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Topic Review
Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator
One of the key features associated with the substantial increase in life expectancy for individuals with CF is an elevated predisposition to cancer, firmly established by recent studies involving large cohorts. With the recent advances in CFTR modulator therapies and the increased long-term survival rate of individuals with CF, this is a novel challenge emerging at the forefront of this disease. However, the mechanisms linking dysfunctional CFTR to carcinogenesis have yet to be unravelled.
  • 1.2K
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Autism Diagnostic Interview
The Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R) is a structured interview conducted with the parents of individuals who have been referred for the evaluation of possible autism or autism spectrum disorders. The interview, used by researchers and clinicians for decades, can be used for diagnostic purposes for anyone with a mental age of at least 24 months and measures behavior in the areas of reciprocal social interaction, communication and language, and patterns of behavior.
  • 1.2K
  • 18 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Dystroglycanopathy
Dystroglycanopathy is a collective term referring to muscular dystrophies with abnormal glycosylation of dystroglycan. At least 18 causative genes of dystroglycanopathy have been identified, and its clinical symptoms are diverse, ranging from severe congenital to adult-onset limb-girdle types. 
  • 1.2K
  • 12 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Ellis-van Creveld Syndrome
Ellis-van Creveld syndrome is a rare, recessive genetic disorder. The typical signs in affected patients are dwarfism, polydactyly, dysmorphic faces and dental anomalies. 
  • 1.2K
  • 20 Feb 2021
Topic Review
SARS-CoV-2 Persistence
The recent pandemic caused by Sars-Cov-2 has caused a lot of confusion regarding containment protocols. Unfortunately, many of the characteristics of this virus are still unclear. The purpose of this article is to clarify what are the current notions regarding the persistence of the virus in the environment. Different factors were considered such as surfaces, temperature, humidity and pH; in relation to the inactivation time of the virus.
  • 1.2K
  • 21 Sep 2020
Topic Review
Proanthocyanidins Biosynthesis in Horticultural Plants
Proanthocyanidins are essential secondary plant metabolites that contribute to the nutritional value and sensory quality of many fruits and the related processed products. The accumulation of proanthocyanidins is associated with the resistance of plants against a broad spectrum of abiotic and biotic stress conditions. Many specific regulators were involved in the proanthocyanidins biosynthetic network in response to various environmental conditions. 
  • 1.2K
  • 25 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Adaptive Clinical Trials' Bayesian Design
Adaptive designs are attracting a keen interest in several disciplines, from a theoretical viewpoint and also potentially from a practical one, and Bayesian adaptive designs, in particular, have raised high expectations in clinical trials.
  • 1.2K
  • 17 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Timeline of Stroke
This is a timeline of stroke, describing especially major discoveries, developments and organizations concerning the disease.
  • 1.2K
  • 08 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Chumash Traditional Medicine
Chumash traditional medicine is a type of traditional medicine practiced by the Chumash people of the southern coastal regions of California . Chumash medicine focused on treating mind, spirit, and body alike to promote the wellness of both the individual and the larger community. Healing practices included a knowledge of local plants, as well as a mix of spiritual practices including prayer, singing, and dancing. Post-European contact, Chumash healers adapted these methods to treat changes in environment and the introduction of deadly diseases. Prevention was key in promoting health, and healers took responsibility for ensuring all people worked and felt valued in the community. In the modern day, certain medicinal practices are viewed as controversial, including the treatment of menstruating women, the use of sacred datura, and the consumption of dangerous polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.
  • 1.2K
  • 23 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Lysyl Oxidase
The lysyl oxidase (LOX) family members are secreted copper-dependent amine oxidases, comprised of five paralogues: LOX and LOX-like l-4 (LOXL1-4), which are characterized by catalytic activity contributing to the remodeling of the cross-linking of the structural extracellular matrix (ECM). ECM remodeling plays a key role in the angiogenesis surrounding tumors, whereby a corrupt tumor microenvironment (TME) takes shape. Primary liver cancer includes hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), ranked as the seventh most common cancer globally, with limited therapeutic options for advanced stages. In recent years, a growing body of evidence has revealed the key roles of LOX family members in the pathogenesis of liver cancer and the shaping of TME, indicating their notable potential as therapeutic targets.
  • 1.2K
  • 07 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Osteoclast-Mediated Bone Disease
Astronauts are at risk of losing 1.0% to 1.5% of their bone mass for every month they spend in space despite their adherence to diets and exercise regimens designed to protect their skeletal systems. This loss is the result of microgravity-related impairment of osteocyte and osteoblast function and the consequent upregulation of osteoclast-mediated bone resorption. This entry describes the ontogeny of osteoclast hematopoietic stem cells and the contributions macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF), receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL), and the calcineurin pathways make in osteoclast differentiation and provides details of bone formation, the osteoclast cytoskeleton, the immune regulation of osteoclasts, and osteoclast mechanotransduction on Earth, in space, and under conditions of simulated microgravity. The entry discusses the need to better understand how osteoclasts are able to function in zero gravity and reviews current and prospective therapies that may be used to treat osteoclast-mediated bone disease.
  • 1.2K
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Hazelnut Allergy
Hazelnuts are frequently involved in IgE-mediated reactions and represent the main culprit of nut allergy in Europe. 
  • 1.2K
  • 24 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Palliative Care
For EAPC, palliative care is the active, total care to improve the quality of life of patients, whose disease is unresponsive to curative treatment. It takes a holistic approach, addressing physical, psychosocial and spiritual care, including the treatment of pain and other symptoms. Palliative care is interdisciplinary in its approach and encompasses the care of the patient and their family and should be available in any location including hospital, hospice and community. 
  • 1.2K
  • 05 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Nonobstructive Azoospermia
Hormonal stimulation of spermatogenesis prior to surgery has been tested by some authors to maximize the sperm retrieval yield in patients with nonobstructive azoospermia. Although the rationale of such an approach is theoretically sound, studies have provided conflicting results, and there are unmet questions that need to be addressed. In the study, we reviewed the current knowledge about the hormonal control of spermatogenesis, the relationship between presurgical serum hormones levels and sperm retrieval rates, and the results of studies investigating the effect of hormonal treatments prior to microdissection testicular sperm extraction.
  • 1.2K
  • 05 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Carotid Body
Overview of the physiology of the adult carotid body, the main peripheral chemoreceptor in mammals, which contains a physiologically relevant germinal niche with multipotent neural crest-derived stem cells and restricted progenitors from both neural and mesenchymal lineages. The carotid body (CB), a neural-crest-derived organ and the main arterial chemoreceptor in mammals, is composed of clusters of cells called glomeruli. 
  • 1.2K
  • 23 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Suprachoroidal Delivery of Therapeutic Agents
Suprachoroidal drug delivery technology has advanced rapidly and emerged as a promising administration route for a variety of therapeutic candidates, targeting multiple ocular diseases, ranging from neovascular age-related macular degeneration to choroidal melanoma. This entry summarizes the latest preclinical and clinical progress in suprachoroidal delivery of therapeutic agents, focusing on small molecule suspensions.
  • 1.2K
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Zebrafish for Diabetes Mellitus with Wound Model
Diabetic foot ulcers cause great suffering and are costly for the healthcare system. Normal wound healing involves hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. However, the negative factors associated with diabetes, such as bacterial biofilms, persistent inflammation, impaired angiogenesis, inhibited cell proliferation, and pathological scarring, greatly interfere with the smooth progress of the entire healing process. It is this impaired wound healing that leads to diabetic foot ulcers and even amputations. Therefore, drug screening is challenging due to the complexity of damaged healing mechanisms. The establishment of a scientific and reasonable animal experimental model contributes significantly to the in-depth research of diabetic wound pathology, prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. In addition to the low cost and transparency of the embryo (for imaging transgene applications), zebrafish have a discrete wound healing process for the separate study of each stage, resulting in their potential as the ideal model animal for diabetic wound healing in the future. 
  • 1.2K
  • 10 May 2023
Topic Review
Chimeric Antigen Receptor
Chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) are among the curative immunotherapeutic approaches that exploit the antigen specificity and cytotoxicity function of potent immune cells against cancers. Neuroblastomas, the most common extracranial pediatric solid tumors with diverse characteristics, could be a promising candidate for using CAR therapies. Several methods harness CAR-modified cells in neuroblastoma to increase therapeutic efficiency, although the assessment has been less successful. Regarding the improvement of CARs, various trials have been launched to overcome insufficient capacity. However, the reasons behind the inadequate response against neuroblastoma of CAR-modified cells are still not well understood. It is essential to update the present state of comprehension of CARs to improve the efficiency of CAR therapies.
  • 1.2K
  • 17 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Nanoparticles in Male Infertility
Advancement in the field of nanotechnology has prompted the need to elucidate the deleterious effects of nanoparticles (NPs) on reproductive health. Many studies have reported on the health safety issues related to NPs by investigating their exposure routes, deposition and toxic effects on different primary and secondary organs but few studies have focused on NPs’ deposition in reproductive organs. Noteworthy, even fewer studies have dealt with the toxic effects of NPs on reproductive indices and sperm parameters (i.e. sperm number, motility and morphology) by evaluating, for instance, the histopathology of seminiferous tubules and testosterone levels. To date, the research suggests that NPs can easily cross the blood testes barrier and, after accumulation in the testis, induce adverse effects on spermatogenesis.
  • 1.2K
  • 12 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Filamentous Bacteriophage for Immunotherapeutic Strategies
The pharmaceutical use of bacteriophages as safe and inexpensive therapeutic tools is collecting renewed interest. The use of lytic phages to fight antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains is pursued in academic and industrial projects and is the object of several clinical trials. On the other hand, filamentous bacteriophages used for the phage display technology can also have diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Filamentous bacteriophages are nature-made nanoparticles useful for their size, the capability to enter blood vessels, and the capacity of high-density antigen expression. In the last decades, filamentous bacteriophage ‘fd’ was employed as antigen delivery system, able to trigger all arms of the immune response, with particular emphasis on the ability of the MHC class I restricted antigenic determinants displayed on phages to induce strong and protective cytotoxic responses.Moreover, fd bacteriophages, engineered to target mouse dendritic cells (DCs), activate innate and adaptive responses without the need of exogenous adjuvants, and more recently was employed for the display of immunologically active lipids.
  • 1.2K
  • 20 Feb 2021
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