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Topic Review
Approaches to Cardiovascular Disease Intervention
Interventions aimed at the cellular origin of the pathology would have a better chance of preventing and treating cardiovascular disease, lowering healthcare costs, and incurring less risk.
  • 827
  • 20 Dec 2022
Topic Review
IR and Atherosclerosis in T2DM with CAD
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is characterized by impaired insulin secretion on a background of insulin resistance (IR). IR and T2DM are associated with atherosclerotic coronary artery disease (CAD). The mechanisms of IR and atherosclerosis are known to share similar genetic and environmental roots.
  • 826
  • 29 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Extracellular Vesicles in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation
Extracellular vesicles are particles released from cells and delimited by a lipid bilayer. They have been widely studied, including extensive investigation in cardiovascular diseases. The content presented here focuses on their role in atrial fibrillation. 
  • 825
  • 01 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Subcutaneous Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator
Subcutaneous implantable cardioverter defibrillators (S-ICDs) are structurally similar to TV-ICDs, being made of a pulse generator and a defibrillator coil. The advantage of S-ICDs concerns the components, which are completely outside of the chest.
  • 825
  • 08 Aug 2023
Topic Review
LCZ696 in Patients with Hypertension
Hypertension is a well-known and modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease worldwide. However, the management of hypertension remains suboptimal throughout the world. LCZ696 (Sacubitril/valsartan) was approved for the treatment of heart failure. Several randomized control trials showed that LCZ696 achieved the target blood pressure control without significant adverse fffects. This meta-analysis including randomized control trials to precisely determine the effectiveness and safety of LCZ696 for the treatment of high aterial pressure.  
  • 823
  • 09 Jul 2021
Topic Review
CMR Findings of Myocardial Inflammation and Pathological Correlations
Myocarditis comprises many clinical presentations ranging from asymptomatic to sudden cardiac death. The history, physical examination, cardiac biomarkers, inflammatory markers, and electrocardiogram are usually helpful in the initial assessment of suspected acute myocarditis. Echocardiography is the primary tool to detect ventricular wall motion abnormalities, pericardial effusion, valvular regurgitation, and impaired function. The advancement of cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging has been helpful in clinical practice for diagnosing myocarditis. 
  • 823
  • 19 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Sphingolipids in Cardiovascular Diseases
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of death and illness in Europe and worldwide, responsible for a staggering 47% of deaths in Europe. There has been increasing evidence pointing to bioactive sphingolipids as drivers of CVDs. Among them, most studies place emphasis on the cardiovascular effect of ceramides and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), reporting correlation between their aberrant expression and CVD risk factors. 
  • 821
  • 16 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Hypertensive Heart Failure
Hypertension (HTN) is the leading cause of cardiovascular disease and premature death worldwide, which largely surpasses other important factors of mortality such as smoking and metabolic diseases. HTN is the most important risk factor for heart failure (HF) development, with recent evidence indicating that HTN is present in 76% of incident HF cases, and the lifetime risk of HF is almost twice as high in people with HTN as in those with normal blood pressure (BP).
  • 818
  • 09 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Pathophysiology of Cardiac Dysfunction in Aortic Stenosis
Aortic stenosis (AS) is a disease both of the valve and the myocardium, characterized by fibrosis and calcification of valve leaflets, progressive LV hypertrophy, and myocardial fibrosis. AS represents not only a valvular disease but a whole heart disease, often in patients with comorbidities.
  • 815
  • 11 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Cardiac Remodeling and Dysfunction in Primary Aldosteronism
Speckle tracking echocardiography is a novel technique to quantify cardiac function and deformation. It has been applied in a series of cardiovascular diseases for the evaluation of early cardiac impairment. Cardiac damage usually occurs earlier in patients with primary aldosteronism than those with primary hypertension, probably because aldosterone hypersecretion is more commonly observed in the former than the latter patients.
  • 814
  • 02 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Stroke in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained arrythmia and one of the strongest risk factors and causal mechanisms of ischemic stroke (IS). Acute IS due to AF tends to be more severe than with other etiology of IS and patients with treated AF have reported to experience worse outcomes after endovascular treatment compared with patients without AF. As cardioembolism accounts for more than a fifth of ISs and the risk of future stroke can be mitigated with effective anticoagulation, which has been shown to be effective and safe in patients with paroxysmal or sustained AF, the screening of patients with cryptogenic IS (CIS) for AF is paramount.
  • 814
  • 05 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Risk Factors between Dementia and Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease
Alzheimer’s disease is the most common form of dementia, and the prodromal phases of Alzheimer’s disease can last for decades. Vascular dementia is the second most common form of dementia and is distinguished from Alzheimer’s disease by evidence of previous stroke or hemorrhage and current cerebrovascular disease. A compiled group of vascular-related dementias (vascular dementia and unspecified dementia) is often referred to as non-Alzheimer dementia.
  • 813
  • 21 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Anti-Obesity Effects of Wild Edible Plants
Obesity is a long-term condition resulting from a continuous imbalance between the amount of energy consumed and expended. It is associated with premature mortality and contributes to a large portion of the global chronic disease burden, including diabesity, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, and some cancers. While lifestyle changes and dietary adjustments are the primary ways to manage obesity, they may not always be sufficient for long-term weight loss. In these cases, medication may be necessary. However, the options for drugs are limited due to their potential side effects. As a result, there is a need to identify safe and effective alternative treatments. Dietary compounds, plants, and bioactive phytochemicals have been considered as promising sources for discovering new pharmacological agents to treat obesity and its related complications. These natural products can function independently or synergistically with other plants to augment their effects at various levels of the body. They can modulate appetite, lipase activity, thermogenesis and fat synthesis and degradation, satiation, adipogenesis, and adipocyte apoptosis. Additionally, targeting adipocyte growth and differentiation with diverse medicinal plants/diet is a significant strategy for devising new anti-obesity drugs that can intervene in preadipocytes, maturing preadipocytes, and mature adipocytes.
  • 812
  • 16 Aug 2023
Topic Review
The Zebrafish Cardiac Endothelial Cell
In zebrafish, the spatiotemporal development of the vascular system is well described due to its stereotypical nature. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms orchestrating post-embryonic vascular development, the maintenance of vascular homeostasis, or how coronary vessels integrate into the growing heart are less well studied. In the context of cardiac regeneration, the central cellular mechanism by which the heart regenerates a fully functional myocardium relies on the proliferation of pre-existing cardiomyocytes; however the epicardium and the endocardium are also known to play key roles in the regenerative process. Remarkably, revascularisation of the injuredtissue occurs within a few hours after cardiac damage, thus generating a vascular network acting as a scaffold for the regenerating myocardium. The activation of the endocardium leads to the secretion of cytokines, further supporting the proliferation of the cardiomyocytes. In this review, we focus on recent advances in the understanding of the development of the endocardium and the coronary vasculature in zebrafish as well as their pivotal roles in the heart regeneration process.  
  • 811
  • 18 May 2021
Topic Review
Cardiac Muscle in the Course of Obesity
Obesity is a growing epidemiological problem, as two-thirds of the adult population are carrying excess weight. It is a risk factor for the development of cardiovascular diseases (hypertension, ischemic heart disease, myocardial infarct, and atrial fibrillation). It has also been shown that chronic obesity in people may be a cause for the development of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), whose components include cellular hypertrophy, left ventricular diastolic dysfunction, and increased extracellular collagen deposition.
  • 808
  • 26 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Different Cardiac Clinical Scenarios in Long COVID
Long COVID-19 or ‘post-acute COVID-19 syndrome’ emerged as the new pandemic, being characterized by a high variability of clinical manifestations ranging from cardiorespiratory and neurological symptoms such as chest pain, exertional dyspnoea or cognitive disturbance to psychological disturbances, e.g., depression, anxiety or sleep disturbance with a crucial impact on patients’ quality of life. Moreover, Long COVID is viewed as a new cardiovascular risk factor capable of modifying the trajectory of current and future cardiovascular diseases, altering the patients’ prognosis. 
  • 808
  • 19 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Ferroptosis in Cardiovascular Disease and Cardiomyopathies
In the realm of cardiovascular diseases, it significantly contributes to cardiomyopathies, including dilated cardiomyopathy, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and restrictive cardiomyopathy. Ferroptosis involves intricate interactions within cellular iron metabolism, lipid peroxidation, and the balance between polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fatty acids. Molecularly, factors like p53 and nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) impact cellular susceptibility to ferroptosis under oxidative stress. Understanding ferroptosis is vital in cardiomyopathies, where cardiac myocytes heavily depend on aerobic respiration, with iron playing a pivotal role. Dysregulation of the antioxidant enzyme glutathione peroxidase (GPX4) is linked to cardiomyopathies, emphasizing its significance. Ferroptosis’s role in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury, exacerbated in diabetes, underscores its relevance in cardiovascular conditions.
  • 808
  • 05 Mar 2024
Topic Review
XBP1 Modulates the Aging Cardiorenal System
X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1) is a unique basic-region leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factor. Over recent years, the powerful biological functions of XBP1 in oxidative stress have been gradually revealed. When the redox balance remains undisturbed, oxidative stress plays a role in physiological adaptations and signal transduction. However, during the aging process, increased cellular senescence and reduced levels of endogenous antioxidants cause an oxidative imbalance in the cardiorenal system.
  • 806
  • 15 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Telemedicine in Cardiovascular Diseases
Telehealth and telemedicine, if properly used, may offer advantages for both patients and health professionals. As per the World Health Organization (WHO), telemedicine can be defined as “the delivery of medical services, where distance is a basic factor, by all medical care experts utilizing information and communication technologies (ICT) for the exchanging of adequate information for the treatment, diagnosis and avoidance of illness and wounds, exploration and assessment, and for the proceeding with instruction of medical care suppliers, in the purpose of strengthening individuals health and their networks”. Telemedicine includes the protected transmission of clinical information and data, by voice, text, images, or other forms required for the diagnosis, treatment, and patient follow up.
  • 804
  • 02 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Genetic Screening of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a common inherited heart disease with an estimated prevalence of up to 1 in 200 individuals. In the majority of cases, HCM is considered a Mendelian disease, with mainly autosomal dominant inheritance. Most pathogenic variants are usually detected in genes for sarcomeric proteins. 
  • 804
  • 21 Oct 2021
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