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Topic Review
Galileo Probe
The Galileo Probe was an atmospheric-entry probe carried by the main Galileo spacecraft to Jupiter, where it directly entered a hot spot and returned data from the planet. The 339-kilogram (747 lb) probe was built by Hughes Aircraft Company at its El Segundo, California plant, and measured about 1.3 meters (4.3 ft) across. Inside the probe's heat shield, the scientific instruments were protected from extreme heat and pressure during its high-speed journey into the Jovian atmosphere, entering at 47.8 kilometers (29.7 mi) per second. It entered Jupiter on December 7, 1995, 22:04 UTC and stopped functioning at 23:01 UTC, 57 minutes and 36 seconds later.
  • 3.2K
  • 17 Oct 2022
Topic Review
SOX2 Anophthalmia Syndrome
SOX2 anophthalmia syndrome is a rare disorder characterized by abnormal development of the eyes and other parts of the body.
  • 3.2K
  • 24 Dec 2020
Topic Review
List of Notable Security Hacking Incidents
The timeline of computer security hacker history covers important and noteworthy events in the history of security hacking and cracking.
  • 3.2K
  • 25 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Plasticizers on Alginate-Based Films
There has been a growing attempt to manipulate various properties of biodegradable materials to use them as alternatives to their synthetic plastic counterparts. Alginate is a polysaccharide extracted from seaweed or soil bacteria that is considered one of the most promising materials for numerous applications. 
  • 3.2K
  • 28 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Natural products as Ras inhibitors
RAS genes encode signaling proteins, which, in mammalian cells, act as molecular switches regulating critical cellular processes as proliferation, growth, differentiation, survival, motility, and metabolism in response to specific stimuli. Deregulation of Ras functions has a high impact on human health: gain-of-function point mutations in RAS genes are found in some developmental disorders and thirty percent of all human cancers, including the deadliest. For this reason, the pathogenic Ras variants represent important clinical targets against which to develop novel, effective, and possibly selective pharmacological inhibitors.  Few druggable sites have been identified for wild type and some oncogenic Ras mutants, and few natural compounds able to attenuate Ras signaling have been identified so far. Natural products represent a virtually unlimited resource of structurally different compounds from which one could draw on for this purpose, given the improvements in the isolation and screening of active molecules from complex sources, which can now be exploited for the selection of potential Ras inhibitors from natural sources. 
  • 3.2K
  • 09 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Bioactive Compounds from Marine Sponges
Marine sponges are sessile invertebrates that can be found in temperate, polar and tropical regions. They are known to be major contributors of bioactive compounds, which are discovered in and extracted from the marine environment. The compounds extracted from these sponges are known to exhibit various bioactivities, such as antimicrobial, antitumor and general cytotoxicity.
  • 3.2K
  • 25 May 2021
Topic Review
Recent Advances of Deep Eutectic Solvents
Deep Eutectic Solvents (DESs) have gained a lot of attention in the last few years because of their vast applicability in a large number of technological processes, the simplicity of their preparation and their high biocompatibility and harmlessness.
  • 3.2K
  • 07 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Nutrition Composition and Bioactivity of Mangrove Fruit Extract
Mangroves are halophile plants with vital economic and ecological services. Some mangrove fruits are edible and contain treasury compounds with ethnomedicinal properties. The levels of primary metabolites such as carbohydrates, protein, and fat within mangrove fruit are acceptable for daily intake. The mangrove fruits are rich in phenolic compounds, limonoids, and their derivatives, as the compounds show antimicrobial, anticancer, and antioxidant activity.
  • 3.2K
  • 13 May 2022
Topic Review
Tropical Savanna Climate
Tropical savanna climate or tropical wet and dry climate is a type of climate that corresponds to the Köppen climate classification categories Aw (for a dry winter) and As (for a dry summer). Tropical savanna climates have monthly mean temperatures above 18 °C (64 °F) in every month of the year and typically a pronounced dry season, with the driest month having less than 60 mm (2.36 inches) of precipitation and also less than [math]\displaystyle{ 100-\left (\frac{Total\ Annual\ Precipitation\ (mm)}{25} \right) }[/math] of precipitation :200–1 This latter fact is in direct contrast to a tropical monsoon climate, whose driest month sees less than 60 mm of precipitation but has more than [math]\displaystyle{ 100-\left (\frac{Total\ Annual\ Precipitation\ (mm)}{25} \right) }[/math] of precipitation. In essence, a tropical savanna climate tends to either see less rainfall than a tropical monsoon climate or have more pronounced dry season(s). In tropical savanna climates, the dry season can become severe, and often drought conditions prevail during the course of the year. Tropical savanna climates often feature tree-studded grasslands, rather than thick jungle. It is this widespread occurrence of tall, coarse grass (called savanna) which has led to Aw and As climates often being referred to as tropical savanna. However, there is some doubt whether tropical grasslands are climatically induced. Additionally, pure savannas, without trees, are the exception rather than the rule.
  • 3.2K
  • 24 Nov 2022
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Director Interlocks: Information Transfer in Board Networks
Director interlocks occur when a board member or an executive of a firm sits on the board of directors of another firm. As an essential social network application in the business world, interlocking directorates are documented to be non-trivial from the 1930s and continue to gain popularity thereafter. Corporate information and business practices can be transferred to another firm through an interlocking director sitting on both companies’ boards. Such information dissemination leads to changes in an interlocking firm’s decision-making processes. Existing business research attempts to decipher the underlying reasons why board interlocks become prevalent, how and what information is being transferred through this channel, and the intended or unintended consequences to firm strategic, governance, financing, and accounting practices. We first introduce theoretical research on board interlocks in management and then follow up with empirical evidence in finance and accounting. Since extant studies have not reached a consensus on various consequences of board interlocks, we contribute to the literature by summarizing the findings from multi-business disciplines, discussing their advantages and disadvantages, and calling for more research on the topic.
  • 3.2K
  • 10 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Indoor Positioning Technologies for Mobile Robots
With the in-depth development of Industry 4.0 worldwide, mobile robots have become a research hotspot. Indoor localization has become a key component in many fields and the basis for all actions of mobile robots. Herein, 12 mainstream indoor positioning methods and related positioning technologies for mobile robots are introduced and compared in detail.
  • 3.2K
  • 31 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Application of GIS in Agriculture
GIS technology application in agriculture has gained prominence. The main GIS application areas identified included: crop yield estimation, soil fertility assessment, cropping patterns monitoring, drought assessment, pest and crop disease detection and management, precision agriculture, and fertilizer and weed management. GIS technology has the potential to enhance agriculture sustainability by integrating the spatial dimension of agriculture into agriculture policies. In addition, GIS's potential in promoting evidence-informed decision-making is growing. There is, however, a big gap in GIS application in sub-Saharan Africa. With the growing threat of climate change to agriculture and food security, there is an increased need for the integration of GIS in policy and decision-making in improving agriculture sustainability.
  • 3.2K
  • 09 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Lahar
A lahar ( /ˈlɑːhɑːr/, from Template:Lang-jv) is a violent type of mudflow or debris flow composed of a slurry of pyroclastic material, rocky debris and water. The material flows down from a volcano, typically along a river valley. Lahars are extremely destructive: they can flow tens of metres per second, they have been known to be up to 140 metres (460 ft) deep, and large flows tend to destroy any structures in their path. Notable lahars include those at Mount Pinatubo and Nevado del Ruiz, the latter of which killed thousands of people in the town of Armero.
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  • 17 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Genus Cordyline
Cordyline species have a long history in traditional medicine as a basis of treatment for various ailments such as a bloody cough, dysentery, and a high fever. There are about 26 accepted species names in this genus distributed worldwide, including C. fruticosa, C. autralis, C. stricta, C. cannifolia, and C. dracaenosides. 
  • 3.2K
  • 19 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Membrane Protein
Membrane proteins are polypeptides integrated into or associated with biological membranes. They are present at roughly equal weight to phospholipids in plasma membranes of cells, in outer membranes of bacteria, mitochondria, chloroplasts and in other organelles. Membrane proteins govern the active functions of membranes, such as transport, signalling, asymmetry and polarisation. Membrane proteins follow characteristic folding patterns and have hydrophobic domains that make them compatible with the amphipathic lipid biayers.
  • 3.2K
  • 24 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Senescence
Plants not only may delay senescence until after they reproduce successfully, but they may also bring senescence time forward, in order to reproduce in favored conditions. It demonstrates that even though senescence is part of aging, it does not necessarily mean plants have to reach a certain age to senesce. Experiments using different aged plants have suggested that in interest of their final outcome and fitness, plants carefully weigh out environmental cues and transit to next developmental phase at proper time, even if that means transiting to terminal senescence phase earlier and shortening their lifespan.
  • 3.2K
  • 20 Feb 2021
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Social Housing Customization in Brazil
Social housing customization in Brazil refers to the current processes of development and evolution of government-funded neighborhoods for the lowest-income population. The mass production of small housing units that do not satisfy family needs instigates a self-design and self-construction process post-occupancy to customize the units. Ultimately, these changes to the units bring unintended negative consequences for the families and the city. In this context, mass customization is seen as an alternative to address some of the problems related to unit design. 
  • 3.2K
  • 13 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Duck
Duck is the common name for numerous species in the waterfowl family Anatidae which also includes swans and geese. Ducks are divided among several subfamilies in the family Anatidae; they do not represent a monophyletic group (the group of all descendants of a single common ancestral species) but a form taxon, since swans and geese are not considered ducks. Ducks are mostly aquatic birds, mostly smaller than the swans and geese, and may be found in both fresh water and sea water. Ducks are sometimes confused with several types of unrelated water birds with similar forms, such as loons or divers, grebes, gallinules and coots.
  • 3.2K
  • 18 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Effects of Enclosure Complexity on Zoo Animals
Habitat complexity is important for the maintenance of high levels of welfare for captive animals, especially at zoos. Generally, individuals who experience greater enclosure complexity express higher diversity of behaviours and show better physiological well-being. However, positive outcomes of providing habitat complexity should be species-specific, and not all species would benefit from it. Thus, it is important to provide and constantly evaluate the habitat complexity of zoo animals. 
  • 3.2K
  • 17 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Wheat
Wheat is a valuable source of essential nutrients, providing carbohydrate-based energy and fiber, protein, B vitamins, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, zinc, and iron. In low and medium-income countries, grain-based foods still make up the central part of the diet. The wheat seed can be ground into flour or semolina, for example, which form the essential ingredients of bread, pasta, noodles, and other food products, essentially the primary source of nutrients for most of the world population.
  • 3.2K
  • 21 Aug 2021
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