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Topic Review
Bioactive Based Nanocarriers against SARS-CoV-2
Several plants and essential oils, as well as isolated bioactive compounds, such as phenolic acids, flavonoids, terpenes, lignans, coumarins, alkaloids, or proteins, showed a potential role as anti-viral agents. Nanoparticles have also been utilized in noninvasive imaging techniques to diagnose and monitor illnesses, as well as treatment responses. Nanomaterials can prevent viral binding to the host cell-surface receptor, which is crucial in the context of CoVs. 
  • 992
  • 09 May 2022
Topic Review
The CPGs for Limbed Locomotion
The neuronal networks that generate locomotion are well understood in swimming animals such as the lamprey, zebrafish and tadpole. The networks controlling locomotion in tetrapods remain, however, still enigmatic with an intricate motor pattern required for the control of the entire limb during the support, lift off, and flexion phase, and most demandingly when the limb makes contact with ground again. It is clear that the inhibition that occurs between bursts in each step cycle is produced by V2b and V1 interneurons, and that a deletion of these interneurons leads to synchronous flexor–extensor bursting. The ability to generate rhythmic bursting is distributed over all segments comprising part of the central pattern generator network (CPG).
  • 989
  • 06 Jun 2021
Topic Review
mTOR after Cerebral Ischemia
Ischemic stroke is a devastating disease induced by partial or total occlusion of a cerebral artery, the middle cerebral artery being that most frequently affected in humans. Stroke is now the leading cause of disability and the second cause of death worldwide. Ischemia accounts for 80% of all strokes.
  • 989
  • 26 May 2022
Topic Review
Turbo Elegans
Turbo is a genus of large sea snails with gills and an operculum, marine gastropod molluscs in the family Turbinidae, the turban snails. Turbo is the type genus of the family.
  • 988
  • 29 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Pomegranate Extract and Skin
Pomegranate extract (PG-E) has been reported to exert a protective effect on the skin due to its antioxidant activity. Ingredients rich in phenolic compounds are unstable in extract solutions, and, therefore, the use of a suitable nanosystem to encapsulate this type of extract could be necessary in different biotechnological applications. Thus, we investigated the capacity of Brassica oleracea L. (cauliflower) inflorescence vesicles (CI-vesicles) to encapsulate PG-E and determined the stability and the antioxidant capacity of the system over time. In addition, the protective effect against UV radiation and heavy metals in HaCaT cells was also tested. The CI-vesicles had an entrapment efficiency of around 50%, and accelerated stability tests did not show significant changes in the parameters tested. The results for the HaCaT cells showed the non-cytotoxicity of the CI-vesicles containing PG-E and their protection against heavy metals (lead acetate and mercuric chloride) and UV-B radiation through a reduction of oxidative stress. The reduction of the percentage of deleted mtDNA (mtDNA4977, “common deletion”) in UV-treated HaCaT cells due to the presence of CI-vesicles containing PG-E indicated the mechanism of protection. Therefore, the effects of CI-vesicles loaded with PG-E against oxidative stress support their utilization as natural cosmeceuticals to protect skin health against external damage from environmental pollution and UV radiation.
  • 986
  • 16 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Rice Husk Silica Liquid
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a complex multifactorial disease characterized by insulin resistance and dysfunction of pancreatic β-cells. Rice husk silica liquid (RHSL) is derived from rice husks and has not been explored in diabetes mellitus until now. Previous studies showed that rice husk is enriched with silica, and its silica nanoparticles are higher more biocompatible. To investigate the potential protective role of RHSL on pancreatic β cells, we utilized RIN-m5F pancreatic β cells and explored RHSL effect after streptozotocin (STZ)-stimulation. The recovery effects of RHSL were evaluated using flow cytometry, Western blotting, and immunofluorescence analysis. Results of our study showed that RHSL reversed the cell viability, insulin secretion, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and the change of mitochondria membrane potential (ΔΨm) in STZ-treated RIN-m5F cells. Moreover, the expression of phospho-receptor-interacting protein 3 (p-RIP3) and cleaved-poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), phospho-mammalian target of rapamycin (p-mTOR), and sequestosome-1 (p62/SQSTM1) were significantly decreased, while the transition of light chain (LC)3-I to LC3-II was markedly increased after RHSL treatment in STZ-induced RIN-m5F cells. Interestingly, using autophagy inhibitors such as 3-methyladenine (3-MA) and chloroquine (CQ) both showed an increase in cleaved-PARP protein level, indicating apoptosis induction. 
  • 986
  • 24 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Animal Models of Crohn Disease
Animal models are essential tools in Crohn's disease (CD) research. Mouse models, with their genetic tractability, and rat models, with physiological similarities to humans, allow researchers to explore CD's immunological aspects. Non-human primates, particularly rhesus macaques, provide insights into CD's complex immune interactions and allow for therapeutic testing. Zebrafish models offer optical transparency during development and a simplified gut structure for studying early CD pathogenesis. Porcine models, resembling humans more closely, enable investigations into mucosal healing, microbiota interactions, and surgical interventions. Humanized mouse models bridge the gap between animals and humans, offering a platform to study human-specific immune responses in CD research.
  • 986
  • 11 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Oxidation of Sperm Nucleus
Sperm cells have long been known to be good producers of reactive oxygen species, while they are also known to be particularly sensitive to oxidative damage affecting their structures and functions. As with all organic cellular components, sperm nuclear components and, in particular, nucleic acids undergo oxidative alterations that have recently been shown to be commonly encountered in clinical practice.
  • 985
  • 04 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Characteristics, Biogenesis and Functions of CircRNAs
Circular RNA (CircRNA), a single-stranded closed-loop RNA that lacks terminal 5′ caps and 3′ poly (A) tails, is more stable than linear RNA. CircRNA was first discovered in plant-infected viroids and was later observed in eukaryotes, although it was not produced via the back-splicing mechanism.
  • 985
  • 19 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Zebrafish Kidney's Response to Fasting
Animals obtain nutrition and energy by eating and to achieve a balance between growth and body health. When the nutrient intake is abnormal, the growth status changes, presumably resulting in changes in the intrinsic immune system. The zebrafish (Danio rerio), a well-known fish model organism, can serve as a suitable model to explore the changes happened to the innate immune system. In this study, the zebrafish underwent 3 weeks of fasting and refeeding for 3 to 7day periods. During this period, zebrafish displayed a specific growth phenomenon so called compensatory growth (CG), accompanied by increased susceptibility to pathogens after starvation. The kidneys suffering starvation displayed an increase of the amount of melano-macrophage centers and appeared oxidative stress, and the antioxidant enzymes activity like CAT, GSH-Px and SOD increased after fasting. In addition, the activity of ALP and lysozyme as well as il-1β mRNA expression enhanced after starvation. Taken together, oxidative stress caused by starvation and the danger-associated molecular patterns produced by injured renal tubules may have contributed to inflammation. This study showed that the function of the innate immune system in zebrafish could be influenced by nutrition status. Further study is needed to explore how starvation increases susceptibility and how the metabolic state influences different kinds of immune cells.
  • 985
  • 21 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Olfactory Bulb
The olfactory bulb in vertebrates lies at the very front of the brain, and is responsible for processing information from olfactory receptors in the nose. The bulb has two parts, the ‘’main olfactory bulb’’ (MOB) and the ‘’accessory olfactory bulb’’ (AOB). Nerve fibres from the vomeronasal organ (Jacobson’s organ), a chemosensitive organ at the base of the nasal cavity innervate the accessory olfactory bulb whereas the olfactory nerves terminate in the MOB. The cellular architecture and synaptic organisation are similar in the two parts of the bulb, but the laminar organisation in the accessory olfactory bulb is less distinct. The output from the olfactory bulb is carried by the axons of the "principal neurones", the mitral and tufted cells, in the lateral olfactory tract.
  • 984
  • 11 Oct 2022
Topic Review
p63 and p73 Interactions in the HNSCC Model
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is the most common type (90%) of head and neck cancers, a group of biologically similar malignancies that affects the oral cavity (mouth), nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, and paranasal sinuses. The p53 transcription factor family, which includes TP53 (TP53), p73 (TP73), and p63 (TP63), is a protein family that has a wide range of functions, ranging from embryonic development through to tumor suppression. Unlike p53, p63 and p73 knockout (KO) mice showed abnormal epithelial development, with truncated limbs, missing lachrymal or salivary glands, and missing teeth and hair follicles. 
  • 984
  • 13 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Hop-Derived Bitter Acids
In this entry, we introduce the effects and underlying mechanisms of hop-derived bitter acids found in beer. Iso-α-acids (IAAs), the main bitter components of beer, enhance hippocampus-dependent memory and prefrontal cortex-associated cognitive function via dopamine neurotransmission activation. Matured hop bitter acids (MHBAs), oxidized components with β-carbonyl moieties derived from aged hops, also enhance memory functions via norepinephrine neurotransmission-mediated mechanisms. Furthermore, the effects of both IAAs and MHBAs are attenuated by vagotomy, suggesting that these bitter acids enhance cognitive function via vagus nerve stimulation. Moreover, supplementation with IAAs attenuates neuroinflammation and cognitive impairments in various rodent models of neurodegeneration including Alzheimer’s disease. Daily supplementation with hop-derived bitter acids (e.g., 35 mg/day of MHBAs) may be a safe and effective strategy to stimulate the vagus nerve and thus enhance cognitive function.
  • 981
  • 09 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Pre-Eclampsia in SARS-CoV-2 pregnant woman
Pre-eclampsia (PE) is a hypertensive disorder of pregnancy (>140/90 mmHg), occurring after 20th week of gestation associated to proteinuria and/or other complications. PE is a multifactorial disease whose pathogenes. COVID-19 has the same pathological characteristics. Whereas PE and COVID-19 have overlapping clinical features, a role for SARS-CoV-2 as a leading cause of pre-eclampsia in COVID-19 positive pregnant women has not been clarified yet but there is the possibility to existence of such a link.
  • 980
  • 07 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Calcium and Axotomy
Neurotrauma assumes an instant or delayed disconnection of axons (axotomy), which affects not only neurons, but surrounding glia as well. Not only mechanically injured glia near the site of disconnection, especially transection, is subjected to the damage, but also glia that is remote from the lesion site. Glial cells, which surround the neuronal body, in turn, support neuron survival, so there is a mutual protection between neuron and glia. Calcium signaling is a central mediator of all post-axotomy events, both in neuron and glia, playing a critical role in their survival/regeneration or death/degeneration. The involvement of calcium in post-axotomy survival of the remote, mechanically intact glia is poorly studied. 
  • 977
  • 11 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Hox Clusters and LncRNAs
Bilaterian animals operate the clusters of Hox genes through a rich repertoire of diverse mechanisms, including, due to a large set of various non-coding RNAs. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), which are transcribed from the sense (coding) DNA strands of Hox clusters, control the work of Hox genes in the cis and trans position, are involved in the establishment and maintenance of the epigenetic code of Hox loci, and can even serve as a source of regulatory peptides. which switch cellular energy metabolism. All antisense lncRNAs in human Hox clusters are therapeutic targets for malignant tumors, and their careful study has profound practical meaning. 
  • 976
  • 18 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Roles of miRNAs in Neurodegenerative Diseases
There are many types of neurodegenerative diseases, and the most common ones are Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and Huntington’s disease (HD). AD is a neuron-centered disease generally characterized by Aβ and tau phosphorylation. PD is generally characterized by progressive deterioration of motor function due to loss of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons with muscle rigidity, bradykinesia and resting tremor. ALS is a fatal onset disease characterized by selective loss of upper and lower motor neurons. HD is a predominantly genetic disease, for which there is no drug cure and it is ultimately fatal. Although their underlying mechanisms remain elusive, many studies have revealed that a series of miRNAs are involved in the development of these diseases. MiRNA regulation happens prior to neurological damage, which emphasizes the significance of miRNA alterations in the disease development. Upregulation/downregulation of miRNA expression leads to the alteration of the protein expressed by the corresponding pathogenic gene, which ultimately results in occurrence and development of neurodegenerative diseases.
  • 976
  • 13 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Carbazole Derivatives as STAT Inhibitors
The carbazole class is made up of heterocyclically structured compounds first isolated from coal tar. Their structural motif is preponderant in different synthetic materials and naturally occurring alkaloids extracted from the taxonomically related higher plants of the genus Murraya, Glycosmis, and Clausena from the Rutaceae family. Concerning the biological activity of these compounds, many research groups have assessed their antiproliferative action of carbazoles on different types of tumoral cells, such as breast, cervical, ovarian, hepatic, oral cavity, and small-cell lung cancer, and underlined their potential effects against psoriasis.
  • 974
  • 09 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Protein Sorting in Plasmodium Falciparum
The apicoplast is surrounded by four membranes and is thought to be the result of secondary endosymbiosis. It is the site of quite a few metabolic pathways, such as heme, isoprenoids, and fatty acids syntheses. It is thought that the outermost membrane of the apicoplast is part of the endomembrane system.
  • 974
  • 15 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Type II Transmembrane Serine Proteases in Adipose Tissue
Adipose tissue is a crucial organ in energy metabolism and thermoregulation. Adipose tissue phenotype is controlled by various signaling mechanisms under pathophysiological conditions. Type II transmembrane serine proteases (TTSPs) are a group of trypsin-like enzymes anchoring on the cell surface. These proteases act in diverse tissues to regulate physiological processes, such as food digestion, salt-water balance, iron metabolism, epithelial integrity, and auditory nerve development. Several members of the TTSP family, namely, hepsin, matriptase-2, and corin, have been shown to play a role in regulating lipid metabolism, adipose tissue phenotype, and thermogenesis, via direct growth factor activation or indirect hormonal mechanisms. In mice, hepsin deficiency increases adipose browning and protects from high-fat diet-induced hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, and obesity. Similarly, matriptase-2 deficiency increases fat lipolysis and reduces obesity and hepatic steatosis in high-fat diet-fed mice. In contrast, corin deficiency increases white adipose weights and cell sizes, suppresses adipocyte browning and thermogenic responses, and causes cold intolerance in mice. These findings highlight an important role of TTSPs in modifying cellular phenotype and function in adipose tissue. 
  • 974
  • 02 Aug 2023
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