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Topic Review
Protein Sorting in Plasmodium Falciparum
The apicoplast is surrounded by four membranes and is thought to be the result of secondary endosymbiosis. It is the site of quite a few metabolic pathways, such as heme, isoprenoids, and fatty acids syntheses. It is thought that the outermost membrane of the apicoplast is part of the endomembrane system.
  • 548
  • 15 Sep 2021
Topic Review
p63 and p73 Interactions in the HNSCC Model
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is the most common type (90%) of head and neck cancers, a group of biologically similar malignancies that affects the oral cavity (mouth), nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, and paranasal sinuses. The p53 transcription factor family, which includes TP53 (TP53), p73 (TP73), and p63 (TP63), is a protein family that has a wide range of functions, ranging from embryonic development through to tumor suppression. Unlike p53, p63 and p73 knockout (KO) mice showed abnormal epithelial development, with truncated limbs, missing lachrymal or salivary glands, and missing teeth and hair follicles. 
  • 548
  • 13 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Multiple Cell Types of Lung Fibrosis and CTD-ILD
Connective tissue disease-associated interstitial lung disease (CTD-ILD) is a collection of systemic autoimmune disorders resulting in lung interstitial abnormalities or lung fibrosis. 
  • 548
  • 04 May 2023
Topic Review
Simulation of Human Colonic Fermentation
Regardless the complexity in the design, the fermentation process is performed with a faecal inoculum and a culture medium. Moreover, the compounds submitted to assay, or the non-absorbed compounds in the digesta resulting from previous digestion stages (oral, gastric, and small intestine), are incorporated into the reactor, leading to colonic fermentation. In some studies, the colonic fermentation is used to assay the effect of specific compounds (e.g., polysaccharides or oligosaccharides) on gut microbiota growth or the relative abundance of species and genera.
  • 547
  • 07 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Body Fluid Biomarkers in Alzheimer’s Disease
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is an irreversibly progressive neurodegenerative disease afflicting the elderly, accompanied by devastating cognitive and memory impairment caused by characteristic neuronal and synaptic loss and cortical and hippocampal atrophy. It is hallmarked by the accumulation of extracellular amyloid plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles. The underlying mechanisms contributing to the development of the disease remain elusive and controversial. Despite the advancement in understanding the mechanism of pathogenesis, clinical trials have been unsuccessful and provided no relief from disease progression, only slowing the progression. Recent FDA-approved anti-amyloid therapy aducanumab highlights that it is effective for patients with very mild, biomarker-proven AD. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop a more accessible biomarker screening test using less invasive and cost-effective body fluid biomarkers. These diagnostics will serve as the first line of effective AD therapies before extensive pathophysiological brain devastation occurs.
  • 547
  • 05 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Structure Character and Mechanism of PROteolysis TArgeting Chimeras
The PROteolysis TArgeting Chimeras (PROTACs) is an innovative technique for the selective degradation of target proteins via the ubiquitin–proteasome system. Compared with traditional protein inhibitor drugs, PROTACs exhibit advantages in the efficacy and selectivity of and in overcoming drug resistance in cancer therapy, providing new insights into the discovery of anti-cancer drugs.
  • 547
  • 28 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Deep Learning Neural Network Discriminate Multi-Cancer Types
Detecting cancers at early stages can dramatically reduce mortality rates. Therefore, practical cancer screening at the population level is needed.  Researchers employ artificial deep learning neural networks (NN) and noncoding RNA biomarkers to develop an accurate cancer detection system, with >96% AUC for binarily detecting cancers vs normal.
  • 546
  • 20 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Attachment Behaviour in Wolves
Attachment behaviour is a behaviour which is observed when an animal forms a strong bond to either a human or another animal. The behaviour of the animal that is seeking to be close to its either a human or another animal is characterized as attachment behaviour. Bowlby and Ainsworth were the first to describe attachment behaviour in humans. Since then the theory has been applied to other animals and their caregivers and to animal relationships with each other. This bond is often formed as the caregiver provides the essentials for life, such as food and security. Many studies have shown that dogs show attachment behaviour to their human caregivers. Wolves are highly social animals and their social interactions in their packs fit the criteria of attachment behaviour. As dogs are closely related to wolves many investigators have studied wolf attachment behaviour to humans. Wolves that were raised for 3–7 weeks showed attachment behaviour to their human caregivers. This attachment behaviour was characterized by preferring to be close to their human caregiver, by seeking contact, and by greeting the caregiver more frequently compared to a stranger. As the wolf is a non-domesticated animal this is an example of attachment behaviour without domestication. Another study showed that wolves that were hand-reared for 16 weeks of their lives by human caregivers showed attachment behaviour to a stranger rather than their caregiver.
  • 545
  • 23 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Corneous ß-proteins
The epidermal appendages of birds and reptiles (the sauropsids) include claws, scales, and feathers. Each has specialized physical properties that facilitate movement, thermal insulation, defence mechanisms, and/or the catching of prey. The mechanical attributes of each of these appendages originate from its fibril-matrix texture, where the two filamentous structures present, i.e., the corneous ß-proteins (CBP or ß-keratins) that form 3.4 nm diameter filaments and the α-fibrous molecules that form the 7–10 nm diameter keratin intermediate filaments (KIF), provide much of the required tensile properties. The matrix, which is composed of the terminal domains of the KIF molecules and the proteins of the epidermal differentiation complex (EDC) (and which include the terminal domains of the CBP), provides the appendages, with their ability to resist compression and torsion. 
  • 543
  • 05 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Colorectal Cancer Tumor Microenvironment
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common malignancy and the second most common cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. A total of 20% of CRC patients present with distant metastases, most frequently to the liver and lung. In the primary tumor, as well as at each metastatic site, the cellular components of the tumor microenvironment (TME) contribute to tumor engraftment and metastasis. These include immune cells (macrophages, neutrophils, T lymphocytes, and dendritic cells) and stromal cells (cancer-associated fibroblasts and endothelial cells).
  • 542
  • 04 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Genetic Mechanisms Underlying Chronic Intestinal Pseudo-Obstruction
Severe gut motility disorders are characterized by an ineffective propulsion of intestinal contents. As a result, patients develop extremely bothering symptoms, such as nausea and vomiting along with altered bowel habit up to radiologically demonstrable intestinal sub-obstructive episodes. Chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction (CIPO) is a typical clinical phenotype of severe gut dysmotility due to changes altering the morpho-functional integrity of the intrinsic (enteric) innervation and extrinsic nerve supply (hence neuropathy), interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs) (mesenchymopathy) and smooth muscle cells (myopathy). In the last years, several genes have been identified in different subsets of CIPO patients. The focus is to cover the most recent update on enteric dysmotility related to CIPO, highlighting: (a) forms with a predominant underlying neuropathy; (b) forms with a predominant myopathy; and (c) mitochondrial disorders with a clear gut dysfunction as part of the clinical phenotype. Researchers will provide a thorough description of the genes that recent evidence showed to cause neuromyopathy thereby leading to the underlying abnormal motor patterns detectable in different types of CIPO.
  • 542
  • 18 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Endotoxin Activity Assay
Endotoxin, also referred to as lipopolysaccharide (LPS), is a potent stimulator of the inflammatory cascade which may progress to sepsis and septic shock. The term endotoxic septic shock has been used for patients who have a clinical phenotype that is characterized by high endotoxin activity in addition to a high burden of organ failure; especially a pattern of organ failure including hepatic dysfunction, acute kidney injury, and various forms of endothelial dysfunction. Endotoxic septic shock has been a target for drug therapy for decades with no success. A likely barrier to their success was the inability to quantify endotoxin in the bloodstream. The Endotoxin Activity Assay (EAA) is positioned to change this landscape. In addition, medical devices using adsorptive technology in an extra-corporeal circulation has been shown to remove large quantities of endotoxin from the bloodstream. 
  • 542
  • 16 Nov 2023
Topic Review
The Formation of Chronic Subdural Hematoma
Chronic subdural hematomas (CSDHs) are commonly encountered in elderly individuals aged over 70 years, as they tend to be associated with brain atrophy. As the population ages worldwide, the incidence of CSDH is on the rise at an estimated rate of 1.7 to 21 per 100,000 people per year.
  • 541
  • 28 Jul 2023
Topic Review
miRNAs in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Associated Diagnostics
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), classified primarily between Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis, is a collection of chronic gastrointestinal inflammatory conditions that cause multiple complications because of systemic alterations in the immune response. IBD is currently diagnosed through a multitude of different assessments including clinical history, radiology, endoscopy, colonoscopy, and histology. Diagnostic challenges remain in differentiating between UC and CD when lesions are solely limited to the colon and in differentiating between IBD and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Endoscopy represents the main method of differentiation between organic IBD, and more functional IBS disorder though inflammatory markers such as TNF-α and calprotectin has also been used. miRNAs are found to be stable in peripheral blood, saliva, and feces and have been suggested as diagnostic biomarkers of IBD. There is also research indicating that miRNAs can serve as sensitive and specific biomarkers for disease onset, prognosis, and remission.
  • 540
  • 19 Aug 2022
Topic Review
MicroRNAs and Oxidative Stress
Emerging evidence reveals that oxidative stress has a critical role in the development of type 2 diabetes. Overproduction of reactive oxygen species can promote an imbalance between the production and neutralization of antioxidant defence systems, thus favoring lipid accumulation, cellular stress, and the activation of cytosolic signaling pathways, and inducing β-cell dysfunction, insulin resistance, and tissue inflammation. Over the last few years, microRNAs (miRNAs) have attracted growing attention as important mediators of diverse aspects of oxidative stress. These small endogenous non-coding RNAs of 19–24 nucleotides act as negative regulators of gene expression, including the modulation of redox signaling pathways. 
  • 539
  • 03 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Neutral CB1 Receptor Antagonists
Cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1R) has been one of the major targets in medication development for treating substance use disorders (SUDs). Early studies indicated that rimonabant, a selective CB1R antagonist with an inverse agonist profile, was highly promising as a therapeutic for SUDs.
  • 538
  • 20 Jan 2023
Topic Review
TRPC Channels in SOCE Scenario
Transient receptor potential (TRP) proteins form non-selective Ca2+ permeable channels that contribute to the modulation of a number of physiological functions in a variety of cell types. Since the identification of TRP proteins in Drosophila, it is well known that these channels are activated by stimuli that induce PIP2 hydrolysis. The canonical TRP (TRPC) channels have long been suggested to be constituents of the store-operated Ca2+ (SOC) channels; however, none of the TRPC channels generate Ca2+ currents that resemble ICRAC. STIM1 and Orai1 have been identified as the components of the Ca2+ release-activated Ca2+ (CRAC) channels and there is a body of evidence supporting that STIM1 is able to gate Orai1 and TRPC1 in order to mediate non-selective cation currents named ISOC. STIM1 has been found to interact to and activate Orai1 and TRPC1 by different mechanisms and the involvement of TRPC1 in store-operated Ca2+ entry requires both STIM1 and Orai1. In addition to the participation of TRPC1 in the ISOC currents, TRPC1 and other TRPC proteins might play a relevant role modulating Orai1 channel function. 
  • 537
  • 19 May 2021
Topic Review
Non-Classical Exosomes for Osteoarthritis Treatment
Osteoarthritis of the knee is one of the most common chronic, debilitating musculoskeletal conditions. Exosomes derived from non-classical sources (not bone marrow or adipose derived MSCs derived MSCs) for osteoarthritis of the knee have potential clinical use.
  • 537
  • 18 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Immunoproteasome and Immune Checkpoints Modulation for Cancer Therapy
Immunoproteasome is a noncanonical form of proteasome with enzymological properties optimized for the generation of antigenic peptides presented in complex with class I MHC molecules. This enzymatic property makes the modulation of its activity a promising area of research. Nevertheless, immunotherapy has emerged as a front-line treatment of advanced/metastatic tumors providing outstanding improvement of life expectancy, even though not all patients achieve a long-lasting clinical benefit. To enhance the efficacy of the currently available immunotherapies and enable the development of new strategies, a broader knowledge of the dynamics of antigen repertoire processing by cancer cells is needed. Therefore, a better understanding of the role of immunoproteasome in antigen processing and of the therapeutic implication of its modulation is mandatory. 
  • 536
  • 22 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Limbic System in Tinnitus
Tinnitus is originally derived from the Latin verb tinnire, which means “to ring”. Tinnitus, a complex disorder, is a result of sentient cognizance of a sound in the absence of an external auditory stimulus. It is reported in children, adults, and older populations. Patients suffering from tinnitus often present with hearing loss, anxiety, depression, and sleep disruption in addition to a hissing and ringing in the ear. Surgical interventions and many other forms of treatment have been only partially effective due to heterogeneity in tinnitus patients and a lack of understanding of the mechanisms of tinnitus. 
  • 536
  • 25 Jun 2023
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