Vos, J.; Roussel, M.; Monvoisin, C.; Lamy, T.; et al. Follicular lymphoma cell niche: identification of a preeminent IL-4-dependent TFH–B cell axis. Leukemia 2080, 24, 2080–2089, doi:10.1038/leu.2010.223.
  15. Yang, Z.-Z.; Novak, A.J.; Stenson, M.J.; Witzig, T.E.; Ansell, S.M. Intratumoral CD4+CD25+ regulatory T-cell-mediated sup-pression of infiltrating CD4+ T cells in B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Blood 2006, 107, 3639–3646, doi:10.1182/blood-2005-08-3376.
  16. Brown, F.D.; Sen, D.R.; LaFleur, M.W.; Godec, J.; Lukacs-Kornek, V.; Schildberg, F.A.; Kim, H.J.; Yates, K.B.; Ricoult, S.J.H.; Bi, K.; et al. Fibroblastic reticular cells enhance T cell metabolism and survival via epigenetic remodeling. Nat. Immunol. 2019, 20, 1668–1680, doi:10.1038/s41590-019-0515-x.
  17. Flavian D. Brown, and S.J.T. Fibroblastic Reticular Cells: Organization and Regulation of the T Lymphocyte Life Cycle. J. Immunol. 2015, 23, 1–7, doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1402520.Fibroblastic.
  18. Pandey, S.; Mourcin, F.; Marchand, T.; Nayar, S.; Guirriec, M.; Pangault, C.; Monvoisin, C.; Ame-Thomas, P.; Guilloton, F.; Dulong, J.; et al. IL-4/CXCL12 loop is a key regulator of lymphoid stroma function in follicular lymphoma. Blood 2017, 129, 2507–2518, doi:10.1182/blood-2016-08-737239.
  19. Lamaison, C.; Tarte, K. Impact of B cell/lymphoid stromal cell crosstalk in B-cell physiology and malignancy. Immunol. Lett. 2019, 215, 12–18, doi:10.1016/j.imlet.2019.02.005.
  20. Amé-Thomas, P.; Maby-El Hajjami, H.; Monvoisin, C.; Jean, R.; Monnier, D.; Caulet-Maugendre, S.; Guillaudeux, T.; Lamy, T.; Fest, T.; Tarte, K. Human mesenchymal stem cells isolated from bone marrow and lymphoid organs support tumor B-cell growth: role of stromal cells in follicular lymphoma pathogenesis. Blood 2007, 109, 693–702, doi:10.1182/blood-2006-05-020800.
  21. Guilloton, F.; Caron, G.; Ménard, C.; Pangault, C.; Amé-Thomas, P.; Dulong, J.; De Vos, J.; Rossille, D.; Henry, C.; Lamy, T.; et al. Mesenchymal stromal cells orchestrate follicular lymphoma cell niche through the CCL2-dependent recruitment and polarization of monocytes. Blood 2012, 119, 2556–2567, doi:10.1182/blood-2011-08-370908.
  22. Perez Galan, P.; Valero, J.G.; Matas-Cespedes, A.; Rodriguez, V.; Arenas, F.; Carreras, J.; Serrat, N.; Guerrero-Hernandez, M.; Corbera, M.; Yahiaoui, A.; et al. DECIPHERING THE CONTRIBUTION OF MACROPHAGES TO FOLLICULAR LYM-PHOMA PATHOGENESIS: NEW INSIGHTS INTO THERAPY. Hematol. Oncol. 2019, 37, 151–152, doi:10.1002/hon.108_2629.
  23. Amin, R.; Mourcin, F.; Uhel, F.; Pangault, C.; Ruminy, P.; Dupré, L.; Guirriec, M.; Marchand, T.; Fest, T.; Lamy, T.; et al. DC-SIGN-expressing macrophages trigger activation of mannosylated IgM B-cell receptor in follicular lymphoma. Blood 2015, 126, 1911–1920, doi:10.1182/blood-2015-04-640912.
  24. Hollander, N.; Haimovich, J. Altered N-linked glycosylation in follicular lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia: In-volvement in pathogenesis and potential therapeutic targeting. Front. Immunol. 2017, 8, 1–6, doi:10.3389/fimmu.2017.00912.
  25. Linley, A.; Krysov, S.; Ponzoni, M.; Johnson, P.W.; Packham, G.; Stevenson, F.K. Lectin binding to surface Ig variable regions provides a universal persistent activating signal for follicular lymphoma cells. Blood 2015, 126, 1902–1910, doi:10.1182/blood-2015-04-640805.
  26. Epron, G.; Ame-Thomas, P.; Le Priol, J.; Pangault, C.; Dulong, J.; Lamy, T.; Fest, T.; Tarte, K. Monocytes and T cells cooperate to favor normal and follicular lymphoma B-cell growth: role of IL-15 and CD40L signaling. Leukemia 2012, 26, 139–148, doi:10.1038/leu.2011.179.
  27. Shiozawa, E.; Yamochi-Onizuka, T.; Yamochi, T.; Yamamoto, Y.; Naitoh, H.; Kawakami, K.; Nakamaki, T.; Tomoyasu, S.; Kushima, M.; Ota, H. Disappearance of CD21-positive follicular dendritic cells preceding the transformation of follicular lymphoma: immunohistological study of the transformation using CD21, p53, Ki-67, and P-glycoprotein. Pathol. Res. Pract. 2003, 199, 293–302, doi:10.1078/0344-0338-00421.
  28. Kiaii, S.; Clear, A.J.; Ramsay, A.G.; Davies, D.; Sangaralingam, A.; Lee, A.; Calaminici, M.; Neuberg, D.S.; Gribben, J.G. Fol-licular lymphoma cells induce changes in T-cell gene expression and function: potential impact on survival and risk of transformation. J. Clin. Oncol. Off. J. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol. 2013, 31, 2654–2661, doi:10.1200/JCO.2012.44.2137.
  29. Carreras, J.; Lopez-Guillermo, A.; Fox, B.C.; Colomo, L.; Martinez, A.; Roncador, G.; Montserrat, E.; Campo, E.; Banham, A.H. High numbers of tumor-infiltrating FOXP3-positive regulatory T cells are associated with improved overall survival in follicular lymphoma. Blood 2006, 108, 2957–2964, doi:10.1182/blood-2006-04-018218.
  30. Lopez-Guillermo, A.; Carreras, J.; Roncador, G.; Villamor, N.; Colomo, L.; Martinez, A.; Hamoudi, R.; Howat, W.J.; Mont-serrat, E.; Campo, E. High numbers of tumor-infiltrating programmed cell death 1-positive regulatory lymphocytes are asso-ciated with improved overall survival in follicular lymphoma. J. Clin. Oncol. 2009, 27, 1470–1476, doi:10.1200/JCO.2008.18.0513.
  31. Tsujimoto, Y.; Cossman, J.; Jaffe, E.; Croce, C.M. Involvement of the bcl-2 gene in human follicular lymphoma. Science (80-. ). 1985, 228, 1440–1443, doi:10.1126/science.3874430.
  32. Vaandrager, J.W.; Schuuring, E.; Raap, T.; Philippo, K.; Kleiverda, K.; Kluin, P. Interphase FISH detection of BCL2 rear-rangement in follicular lymphoma using breakpoint-flanking probes. Genes Chromosom. Cancer 2000, 27, 85–94, doi:10.1002/(SICI)1098-2264(200001)27:1<85::AID-GCC11>3.0.CO;2-9.
  33. Roulland, S.; Kelly, R.S.; Morgado, E.; Sungalee, S.; Solal-Celigny, P.; Colombat, P.; Jouve, N.; Palli, D.; Pala, V.; Tumino, R.; et al. t(14;18) translocation: A predictive blood biomarker for follicular lymphoma. J. Clin. Oncol. 2014, 32, 1347–1355, doi:10.1200/JCO.2013.52.8190.
  34. Limpens, J.; Stad, R.; Vos, C.; De Vlaam, C.; De Jong, D.; Van Ommen, G.J.B.; Schuuring, E.; Kluin, P.M. Lympho-ma-associated translocation t(14;18) in blood B cells of normal individuals. Blood 1995, 85, 2528–2536, doi:10.1182/blood.v85.9.2528.bloodjournal8592528.
  35. Roulland, S.; Lebailly, P.; Lecluse, Y.; Heutte, N.; Nadel, B.; Gauduchon, P. Long-term clonal persistence and evolution of t(14;18)-bearing B cells in healthy individuals. Leukemia 2006, 20, 158–162.
  36. Korfi, K.; Ali, S.; Heward, J.A.; Fitzgibbon, J. Follicular lymphoma, a B cell malignancy addicted to epigenetic mutations. Epigenetics 2017, 12, 370–377, doi:10.1080/15592294.2017.1282587.
  37. Green, M.R.; Gentles, A.J.; Nair, R. V.; Irish, J.M.; Kihira, S.; Liu, C.L.; Kela, I.; Hopmans, E.S.; Myklebust, J.H.; Ji, H.; et al. Hierarchy in somatic mutations arising during genomic evolution and progression of follicular lymphoma. Blood 2013, 121, 1604–1611, doi:10.1182/blood-2012-09-457283.
  38. Okosun, J.; Bödör, C.; Wang, J.; Araf, S.; Yang, C.Y.; Pan, C.; Boller, S.; Cittaro, D.; Bozek, M.; Iqbal, S.; et al. Integrated ge-nomic analysis identifies recurrent mutations and evolution patterns driving the initiation and progression of follicular lym-phoma. Nat. Genet. 2014, 46, 176–181, doi:10.1038/ng.2856.
  39. Pastore, A.; Jurinovic, V.; Kridel, R.; Hoster, E.; Staiger, A.M.; Szczepanowski, M.; Pott, C.; Kopp, N.; Murakami, M.; Horn, H.; et al. Integration of gene mutations in risk prognostication for patients receiving first-line immunochemotherapy for fol-licular lymphoma: A retrospective analysis of a prospective clinical trial and validation in a population-based registry. Lancet Oncol. 2015, 16, 1111–1122, doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(15)00169-2.
  40. Ortega-Molina, A.; Boss, I.W.; Canela, A.; Pan, H.; Jiang, Y.; Zhao, C.; Jiang, M.; Hu, D.; Agirre, X.; Niesvizky, I.; et al. The histone lysine methyltransferase KMT2D sustains a gene expression program that represses B cell lymphoma development. Nat. Med. 2015, 21, 1199–1208, doi:10.1038/nm.3943.
  41. Zhang, J.; Vlasevska, S.; Wells, V.A.; Nataraj, S.; Holmes, A.B.; Duval, R.; Meyer, S.N.; Mo, T.; Basso, K.; Brindle, P.K.; et al. The CREBBP acetyltransferase is a haploinsufficient tumor suppressor in B-cell lymphoma. Cancer Discov. 2017, 7, 323–337, doi:10.1158/2159-8290.CD-16-1417.
  42. Zhang, J.; Dominguez-Sola, D.; Hussein, S.; Lee, J.E.; Holmes, A.B.; Bansal, M.; Vlasevska, S.; Mo, T.; Tang, H.; Basso, K.; et al. Disruption of KMT2D perturbs germinal center B cell development and promotes lymphomagenesis. Nat. Med. 2015, 21, 1190–1198, doi:10.1038/nm.3940.
  43. Pasqualucci, L.; Dominguez-Sola, D.; Chiarenza, A.; Fabbri, G.; Grunn, A.; Trifonov, V.; Kasper, L.H.; Lerach, S.; Tang, H.; Ma, J.; et al. Inactivating mutations of acetyltransferase genes in B-cell lymphoma. Nature 2011, 471, 189–196, doi:10.1038/nature09730.
  44. Horton, S.J.; Giotopoulos, G.; Yun, H.; Vohra, S.; Sheppard, O.; Bashford-Rogers, R.; Rashid, M.; Clipson, A.; Chan, W.I.; Sasca, D.; et al. Early loss of Crebbp confers malignant stem cell properties on lymphoid progenitors. Nat. Cell Biol. 2017, 19, 1093–1104, doi:10.1038/ncb3597.
  45. Green, M.R.; Kihira, S.; Liu, C.L.; Nair, R. V.; Salari, R.; Gentles, A.J.; Irish, J.; Stehr, H.; Vicente-Dueñas, C.; Romero-Camarero, I.; et al. Mutations in early follicular lymphoma progenitors are associated with suppressed antigen presentation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2015, 112, E1116–E1125, doi:10.1073/pnas.1501199112.
  46. Andor, N.; Simonds, E.F.; Czerwinski, D.K.; Chen, J.; Grimes, S.M.; Wood-Bouwens, C.; Zheng, G.X.Y.; Kubit, M.A.; Greer, S.; Weiss, W.A.; et al. Single-cell RNA-Seq of follicular lymphoma reveals malignant B-cell types and coexpression of T-cell immune checkpoints. Blood 2019, 133, 1119–1129, doi:10.1182/blood-2018-08-862292.
  47. Jiang, Y.; Ortega-Molina, A.; Geng, H.; Ying, H.-Y.; Hatzi, K.; Parsa, S.; McNally, D.; Wang, L.; Doane, A.S.; Agirre, X.; et al. CREBBP Inactivation Promotes the Development of HDAC3-Dependent Lymphomas. Cancer Discov. 2017, 7, 38–53, doi:10.1158/2159-8290.CD-16-0975.
  48. Mondello, P.; Tadros, S.; Teater, M.; Fontan, L.; Chang, A.Y.; Jain, N.; Yang, H.; Singh, S.; Ying, H.-Y.; Chu, C.-S.; et al. Se-lective Inhibition of HDAC3 Targets Synthetic Vulnerabilities and Activates Immune Surveillance in Lymphoma. Cancer Discov. 2020, 10, 440–459, doi:10.1158/2159-8290.CD-19-0116.
  49. Wang, X.; Waschke, B.C.; Woolaver, R.A.; Chen, S.M.Y.; Chen, Z.; Wang, J.H. HDAC inhibitors overcome immunotherapy resistance in B-cell lymphoma. Protein Cell 2020, 11, 472–482, doi:10.1007/s13238-020-00694-x.
  50. Kirschbaum, M.; Frankel, P.; Popplewell, L.; Zain, J.; Delioukina, M.; Pullarkat, V.; Matsuoka, D.; Pulone, B.; Rotter, A.J.; Espinoza-Delgado, I.; et al. Phase II study of vorinostat for treatment of relapsed or refractory indolent non-hodgkin’s lym-phoma and mantle cell lymphoma. J. Clin. Oncol. 2011, 29, 1198–1203, doi:10.1200/JCO.2010.32.1398.
  51. Ogura, M.; Ando, K.; Suzuki, T.; Ishizawa, K.; Oh, S.Y.; Itoh, K.; Yamamoto, K.; Au, W.Y.; Tien, H.F.; Matsuno, Y.; et al. A multicentre phase II study of vorinostat in patients with relapsed or refractory indolent B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma and mantle cell lymphoma. Br. J. Haematol. 2014, 165, 768–776, doi:10.1111/bjh.12819.
  52. Evens, A.M.; Balasubramanian, S.; Vose, J.M.; Harb, W.; Gordon, L.I.; Langdon, R.; Sprague, J.; Sirisawad, M.; Mani, C.; Yue, J.; et al. A phase I/II multicenter, open-label study of the oral histone deacetylase inhibitor abexinostat in relapsed/refractory lymphoma. Clin. Cancer Res. 2016, 22, 1059–1066, doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-15-0624.
  53. Kroesen, M.; Gielen, P.R.; Brok, I.C.; Armandari, I.; Hoogerbrugge, P.M.; Adema, G.J. HDAC inhibitors and immunotherapy; A double edged sword? Oncotarget 2014, 5, 6558–6572, doi:10.18632/oncotarget.2289.
More
© Text is available under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy.
Upload a video for this entry
Information
Subjects: Pathology
Contributor MDPI registered users' name will be linked to their SciProfiles pages. To register with us, please refer to https://encyclopedia.pub/register :
Patrici Perez-Galan
View Times: 445
Revisions: 2 times (View History)
Update Date: 25 Feb 2021
Table of Contents
    1000/1000
    Hot Most Recent
    Video Production Service
    Feedback