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Topic Review
The Oncogenic Potential of SARS-CoV-2
Some viruses are known to be associated with the onset of specific cancers. Seven of these microorganisms, recognized as oncogenic viruses or oncoviruses, promote tumorigenesis in humans, converting normal cells into cancer cells through the modulation of central metabolic pathways or the impairment of genomic integrity mechanisms, consequently inhibiting the apoptotic machinery and/or enhancing cell proliferation. Actually, research indicates that SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 progression may predispose recovered patients to cancer onset and accelerate cancer development. This hypothesis is based on the growing evidence regarding the ability of SARS-CoV-2 to modulate oncogenic pathways, promoting chronic low-grade inflammation and causing tissue damage. As for SARS-CoV-2, its role as an oncogenic virus seems to occur through the inhibition of oncosuppressors or controlling the metabolic and autophagy pathways in the infected cells. On the other hand, looking at the SARS-CoV-2─cancer relationship from an opposite perspective, oncolytic effects and anti-tumor immune response were triggered by SARS-CoV-2 infection in some cases.
  • 3.3K
  • 11 May 2023
Topic Review
Cosmetic Applications of Exopolysaccharides
Bacteria are well-known to synthesize high molecular weight polysaccharides excreted in extracellular domain, which constitute their protective microenvironment. Several bacterial exopolysaccharides (EPS) are commercially available for skincare applications in cosmetic products due to their unique structural features, conferring valuable biological and/or textural properties.
  • 3.3K
  • 29 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Stepwells as Sustainable Water Management Structures
Stepwells were one such effective water management technologies used in India. Stepwells were constructed based on their geographical and topographical suitability, which revealed socio-cultural behaviors and beliefs.
  • 3.3K
  • 28 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Technologies for Detecting Oxygen Vacancies
A perovskite catalyst combined with various advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) to treat organic wastewater attracted extensive attention. The physical and chemical catalytic properties of perovskite were largely related to oxygen vacancies (OVs). OVs were able to alter the chemical, physical, and electronic properties of materials, so they became one of the most important research subjects. It was usually necessary to observe and analyze the phenomenon caused by OVs; however, due to their low concentration and short existence time, OVs were normally not visible to the naked eye. The relative concentration of OVs ranged from PPM to tens of atomic percent, a condition that was difficult to find a fitting experimental plan to characterize and distinguish OVs. 
  • 3.3K
  • 02 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles
Hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (HAP-NP) are incorporated in oral care products such as toothpastes and mouthwashes to treat dental sensitivity or to promote enamel remineralisation. Despite the good performance of HAP-NP in this application, it is important to ensure its safety for consumers. For that reason, the Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety (SCCS) evaluated the safety of HAP-NP as an oral care ingredient, but the issued opinion was not completely conclusive and the SCCS recommended that additional tests should be performed. The aim of the present study was to assess biocompatibility of a specific commercial HAP-NP to clarify the safety of this ingredient for oral care applications. Results evidence the safety of this HAP-NP for oral care products with the use of an in vitro replacement alternative for human gingival epithelium and a simulated gastric fluid assay.
  • 3.3K
  • 01 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Acoustic Metamaterials for Architectural and Urban Noise Mitigations
Owing to a steep rise in urban population, there has been a continuous growth in construction of buildings, public or private transport like cars, motorbikes, trains, and planes at a global level. Hence, urban noise has become a major issue affecting the health and quality of human life. In the current environmental scenario, architectural acoustics has been directed towards controlling and manipulating sound waves at a desired level. Structural engineers and designers are moving towards green technologies, which may help improve the overall comfort level of residents. A variety of conventional sound absorbing materials are being used to reduce noise, but attenuation of low-frequency noise still remains a challenge. Recently, acoustic metamaterials that enable low-frequency sound manipulation, mitigation, and control have been widely used for architectural acoustics and traffic noise mitigation. 
  • 3.3K
  • 28 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Spawn
Spawn is the eggs and sperm released or deposited into water by aquatic animals. As a verb, to spawn refers to the process of releasing the eggs and sperm, and the act of both sexes is called spawning. Most aquatic animals, except for aquatic mammals and reptiles, reproduce through the process of spawning. Spawn consists of the reproductive cells (gametes) of many aquatic animals, some of which will become fertilized and produce offspring. The process of spawning typically involves females releasing ova (unfertilized eggs) into the water, often in large quantities, while males simultaneously or sequentially release spermatozoa (milt) to fertilize the eggs. Most fish reproduce by spawning, as do most other aquatic animals, including crustaceans such as crabs and shrimps, molluscs such as oysters and squid, echinoderms such as sea urchins and sea cucumbers, amphibians such as frogs and newts, aquatic insects such as mayflies and mosquitoes and corals, which are actually small aquatic animals—not plants. Fungi, such as mushrooms, are also said to "spawn" a white, fibrous matter that forms the matrix from which they grow. There are many variations in the way spawning occurs, depending on sexual differences in anatomy, how the sexes relate to each other, where and how the spawn is released and whether or how the spawn is subsequently guarded.
  • 3.3K
  • 08 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Thematic Apperception Test
Thematic apperception test (TAT) is a projective psychological test developed during the 1930s by Henry A. Murray and Christiana D. Morgan at Harvard University. Proponents of the technique assert that subjects' responses, in the narratives they make up about ambiguous pictures of people, reveal their underlying motives, concerns, and the way they see the social world. Historically, the test has been among the most widely researched, taught, and used of such techniques.
  • 3.3K
  • 11 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Chenopodium album
Bathua (Chenopodium album) is a rich source of extensive-ranging nutrients, including bio-active carbohydrates, flavonoids and phenolics, minerals, and vitamins that translate to countless health benefits such as anticancer, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant activity. Ascaridole, an important phytoconstituent present in aerial parts of the plant, contributes to its anthelmintic property. 
  • 3.3K
  • 05 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Kelvin–Stokes Theorem
The Kelvin–Stokes theorem, named after Lord Kelvin and George Stokes, also known as the Stokes' theorem, the fundamental theorem for curls or simply the curl theorem, is a theorem in vector calculus on [math]\displaystyle{ \mathbb{R}^3 }[/math]. Given a vector field, the theorem relates the integral of the curl of the vector field over some surface, to the line integral of the vector field around the boundary of the surface. If a vector field [math]\displaystyle{ \mathbf{A} = (P(x, y, z), Q(x, y, z), R(x, y, z)) }[/math] is defined in a region with smooth oriented surface [math]\displaystyle{ \Sigma }[/math] and has first order continuous partial derivatives then: where [math]\displaystyle{ \partial \Sigma }[/math] is boundary of region with smooth surface [math]\displaystyle{ \Sigma }[/math]. The above classical Kelvin-Stokes theorem can be stated in one sentence: The line integral of a vector field over a loop is equal to the flux of its curl through the enclosed surface. The Kelvin–Stokes theorem is a special case of the "generalized Stokes' theorem." In particular, a vector field on [math]\displaystyle{ \mathbb{R}^3 }[/math] can be considered as a 1-form in which case its curl is its exterior derivative, a 2-form.
  • 3.3K
  • 02 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Radiation Sensitivity in Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer
Hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC) syndrome is a condition in which individuals have an increased risk of developing different types of cancer when compared to the general population. BRCA1 repair associated (BRCA1) and BRCA2 repair associated (BRCA2) genes are tumor suppressor genes that play a crucial role in cell, by repairing DNA damage. 
  • 3.3K
  • 15 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Sapiosexuality
Sexual identity is how one thinks of oneself in terms of to whom one is romantically or sexually attracted. Sexual identity may also refer to sexual orientation identity, which is when people identify or dis-identify with a sexual orientation or choose not to identify with a sexual orientation. Sexual identity and sexual behavior are closely related to sexual orientation, but they are distinguished, with identity referring to an individual's conception of themselves, behavior referring to actual sexual acts performed by the individual, and sexual orientation referring to romantic or sexual attractions toward persons of the opposite sex or gender, the same sex or gender, to both sexes or more than one gender, or to no one. Historical models of sexual identity have tended to view its formation as a process undergone only by sexual minorities, while more contemporary models view the process as far more universal and attempt to present sexual identity within the larger scope of other major identity theories and processes.
  • 3.3K
  • 28 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Great Disappointment
The Great Disappointment in the Millerite movement was the reaction that followed Baptist preacher William Miller's proclamations that Jesus Christ would return to the Earth by 1844, what he called the Advent. His study of the Daniel 8 prophecy during the Second Great Awakening led him to the conclusion that Daniel's "cleansing of the sanctuary" was cleansing of the world from sin when Christ would come, and he and many others prepared, but October 22, 1844 came, and they were disappointed. These events paved the way for the Adventists who formed the Seventh-day Adventist Church. They contended that what had happened on October 22 was not Jesus' return, as Miller had thought, but the start of Jesus' final work of atonement, the cleansing in the heavenly sanctuary, leading up to the Second Coming.
  • 3.3K
  • 10 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Using of Glycerol in the Esterification of Rosin
Rosin is a compound that originates from pine trees. It is obtained after the volatile component (turpentine) has been distilled. Rosin is translucent and its color ranges from brilliant yellow to brown. The substance exhibits insolubility in water but is soluble in a variety of organic solvents including alcohol, ether, acetone, benzene, chloroform, turpentine, and others. Gum rosin is an important agricultural commodity which is widely used as a raw material for various industries. However, gum rosin has low stability, crystallizes easily, and tends to oxidize. This is due to carboxyl groups and conjugated double bonds in gum rosin’s structure. Therefore, to reduce these weaknesses, it is necessary to modify the rosin compound to achieve better stability via the esterification process.
  • 3.3K
  • 23 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Windows Defender
Microsoft Defender (known as Windows Defender before Windows 10 November 2019 Update or Windows Defender Antivirus in Windows 10 Creators Update and later) is an anti-malware component of Microsoft Windows. It was first released as a downloadable free anti-spyware program for Windows XP, and was later shipped with Windows Vista and Windows 7. It has evolved into a full antivirus program, replacing Microsoft Security Essentials as part of Windows 8 and later versions.
  • 3.3K
  • 22 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Peptide for Bone and Cartilage Regeneration
The healing of osteochondral defects (OCDs) that result from injury, osteochondritis, or osteoarthritis and bear lesions in the cartilage and bone, pain, and loss of joint function in middle- and old-age individuals presents challenges to clinical practitioners because of non-regenerative cartilage and the limitations of current therapies. Bioactive peptide-based osteochondral (OC) tissue regeneration is becoming more popular because it does not have the immunogenicity, misfolding, or denaturation problems associated with original proteins. 
  • 3.3K
  • 19 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells
Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) operate by converting the chemical energy in a fuel into electrical energy. The most crucial parameters in the operation process are the temperature, pressure, relative humidity, and air stoichiometry ratio. The classical structure of a PEMFC consists of a proton exchange membrane, anode electrode, cathode electrode, catalyst layers (CLs), microporous layer (MPLs), gas diffusion layers (GDLs), two bipolar plates (BPs), and gas flow channels (GFCs). The mechanical behavior and the conductivity of the protons are highly dependent on the structure of the MEAs.
  • 3.3K
  • 20 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Light-Activated Compounds in Cancer Therapy
Lack of selectivity and toxic side effects of cancer chemotherapy is a major drawback for designing clinical treatment regimes. To allow more potent and selective therapeutic interventions, the use of light for selective on-site activation of anticancer compounds is actively studied. Besides already established photodynamic therapy (PDT), two light-activated anticancer approaches are pursued, both however still in the experimental phase: the use of irreversibly activatable photoremovable protecting groups (“photocages”) and reversibly activatable photoswitches. Despite its immense potential, light activation brings many novel challenges to the already complex drug development process, however the first in vivo results confirm the feasibility of the approach.
  • 3.3K
  • 19 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Virgo
Virgo is one of the 12 constellations of the zodiac, located between Leo to the west and Libra to the east. Covering a vast area of the sky, Virgo is the second-largest constellation after Hydra. Represented as a maiden holding a sheaf of wheat, Virgo is often associated with fertility and agriculture in ancient mythology. This constellation is notable for hosting the bright star Spica, which serves as a celestial marker for navigation and observation.
  • 3.3K
  • 15 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Deep Learning in Deconvolution Problem
In modern digital microscopy, deconvolution methods are widely used to eliminate a number of image defects and increase resolution.
  • 3.3K
  • 24 Dec 2021
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