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Topic Review
Pediatric Cardiorenal Syndromes
Cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) is defined as a disorder resulting from the abnormal interaction between the heart and kidney, in which acute or chronic dysfunction of one organ may lead to acute and/or chronic dysfunction of the other. The functional interplay between the heart and kidney is characterized by a complex bidirectional symbiotic interaction, regulated by a wide array of both genetic and environmental mechanisms. There are at least five known subtypes of CRS, based on the severity of clinical features and the degree of heart/renal failure. The fourth subtype (cardiorenal syndrome type 4 (CRS4)) is characterized by a primary chronic kidney disease (CKD), which in turn leads to a decreased cardiac function. Impairment of renal function is among the most important pathophysiological factors contributing to heart failure (HF) in the pediatric age group, and cardiovascular complications could be one of the most important causes of mortality in pediatric patients with advanced CKD. In this context, a loss of glomerular filtration rate directly correlates with both the progression of cardiovascular complications in CRS and the risk of HF.
  • 466
  • 09 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Pathophysiology and Mortality with Peripheral Artery Disease
There are a number of devastating complications associated with peripheral artery disease, including limb amputations and acute limb ischemia. In coronary atherosclerosis, thrombosis is often precipitated by rupture or erosion of fibrous caps around atheromatous plaques, which leads to acute coronary syndrome.
  • 466
  • 13 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Endothelial Dysfunction in COVID-19
The endothelium is considered a real organ, with its own defined structure capable of guaranteeing vascular homeostasis through several functions.
  • 462
  • 29 Apr 2022
Topic Review
AngiomiRs in Cancer
Angiogenesis is the process of new blood vessel formation through the migration, growth, and differentiation of endothelial cells.
  • 462
  • 21 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Subcutaneous Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator
Subcutaneous implantable cardioverter defibrillators (S-ICDs) are structurally similar to TV-ICDs, being made of a pulse generator and a defibrillator coil. The advantage of S-ICDs concerns the components, which are completely outside of the chest.
  • 461
  • 08 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Cardioprotective Strategies from Cardiotoxicity in Cancer Patients
Cardiotoxicity is a significant complication of chemotherapeutic agents in cancer patients. Cardiovascular incidents including LV dysfunction, heart failure (HF), severe arrhythmias, arterial hypertension, and death are associated with high morbidity and mortality. Risk stratification of cancer patients prior to initiation of chemotherapy is crucial, especially in high-risk patients for cardiotoxicity. The early identification and management of potential risk factors for cardiovascular side effects seems to contribute to the prevention or minimization of cardiotoxicity. Screening of cancer patients includes biomarkers such as cTnI and natriuretic peptide and imaging measurements such as LV function, global longitudinal strain, and cardiac MRI. Cardioprotective strategies for either primary or secondary prevention include medical therapy such as ACE inhibitors, ARBs, b-blockers, aldosterone antagonists, statins and dexrazoxane, physical therapy, and reduction of chemotherapeutic dosages. However, data regarding dosages, duration of medical therapy, and potential interactions with chemotherapeutic agents are still limited. Collaboration among oncologists, cardiologists, and cardio-oncologists could establish management cardioprotective strategies and approved follow-up protocols in patients with cancer receiving chemotherapy.
  • 460
  • 25 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Use of Cardioprotective Devices and Strategies
Cardioprotective devices such as TandemHeart, Impella family devices, and venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO) have been proven to show significant cardioprotection through mechanical support. However, their use as interventional agents in the prevention of hemodynamic changes due to cardiac surgery or percutaneous interventions has been correlated with adverse effects. This can lead to a rebound increased risk of mortality in high-risk patients who undergo cardiac surgery. 
  • 460
  • 21 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Vascular Calcification in Chronic Kidney Disease
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) patients are at high risk of presenting with arterial calcification or stiffness, which confers increased cardiovascular mortality and morbidity. In recent years, it has become evident that VC is an active process regulated by various molecules that may act as inhibitors of vessel mineralization.
  • 459
  • 09 Mar 2022
Topic Review
SGLT2i in Diabetes, Cardiovascular Disease, and Kidney Disease
Sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor (SGLT2i) is a class of drugs that were originally intended for decreasing blood glucose in diabetes. However, recent trials have shown that there are other beneficial effects. Recent major SGLT2i landmark trials have demonstrated benefits for cardiovascular disease (reduce major adverse cardiovascular events (heart attack, stroke, cardiovascular death), hospitalization for heart failure, all-cause death), and renal disease (delay the onset of dialysis) regardless of diabetic status. 
  • 459
  • 17 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids DHA and EPA
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) that includes myocardial infarction and stroke, is the leading cause of mortality worldwide. Atherosclerosis, the primary underlying cause of CVD, can be controlled by pharmacological and dietary interventions, including n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) supplementation. n-3 PUFA supplementation, primarily consisting of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), has shown promise in reducing atherosclerosis by modulating risk factors, including triglyceride levels and vascular inflammation.
  • 459
  • 23 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Ventricular Septal Rupture
Ventricular septal rupture is a serious mechanical complication of myocardial infarction (MI) with an unfavorable prognosis.
  • 458
  • 29 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Biomarkers in Cardiovascular Disease
Atherosclerosis and its consequences are the leading cause of mortality in the world.  For this reason, we have reviewed atherosclerosis biomarkers and selected the most promising ones. We focused mainly on biomarkers related to inflammation and oxidative stress, such as the highly sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2). The microRNA (miRNA) and the usefulness of the bone mineralization, glucose, and lipid metabolism marker osteocalcin (OC) were also reviewed.
  • 457
  • 21 Jul 2021
Topic Review
COVID-19 Diagnosis and Coronary Artery Thrombosis
Coronavirus disease 2019 is characterized by its severe respiratory effects. Data early on indicated an increased risk of mortality in patients with cardiovascular comorbidities. Early reports highlighted the multisystem inflammatory syndrome, cytokine storm, and thromboembolic events as part of the disease processes. The role of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) is explored in the pathogenesis of the disease. The structure and anatomy of the virus are pivotal to its virulence in comparison to other α and β Coronaviridae (HCoV-229E, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-229E, HCoV-NL63, HCoV-OC43, and HCoV-HKU1).  In particular, the host interaction and response may explain the variability of severity in patients. Angio tensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) activation may be implicated in the cardiovascular and throm bogenic potential of the disease. The virus may also have direct effects on the endothelial lining affecting hemostasis and resulting in thrombosis through several mechanisms. 
  • 456
  • 18 Apr 2022
Topic Review
iPSC in Cardiovascular Diseases
Since their discovery in 2006, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) immediately stand out for their potential. While their differentiation capabilities are similar to those of ESCs, their somatic origin does not raise the same ethical questions as ESCs. In the cardiovascular field, methodological and intellectual progresses led to the development of highly sophisticated systems, such as patient-implantable cardiopatches, giving an enormous impulse to the regenerative medicine field.
  • 454
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Artery Stenosis and Vasospastic Angina
Vasospastic angina (VA) is caused by focal or diffuse spasm of an epicardial coronary artery, resulting in severe obstruction of the coronary artery lumen and myocardial ischemia. Vasospasm can occur in an angiographically normal coronary artery, but may also occur at the site of an existing organic atherosclerotic stenosis. Stable atherosclerotic plaques are rarely fatal, but can interfere with coronary blood flow and lead to stable angina. However, it has been suggested that vasospasm is associated with endothelial damage and subsequent atheroma rupture. Considering that acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is almost always caused by luminal thrombus or sudden plaque rupture applied to organic atherosclerotic plaques, coronary vasospasm can induce the rupture of a stable atheroma, which could lead to myocardial infarction and sudden cardiac death.
  • 452
  • 08 Nov 2021
Topic Review
ROS-Based Nanoparticles
Atherosclerosis (AS), a chronic arterial disease, is the leading cause of death in western developed countries. Considering its long-term asymptomatic progression and serious complications, the early prevention and effective treatment of AS are particularly important. The unique characteristics of nanoparticles (NPs) make them attractive in novel therapeutic and diagnostic applications, providing new options for the treatment of AS. With the assistance of reactive oxygen species (ROS)-based NPs, drugs can reach specifific lesion areas, prolong the therapeutic effect, achieve targeted controlled release and reduce adverse side effects. In this article, we reviewed the mechanism of AS and the generation and removal strategy of ROS. We further discussed ROS-based NPs, and summarized their biomedical applications in scavenger and drug delivery. Furthermore, we highlighted the recent advances, challenges and future perspectives of ROS-based NPs for treating AS. 
  • 452
  • 30 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Technologies Used to Discover Immune Cell Heterogeneity
During homeostasis, immune cells perform daily housekeeping functions to maintain heart health by acting as sentinels for tissue damage and foreign particles.
  • 452
  • 30 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Dual Roles of Fibrosis in HFpEF and CAD
Patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) and atherosclerosis-driven coronary artery disease (CAD) will have ongoing fibrotic remodeling both in the myocardium and in atherosclerotic plaques. However, the functional consequences of fibrosis differ for each location. Thus, cardiac fibrosis leads to myocardial stiffening, thereby compromising cardiac function, while fibrotic remodeling stabilizes the atherosclerotic plaque, thereby reducing the risk of plaque rupture. 
  • 452
  • 26 May 2022
Topic Review
Dysregulation of mir-106a in Non-Cancer Diseases
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) comprise a class of non-coding RNA with extensive regulatory functions within cells. MiR-106a is recognized for its super-regulatory roles in vital processes. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, endogenous, non-coding RNAs that control gene expression at the translation and even transcription levels. miRNAs are critical regulators of biological processes, including cellular proliferation, differentiation, development, apoptosis, and modulation of the host response to viral infection.
  • 452
  • 03 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Gut Microbiota for Atherosclerosis Disease
The increasing number of studies on the relationship between the gut microbiota and atherosclerosis have led to significant interest in this subject. The gut microbiota, its metabolites (metabolome), such as TMAO, and gut dysbiosis play an important role in the development of atherosclerosis. Furthermore, inflammation, originating from the intestinal tract, adds yet another mechanism by which the human ecosystem is disrupted, resulting in the manifestation of metabolic diseases and, by extension, cardiovascular diseases. 
  • 452
  • 22 Sep 2023
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