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Topic Review
Treatment of Chrysanthemum Synthetic Seeds by SDBD Plasma
Implementation of the surface dielectric barrier discharge (SDBD) plasma treatment before sowing represents a promising strategy for future investigations and sustainable use of cold plasma in synseed biotechnology. Plasma-treated chrysanthemum synseeds showed a better survival rate and overall plantlet growth under greenhouse conditions in comparison to untreated synseeds.
  • 980
  • 12 Apr 2022
Topic Review
N-Glycans’ Effect on Pathologic Protein Conformations in Disease
Glycosylation, a prevalent post-translational modification, plays a pivotal role in regulating intricate cellular processes by covalently attaching glycans to macromolecules. Dysregulated glycosylation is linked to a spectrum of diseases, encompassing cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, congenital disorders, infections, and inflammation. Considering the allosteric effects of N-glycans in regulating protein conformation, with potential implications for its assembly and function, it is of no surprise that dysregulated N-glycosylation has been implicated in several disease-associated human proteins. Furthermore, these glycans may play a pivotal role in modulating the conformation of pathogen-associated proteins, influencing their infectivity within human cells.
  • 980
  • 06 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Pomegranate Extract and Skin
Pomegranate extract (PG-E) has been reported to exert a protective effect on the skin due to its antioxidant activity. Ingredients rich in phenolic compounds are unstable in extract solutions, and, therefore, the use of a suitable nanosystem to encapsulate this type of extract could be necessary in different biotechnological applications. Thus, we investigated the capacity of Brassica oleracea L. (cauliflower) inflorescence vesicles (CI-vesicles) to encapsulate PG-E and determined the stability and the antioxidant capacity of the system over time. In addition, the protective effect against UV radiation and heavy metals in HaCaT cells was also tested. The CI-vesicles had an entrapment efficiency of around 50%, and accelerated stability tests did not show significant changes in the parameters tested. The results for the HaCaT cells showed the non-cytotoxicity of the CI-vesicles containing PG-E and their protection against heavy metals (lead acetate and mercuric chloride) and UV-B radiation through a reduction of oxidative stress. The reduction of the percentage of deleted mtDNA (mtDNA4977, “common deletion”) in UV-treated HaCaT cells due to the presence of CI-vesicles containing PG-E indicated the mechanism of protection. Therefore, the effects of CI-vesicles loaded with PG-E against oxidative stress support their utilization as natural cosmeceuticals to protect skin health against external damage from environmental pollution and UV radiation.
  • 978
  • 16 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Animal Models of Crohn Disease
Animal models are essential tools in Crohn's disease (CD) research. Mouse models, with their genetic tractability, and rat models, with physiological similarities to humans, allow researchers to explore CD's immunological aspects. Non-human primates, particularly rhesus macaques, provide insights into CD's complex immune interactions and allow for therapeutic testing. Zebrafish models offer optical transparency during development and a simplified gut structure for studying early CD pathogenesis. Porcine models, resembling humans more closely, enable investigations into mucosal healing, microbiota interactions, and surgical interventions. Humanized mouse models bridge the gap between animals and humans, offering a platform to study human-specific immune responses in CD research.
  • 977
  • 11 Sep 2023
Topic Review
The CPGs for Limbed Locomotion
The neuronal networks that generate locomotion are well understood in swimming animals such as the lamprey, zebrafish and tadpole. The networks controlling locomotion in tetrapods remain, however, still enigmatic with an intricate motor pattern required for the control of the entire limb during the support, lift off, and flexion phase, and most demandingly when the limb makes contact with ground again. It is clear that the inhibition that occurs between bursts in each step cycle is produced by V2b and V1 interneurons, and that a deletion of these interneurons leads to synchronous flexor–extensor bursting. The ability to generate rhythmic bursting is distributed over all segments comprising part of the central pattern generator network (CPG).
  • 976
  • 06 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Oxidation of Sperm Nucleus
Sperm cells have long been known to be good producers of reactive oxygen species, while they are also known to be particularly sensitive to oxidative damage affecting their structures and functions. As with all organic cellular components, sperm nuclear components and, in particular, nucleic acids undergo oxidative alterations that have recently been shown to be commonly encountered in clinical practice.
  • 976
  • 04 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Pre-Eclampsia in SARS-CoV-2 pregnant woman
Pre-eclampsia (PE) is a hypertensive disorder of pregnancy (>140/90 mmHg), occurring after 20th week of gestation associated to proteinuria and/or other complications. PE is a multifactorial disease whose pathogenes. COVID-19 has the same pathological characteristics. Whereas PE and COVID-19 have overlapping clinical features, a role for SARS-CoV-2 as a leading cause of pre-eclampsia in COVID-19 positive pregnant women has not been clarified yet but there is the possibility to existence of such a link.
  • 973
  • 07 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Calcium and Axotomy
Neurotrauma assumes an instant or delayed disconnection of axons (axotomy), which affects not only neurons, but surrounding glia as well. Not only mechanically injured glia near the site of disconnection, especially transection, is subjected to the damage, but also glia that is remote from the lesion site. Glial cells, which surround the neuronal body, in turn, support neuron survival, so there is a mutual protection between neuron and glia. Calcium signaling is a central mediator of all post-axotomy events, both in neuron and glia, playing a critical role in their survival/regeneration or death/degeneration. The involvement of calcium in post-axotomy survival of the remote, mechanically intact glia is poorly studied. 
  • 972
  • 11 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Turbo Elegans
Turbo is a genus of large sea snails with gills and an operculum, marine gastropod molluscs in the family Turbinidae, the turban snails. Turbo is the type genus of the family.
  • 972
  • 29 Sep 2022
Topic Review
The Role of Polysaccharide in Treating Neurodegenerative Disorders
The prevalence of neurodegenerative pathologies increases significantly with growing life expectancy. Neurodegenerative diseases including common diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD) impose a global public health burden. In this context, natural products could play a leading role in the search for new drugs for the treatment of neurodegeneration. Of note, more than 80 percent of drugs are of natural origin. Natural polysaccharides (general formula of Cx(H2O)y; where x is number 200_2500) occurs naturally in living matter (on the contrary to polysaccharides combined artificially in the process of organic synthesis) and principally play structural and storage functions. Natural polysaccharides can be classified according to their origin, namely plants (e.g., starch, cellulose), algae (e.g., agar, alginates), animals (e.g., chitin, hyaluronic acid), bacteria (e.g., dextran, polylactosamine), and fungal (e.g., chitosan, elsinan). As one of the most widely distributed biomolecules in nature, natural polysaccharides have received considerable attention because of their diverse pharmacological activity as inhibitors of cellular processes, with their antioxidant, anticoagulant, antithrombotic and anticancer effects.
  • 970
  • 09 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Hop-Derived Bitter Acids
In this entry, we introduce the effects and underlying mechanisms of hop-derived bitter acids found in beer. Iso-α-acids (IAAs), the main bitter components of beer, enhance hippocampus-dependent memory and prefrontal cortex-associated cognitive function via dopamine neurotransmission activation. Matured hop bitter acids (MHBAs), oxidized components with β-carbonyl moieties derived from aged hops, also enhance memory functions via norepinephrine neurotransmission-mediated mechanisms. Furthermore, the effects of both IAAs and MHBAs are attenuated by vagotomy, suggesting that these bitter acids enhance cognitive function via vagus nerve stimulation. Moreover, supplementation with IAAs attenuates neuroinflammation and cognitive impairments in various rodent models of neurodegeneration including Alzheimer’s disease. Daily supplementation with hop-derived bitter acids (e.g., 35 mg/day of MHBAs) may be a safe and effective strategy to stimulate the vagus nerve and thus enhance cognitive function.
  • 969
  • 09 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Olfactory Bulb
The olfactory bulb in vertebrates lies at the very front of the brain, and is responsible for processing information from olfactory receptors in the nose. The bulb has two parts, the ‘’main olfactory bulb’’ (MOB) and the ‘’accessory olfactory bulb’’ (AOB). Nerve fibres from the vomeronasal organ (Jacobson’s organ), a chemosensitive organ at the base of the nasal cavity innervate the accessory olfactory bulb whereas the olfactory nerves terminate in the MOB. The cellular architecture and synaptic organisation are similar in the two parts of the bulb, but the laminar organisation in the accessory olfactory bulb is less distinct. The output from the olfactory bulb is carried by the axons of the "principal neurones", the mitral and tufted cells, in the lateral olfactory tract.
  • 966
  • 11 Oct 2022
Topic Review
In Vitro Culture of Panax ginseng Technologies
The use of in vitro tissue culture for herbal medicines has been recognized as a valuable source of botanical secondary metabolites. The tissue culture of ginseng species is used in the production of bioactive compounds such as phenolics, polysaccharides, and especially ginsenosides, which are utilized in the food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries.
  • 966
  • 28 Sep 2023
Topic Review
APOA4
APOA4, which has been previously known as one of the apolipoproteins, was found to be a soluble PD marker and can be secreted into the blood as a result of HGF-c-Met signaling. Recently, it was reported that APOA4 is not just a constituent of high-density lipoprotein, but it also exerts anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects to protect from liver damage in mice.
  • 964
  • 17 May 2021
Topic Review
Benzimidazothiazolone Derivatives
Thirteen (Z)-2-(substituted benzylidene)benzimidazothiazolone analogs were synthesized and evaluated for their inhibitory activity against mushroom tyrosinase. Among the compounds synthesized, compounds 1–3 showed greater inhibitory activity than kojic acid (IC50 = 18.27 ± 0.89 μM); IC50 = 3.70 ± 0.51 μM for 1; IC50 = 3.05 ± 0.95 μM for 2; and IC50 = 5.00 ± 0.38 μM for 3, and found to be competitive tyrosinase inhibitors. In silico molecular docking simulations demonstrated that compounds 1–3 could bind to the catalytic sites of tyrosinase. Compounds 1–3 inhibited melanin production and cellular tyrosinase activity in a concentration-dependent manner. Notably, compound 2 dose-dependently scavenged ROS in B16F10 cells. Furthermore, compound 2 downregulated the protein kinase A (PKA)/cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways, which led to a reduction in microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) expression, and decreased tyrosinase, tyrosinase related protein 1 (TRP1), and TRP2 expression, resulting in anti-melanogenesis activity. Hence, compound 2 may serve as an anti-melanogenic agent against hyperpigmentation diseases.
  • 963
  • 28 Sep 2021
Topic Review
mTOR after Cerebral Ischemia
Ischemic stroke is a devastating disease induced by partial or total occlusion of a cerebral artery, the middle cerebral artery being that most frequently affected in humans. Stroke is now the leading cause of disability and the second cause of death worldwide. Ischemia accounts for 80% of all strokes.
  • 962
  • 26 May 2022
Topic Review
p63 and p73 Interactions in the HNSCC Model
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is the most common type (90%) of head and neck cancers, a group of biologically similar malignancies that affects the oral cavity (mouth), nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, and paranasal sinuses. The p53 transcription factor family, which includes TP53 (TP53), p73 (TP73), and p63 (TP63), is a protein family that has a wide range of functions, ranging from embryonic development through to tumor suppression. Unlike p53, p63 and p73 knockout (KO) mice showed abnormal epithelial development, with truncated limbs, missing lachrymal or salivary glands, and missing teeth and hair follicles. 
  • 961
  • 13 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Type II Transmembrane Serine Proteases in Adipose Tissue
Adipose tissue is a crucial organ in energy metabolism and thermoregulation. Adipose tissue phenotype is controlled by various signaling mechanisms under pathophysiological conditions. Type II transmembrane serine proteases (TTSPs) are a group of trypsin-like enzymes anchoring on the cell surface. These proteases act in diverse tissues to regulate physiological processes, such as food digestion, salt-water balance, iron metabolism, epithelial integrity, and auditory nerve development. Several members of the TTSP family, namely, hepsin, matriptase-2, and corin, have been shown to play a role in regulating lipid metabolism, adipose tissue phenotype, and thermogenesis, via direct growth factor activation or indirect hormonal mechanisms. In mice, hepsin deficiency increases adipose browning and protects from high-fat diet-induced hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, and obesity. Similarly, matriptase-2 deficiency increases fat lipolysis and reduces obesity and hepatic steatosis in high-fat diet-fed mice. In contrast, corin deficiency increases white adipose weights and cell sizes, suppresses adipocyte browning and thermogenic responses, and causes cold intolerance in mice. These findings highlight an important role of TTSPs in modifying cellular phenotype and function in adipose tissue. 
  • 961
  • 02 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Roles of miRNAs in Neurodegenerative Diseases
There are many types of neurodegenerative diseases, and the most common ones are Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and Huntington’s disease (HD). AD is a neuron-centered disease generally characterized by Aβ and tau phosphorylation. PD is generally characterized by progressive deterioration of motor function due to loss of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons with muscle rigidity, bradykinesia and resting tremor. ALS is a fatal onset disease characterized by selective loss of upper and lower motor neurons. HD is a predominantly genetic disease, for which there is no drug cure and it is ultimately fatal. Although their underlying mechanisms remain elusive, many studies have revealed that a series of miRNAs are involved in the development of these diseases. MiRNA regulation happens prior to neurological damage, which emphasizes the significance of miRNA alterations in the disease development. Upregulation/downregulation of miRNA expression leads to the alteration of the protein expressed by the corresponding pathogenic gene, which ultimately results in occurrence and development of neurodegenerative diseases.
  • 961
  • 13 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Arterial Hypertension
Arterial hypertension (AH) is a common disease worldwide and is a key risk factor for fatal cardiovascular complications [1]. Migraine (M) is the second most common type of primary headache and the most common form of headache with a genetic predisposition [2]. Many studies support the hypothesis that patients with M have an increased risk of developing AH, while patients with AH seem to have an increased risk of M. This allows us to hypothesize about the existence of the M and AH phenotype.
  • 959
  • 02 Jul 2021
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