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Topic Review
Vitamin B12 Deficiency Anemia
Vitamin B12 deficiency anemia, of which pernicious anemia (PA) is a type, is a disease in which not enough red blood cells are produced due to a deficiency of vitamin B12. The most common initial symptom is feeling tiredness and weakness. Other symptoms may include shortness of breath, pale skin, feeling like one may pass out (lightheadedness), chest pain, rapid heartbeat, numbness in the hands and feet, poor balance, a frequent fall of blood pressure, loss of appetite, a smooth red tongue, memory problems, poor reflexes, and in severe cases even depression and confusion. Without treatment some of these problems may become permanent. Pernicious anemia refers to anemia that results from lack of vitamin B12. Lack of intrinsic factor is most commonly due to an autoimmune attack on the cells that create it in the stomach. It can also occur following the surgical removal of part of the stomach or from an inherited disorder. Other causes of low vitamin B12 include not enough dietary intake (which can be a risk in a vegan diet), celiac disease, or tapeworm infection. When suspected, diagnosis is made by blood and, occasionally, bone marrow tests. Blood tests may show fewer but larger red blood cells, low numbers of young red blood cells, low levels of vitamin B12, and antibodies to intrinsic factor. Pernicious anemia can be treated with injections of vitamin B12. If the symptoms are severe, injections are typically recommended initially. For those who have trouble swallowing pills, a nasal spray is available. Often, treatment is lifelong. Pernicious anemia due to autoimmune problems occurs in about one per 1000 people. Among those over the age of 60, about 2% have the condition. It more commonly affects people of northern European descent. Women are more commonly affected than men. With proper treatment, most people live normal lives. Due to a higher risk of stomach cancer, those with pernicious anemia should be checked regularly for this. The first clear description was by Thomas Addison in 1849. The term "pernicious" means "deadly", and this term came into use because before the availability of treatment the disease was often fatal.
  • 3.3K
  • 27 Oct 2022
Topic Review
GDM
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a pregnancy complication first detected in the second or third trimester in women that did not show evident glucose intolerance or diabetes before gestation. 
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  • 27 May 2021
Topic Review
Gel Blasters
Gel blasters, also known as gel guns, gel shooters, gel markers, hydro markers, hydro blasters, water bead blasters or gelsoft, are toy guns similar in design to airsoft guns, but the projectiles they shoot are 6–8 mm (0.24–0.31 in) superabsorbent polymer water beads (most commonly sodium polyacrylate, colloquially called water beads, hydrogel balls, gel balls, water bullets or simply gels), which are often sold commercially as moisture retainers for gardening and pot/vase floriculture. Gel blasters are often played in CQB-style shooting skirmishes similar to paintball by squads or local clubs of enthusiasts often referred to as "gelballers", but follow an airsoft-like honor-based gameplay umpiring system. MilSim games involving players wearing camouflage and dump pouches are very popular, while "SpeedGel" players are more casual with team jerseys and often wear paintball masks. In addition to safety gear such as eye protections, the sport is heavily regulated on the field and players must adhere to safety rules.
  • 3.3K
  • 20 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Horizontal transfer of Resistance Genes
Emergence and rapid spread of antibiotic resistance has posed a serious threat to public health and undermined decades of progress made in the fight against bacterial infections. Plasmid-mediated horizontal tranfer of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) has been recognized as the most dominant dissemination pathway of ARGs in humans, animals and environmental settings. In particular, four pathways including conjugation, transformation, transduction and vesiduction account for horizontal transfer of antibiotic resistance genes. A better understanding of these pathways and underlying mechanisms would contribute to developing more effective stategies to control the prevalence of ARGs.
  • 3.3K
  • 14 Aug 2020
Biography
Neil Peart
Neil Ellwood Peart OC (/pɪərt/; September 12, 1952 – January 7, 2020) was a Canadian musician, songwriter, and author, best known as the drummer and primary lyricist of the rock band Rush. Peart earned numerous awards for his musical performances, including an induction into the Modern Drummer Readers Poll Hall of Fame in 1983, making him the youngest person ever so honoured.[1] His drumming
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  • 16 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Iron-Based Catalytically Active Complexes
Iron complexes are particularly interesting as catalyst systems over the other transition metals (including noble metals) due to iron’s high natural abundance and mediation in important biological processes, therefore making them non-toxic, cost-effective, and biocompatible. Both homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis mediated by iron as a transition metal have found applications in many industries, including oxidation, C-C bond formation, hydrocarboxylation and dehydration, hydrogenation and reduction reactions of low molecular weight molecules. These processes provided substrates for industrial-scale use, e.g., switchable materials, sustainable and scalable energy storage technologies, drugs for the treatment of cancer, and high molecular weight polymer materials with a predetermined structure through controlled radical polymerization techniques.
  • 3.3K
  • 29 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Infra-red Search and Track
An infrared search and track (IRST) system (sometimes known as infrared sighting and tracking) is a method for detecting and tracking objects which give off infrared radiation (see Infrared signature) such as jet aircraft and helicopters. IRST is a generalized case of forward looking infrared (FLIR), i.e. from forward-looking to all-round situation awareness. Such systems are passive (thermographic camera), meaning they do not give out any radiation of their own, unlike radar. This gives them the advantage that they are difficult to detect. However, because the atmosphere attenuates infrared to some extent (although not as much as visible light) and because adverse weather can attenuate it also (again, not as badly as visible systems), the range compared to a radar is limited. Within range, angular resolution is better than radar due to the shorter wavelength.
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  • 14 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Moho (Anime Studio)
Moho is a proprietary vector-based 2D animation software distributed by Smith Micro Software. Moho, (formerly known as Anime Studio), was originally distributed by LostMarble, and then by e frontier. Smith Micro Software has distributed Anime Studio since November 2007. The software comes in two different versions, Moho Debut and Moho Pro. The first being restricted in terms of length and image size, as well as not containing all of the functions of the Pro version. Anime Studio is available for Windows and Macintosh operating systems in English, German, Japanese and Spanish (Since version 9.2). Moho Pro no longer supports the Linux platform.
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  • 11 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Cathinones Mexedrone, α-PVP and α-PHP
Mexedrone, α-PVP and α-PHP are synthetic cathinones. They can be considered amphetamine-like substances with a stimulating effect. Actually, studies showing their impact on DNA are totally absent. 
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  • 05 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Jellyfish Cassiopea andromeda
Cassiopea andromeda entered the Mediterranean from the Red Sea through the Suez Canal and colonized several areas of the basin. This species is an epibenthic scyphozoan with a maximum umbrella diameter of about 30 cm commonly found in tropical and subtropical shallow coastal ecosystems such as mangroves, estuaries, and sandy mudflats. This species has a metagenetic cycle with the following phases: planula, benthic polyp, ephyra, and adult medusa. The symbiotic relationship with dinoflagellates allows the jellyfish species to feed via direct predation and through photosynthesis by the zooxanthellae (mixotrophy).
  • 3.3K
  • 28 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Disorders of Sex Development
Disorders of sex development (DSDs), also known as differences in sex development, diverse sex development and variations in sex characteristics (VSC), are medical conditions involving the reproductive system. More specifically, these terms refer to "congenital conditions in which development of chromosomal, gonadal, or anatomical sex is atypical." The term has been controversial, and research has shown that affected people experience a negative impact, with the terminology impacting choice and utilization of health care providers. The World Health Organization and many medical journals still reference DSDs as intersex traits or conditions. The Council of Europe and Inter-American Commission on Human Rights have called for a review of medical classifications that unnecessarily medicalize intersex traits.
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  • 09 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Industry 6.0 and Their Implementation in AEC Sector
The Architecture, Engineering, and Construction (AEC) Industry 6.0 is the sixth transformative phase of the architectural, engineering, and construction sector, built on Industry 5.0. Industry 6.0 pioneers advancements in quantum computing, nanotechnology, artificial intelligence, and cloud-based energy solutions. Harmonization facilitates design, building, and maintenance processes, improving efficiency, accuracy, and sustainability. Construction has changed, like the 5.0 framework. Industry 5.0 uses AI and robotics to boost productivity, creativity, and supply chain alignment. 
  • 3.3K
  • 19 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Biomass Pyrolysis
Pyrolysis process has been considered to be an efficient approach for valorization of lignocellulosic biomass into bio-oil and value-added chemicals. Bio-oil refers to biomass pyrolysis liquid, which contains alkanes, aromatic compounds, phenol derivatives, and small amounts of ketone, ester, ether, amine, and alcohol. Lignocellulosic biomass is a renewable and sustainable energy resource for carbon that is readily available in the environment. This review article provides an outline of the pyrolysis process including pretreatment of biomass, pyrolysis mechanism, and process products upgrading. The pretreatment processes for biomass are reviewed including physical and chemical processes. In addition, the gaps in research and recommendations for improving the pretreatment processes are highlighted. Furthermore, the effect of feedstock characterization, operating parameters, and types of biomass on the performance of the pyrolysis process are explained. Recent progress in the identification of the mechanism of the pyrolysis process is addressed with some recommendations for future work. In addition, the article critically provides insight into process upgrading via several approaches specifically using catalytic upgrading. In spite of the current catalytic achievements of catalytic pyrolysis for providing high-quality bio-oil, the production yield has simultaneously dropped. This article explains the current drawbacks of catalytic approaches while suggesting alternative methodologies that could possibly improve the deoxygenation of bio-oil while maintaining high production yield.
  • 3.3K
  • 21 Jul 2020
Topic Review
Cloned Goats
The Cloned Goats or Transgenic Cloned Goats are generated and/or multiplied by one the most advanced and widely applied assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) designated as somatic cell cloning or somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). The SCNT-derived goats can provide a valuable tool for a variety of transgenic, biomedical, biopharmaceutical and nutri-biotechnological research.
  • 3.3K
  • 21 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Advancements and Challenges in Handwritten Text Recognition
Handwritten Text Recognition (HTR) involves automatically transforming a source’s handwritten text within a digital image into its machine text representation.
  • 3.3K
  • 07 Mar 2024
Topic Review
The Complement System in the Central Nervous System
The functions of the complement system to both innate and adaptive immunity through opsonization, cell lysis, and inflammatory activities are well known. In contrast, the role of complement in the central nervous system (CNS) which extends beyond immunity, is only beginning to be recognized as important to neurodevelopment and neurodegeneration. In addition to protecting the brain against invasive pathogens, appropriate activation of the complement system is pivotal to the maintenance of normal brain function.
  • 3.3K
  • 28 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Light-Activated Compounds in Cancer Therapy
Lack of selectivity and toxic side effects of cancer chemotherapy is a major drawback for designing clinical treatment regimes. To allow more potent and selective therapeutic interventions, the use of light for selective on-site activation of anticancer compounds is actively studied. Besides already established photodynamic therapy (PDT), two light-activated anticancer approaches are pursued, both however still in the experimental phase: the use of irreversibly activatable photoremovable protecting groups (“photocages”) and reversibly activatable photoswitches. Despite its immense potential, light activation brings many novel challenges to the already complex drug development process, however the first in vivo results confirm the feasibility of the approach.
  • 3.3K
  • 19 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Conjugate Acid
A conjugate acid, within the Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory, is a chemical compound formed when an acid donates a proton (H+) to a base—in other words, it is a base with a hydrogen ion added to it, as in the reverse reaction it loses a hydrogen ion. On the other hand, a conjugate base is what is left over after an acid has donated a proton during a chemical reaction. Hence, a conjugate base is a species formed by the removal of a proton from an acid, as in the reverse reaction it is able to gain a hydrogen ion. Because some acids are capable of releasing multiple protons, the conjugate base of an acid may itself be acidic. In summary, this can be represented as the following chemical reaction: Johannes Nicolaus Brønsted and Martin Lowry introduced the Brønsted–Lowry theory, which proposed that any compound that can transfer a proton to any other compound is an acid, and the compound that accepts the proton is a base. A proton is a nuclear particle with a unit positive electrical charge; it is represented by the symbol H+ because it constitutes the nucleus of a hydrogen atom, that is, a hydrogen cation. A cation can be a conjugate acid, and an anion can be a conjugate base, depending on which substance is involved and which acid–base theory is the viewpoint. The simplest anion which can be a conjugate base is the solvated electron whose conjugate acid is the atomic hydrogen.
  • 3.3K
  • 28 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Fabrication Processes of Conductive Textiles
Wearable electronics are gaining popularity as a platform for the next generation of human-friendly electronic devices. Therefore, a new class of devices with various functionality and amenability for the human body is essential. Traditional textile materials, such as fiber, yarn, and fabric, are non-conductive. Innovative methods and novel processing technologies have been introduced to impart conductivity in textile materials to solve this issue. Coating, printing, deposition, and in situ polymerization are common techniques for this purpose. Here, the newly developed methods with significant potential are summarized, which includes their conductivity level in different applications, such as batteries, displays, and sensors.
  • 3.3K
  • 04 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Musical Contagion
Music can contaminate us. Sometimes, listeners perceive music as expressing some emotion (say, sadness), and this elicits the same emotion in them (they feel sad). What is musical contagion? Resesarchers presents the main theories of musical contagion that crystallize around the challenge to the leading theory of emotions as experiences of values. How and why does music contaminate us? Does musical contagion elicit garden variety emotions, such as sadness, joy, and anxiety? Does music contaminate us by simply moving us? Which role does imagination play in our affective responses to music? Is musical arousal elicited by automatic mimicry? What does musical contagion teach us about emotions? Musical contagion addresses fundamental theoretical and practical issues.
  • 3.3K
  • 10 Mar 2023
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