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Topic Review
Prediction of Customer Churn in Retail E-Commerce Business
Customer Relationship Management (CRM) is defined as a process in which the business manages its interactions with customers using data integration from various sources and data analysis.
  • 3.3K
  • 18 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Surfactants in Corrosion Inhibitors
Surfactants are commonly used as corrosion inhibitors due to their ability to adsorb onto metal surfaces and form a protective barrier. When surfactants are added to a solution, they can reduce the surface tension and promote the wetting of the metal surface by the solution. This allows the surfactant molecules to be attracted to the metal surface, where they can adsorb and form a protective layer. Surfactants can also help to inhibit corrosion by reducing the electrochemical activity of the metal surface. This can be achieved by either reducing the rate of anodic or cathodic reactions, or by reducing the rate of ion transport across the metal-solution interface. By inhibiting these electrochemical processes, the surfactant can slow down the rate of corrosion and prevent further degradation of the metal surface. In addition to their inhibitive properties, surfactants can also improve the performance of other corrosion inhibitors. For example, surfactants can enhance the adsorption of organic inhibitors onto metal surfaces, which can increase their effectiveness. Surfactants can also improve the solubility and stability of inorganic inhibitors, which can improve their dispersibility in a solution.
  • 3.3K
  • 24 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Using of Glycerol in the Esterification of Rosin
Rosin is a compound that originates from pine trees. It is obtained after the volatile component (turpentine) has been distilled. Rosin is translucent and its color ranges from brilliant yellow to brown. The substance exhibits insolubility in water but is soluble in a variety of organic solvents including alcohol, ether, acetone, benzene, chloroform, turpentine, and others. Gum rosin is an important agricultural commodity which is widely used as a raw material for various industries. However, gum rosin has low stability, crystallizes easily, and tends to oxidize. This is due to carboxyl groups and conjugated double bonds in gum rosin’s structure. Therefore, to reduce these weaknesses, it is necessary to modify the rosin compound to achieve better stability via the esterification process.
  • 3.3K
  • 23 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Romansh Language
Romansh is a Romance language spoken in the Graubünden canton of eastern Switzerland, and is one of the official languages of the country. It is the native language of about 40,000 Swiss people and, of the major Romance languages, is most closely related to French. However, the accent and writing system of its speakers appear to the casual observer to more closely resemble Italian and German – a significant fact in historical conflicts over the region. Romansh is actually an umbrella term for several dialects, with each speech community in the region using different names for them. The term ‘Romansh’ is itself an anglicisation of the various local language names, including Romansch in German, and Rumantsch in Romansh itself. It is most closely related to Ladin and Friulian, varieties spoken in northern Italy, and together these form the Rhaeto-Romance sub-family of Gallo-Romance, a larger group that includes French and various varieties of northern Italy. These are only distantly related to standard Italian. 'Rhaeto-Romance' is sometimes considered a single language, and its three varieties dialects, and on occasions, 'Ladin' has been used to mean any or all of these.
  • 3.3K
  • 04 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Digital Taxation in Countries
There is no concise definition for the digital economy as the description is used to refer to various economic activities. Digitalization has intensified globalization and economic interactivity between countries both developed and developing, increasing the complexity and lack of transparency in economic activities.
  • 3.3K
  • 28 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Chenopodium album
Bathua (Chenopodium album) is a rich source of extensive-ranging nutrients, including bio-active carbohydrates, flavonoids and phenolics, minerals, and vitamins that translate to countless health benefits such as anticancer, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant activity. Ascaridole, an important phytoconstituent present in aerial parts of the plant, contributes to its anthelmintic property. 
  • 3.3K
  • 05 Jul 2023
Topic Review
The beautiful world of biosensors
The biosensors have important role in science of chemical analysis in the field of electrochemical methods. Their application in rapid detection of toxins in types, we consume in our daily lives, is particularly useful for public health. The main characteristics of evaluation of biosensors is the high sensitivity, high selectivity, the quick response and the reusability. Analysis of the real samples need additionally a method of evaluating the rate of recovery that is the fractional difference of signal between real and simulated samples. The advantages of the use of biosensors are part of the easy construction, portability and low cost. The provision of analytical results of biosensors is similar to that of other far more expensive methods of instrumental chemical analysis.
  • 3.3K
  • 29 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Roll Bonding Processes
The roll bonding (RB) process involves joining of two or more sheets of similar or dissimilar materials at various temperatures. The process requires rolling through a pair of rollers under adequate pressure resulting in the bonding of sheets. The process is categorized into three types, i.e., cold, hot, and warm roll bonding based on the ranges of the processing temperature which in turn is related to the recrystallization temperature.
  • 3.3K
  • 03 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Patent Foramen Ovale
A patent foramen ovale (PFO) is a commonly discovered potential opening between the right atrium (RA) and left atrium (LA) on routine echocardiographic surveillance in an otherwise asymptomatic infant or child. The importance of a PFO in some critical congenital heart defects (CHD), especially in neonates, is well recognized. 
  • 3.3K
  • 24 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Thematic Apperception Test
Thematic apperception test (TAT) is a projective psychological test developed during the 1930s by Henry A. Murray and Christiana D. Morgan at Harvard University. Proponents of the technique assert that subjects' responses, in the narratives they make up about ambiguous pictures of people, reveal their underlying motives, concerns, and the way they see the social world. Historically, the test has been among the most widely researched, taught, and used of such techniques.
  • 3.3K
  • 11 Nov 2022
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Brazilian Urban Policy: Sustainability as a Driving Force
Defining global themes such as Urban Policy, Urban Sustainability, and even the Right to the City (RTTC) is fundamental to stimulating and establishing a continuous dialogue with the scientific community, mainly in the social sciences. Thus, understanding the dynamics around the scope of urban sustainability requires an analysis that is focused on multiple global realities. Taking a holistic view of Brazilian Urban Policy, this entry looks at the historical contexts that make urban sustainability the driving force behind this policy. In addition, an interdisciplinary consideration of urban sustainability is proposed using an analysis that is based on the connection between urban policies and social functions that reflect the idea of a sustainable city. The results of this analysis also point to the need for a continuous debate on the subject that primarily promotes new discoveries; this is so that the driving force of urban policy can gain new meanings and new guidelines can be implemented.
  • 3.3K
  • 23 May 2023
Topic Review
Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles
Hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (HAP-NP) are incorporated in oral care products such as toothpastes and mouthwashes to treat dental sensitivity or to promote enamel remineralisation. Despite the good performance of HAP-NP in this application, it is important to ensure its safety for consumers. For that reason, the Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety (SCCS) evaluated the safety of HAP-NP as an oral care ingredient, but the issued opinion was not completely conclusive and the SCCS recommended that additional tests should be performed. The aim of the present study was to assess biocompatibility of a specific commercial HAP-NP to clarify the safety of this ingredient for oral care applications. Results evidence the safety of this HAP-NP for oral care products with the use of an in vitro replacement alternative for human gingival epithelium and a simulated gastric fluid assay.
  • 3.3K
  • 01 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Urban Heat Island
Economic and social development of urban and rural areas continues in parallel with the increase of the human population, especially in developing countries, which leads to sustained expansion of impervious surface areas, particularly paved surfaces. The conversion of pervious surfaces to impervious surfaces significantly modifies local energy balance in urban areas and contributes to urban heat island (UHI) formation, mainly in densely developed cities. Climate change, urban population growth, and urban land expansion will probably increase temperatures in urban areas and make the UHI effect more prominent. Therefore, using appropriate measures to ameliorate urban microclimate becomes increasingly important.
  • 3.3K
  • 16 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Mechanical Milling
Mechanical milling (MM) has attracted great attention as a powerful tool for the synthesis of a variety of sophisticated materials, including equilibrium, nonequilibrium (e.g., amorphous, quasicrystals, nanodiamonds, carbon nanotubes, nanocrystalline powders), and nanocomposite materials. The MM is a unique process in that it involves a solid-state interaction between the reactant materials’ fresh powder surfaces at room temperature. As a result, it has been used to fabricate alloys and compounds that are difficult or impossible to acquire using standard melting and casting processes.
  • 3.3K
  • 20 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Adhesion in Bitumen/Aggregate System
The five main theories describing the interaction mechanisms in the bitumen/aggregate system was conducted: theory of weak boundary layers, mechanical theory, electrostatic theory, chemical bonding theory, and thermodynamic theory (adsorption theory). The adhesion assessment methods in the bitumen/aggregate system are described, which can be divided into three main groups: determination of adhesion forces for bitumen with different materials, determination of bitumen resistance to the exfoliating action of water with different materials, and determination of adhesion as a fundamental value (contact angle measurements, interfacial fracture energy, adsorption capacity and others).
  • 3.3K
  • 04 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Molecular Aspects of Thyroid Calcification
In thyroid cancer, calcification is mainly present in classical papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) and in medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC), despite being described in benign lesions and in other subtypes of thyroid carcinomas. Thyroid calcifications are classified according to their diameter and location. At ultrasonography, microcalcifications appear as hyperechoic spots ≤ 1 mm in diameter and can be named as stromal calcification, bone formation, or psammoma bodies (PBs), whereas calcifications > 1 mm are macrocalcifications. The mechanism of their formation is still poorly understood. Microcalcifications are generally accepted as a reliable indicator of malignancy as they mostly represent PBs. In order to progress in terms of the understanding of the mechanisms behind calcification occurring in thyroid tumors in general, and in PTC in particular, we decided to use histopathology as the basis of the possible cellular and molecular mechanisms of calcification formation in thyroid cancer. We explored the involvement of molecules such as runt-related transcription factor-2 (Runx-2), osteonectin/secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), bone sialoprotein (BSP), and osteopontin (OPN) in the formation of calcification. The present review offers a novel insight into the mechanisms underlying the development of calcification in thyroid cancer.
  • 3.3K
  • 02 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Prediction of Water Quality Classification using Machine Learning
Machine Learning (ML) has been used for a long time and has gained wide attention over the last several years. It can handle a large amount of data and allow non-linear structures by using complex mathematical computations. However, traditional ML models do suffer some problems, such as high bias and overfitting. Therefore, this has resulted in the advancement and improvement of ML techniques, such as the bagging and boosting approach, to address these problems.
  • 3.3K
  • 21 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Cell
The cell (from the Latin word cellula meaning 'small room') is the basic structural and functional unit of life forms. Every cell consists of a cytoplasm enclosed within a membrane, which contains many biomolecules such as proteins and nucleic acids. Cells can acquire specified function and carry out various tasks within the cell such as replication, DNA repair, protein synthesis, and motility. Cells are capable of specialization and mobility within the cell. Most cells are measured in micrometers due to their small size. Most plant and animal cells are only visible under a light microscope, with dimensions between 1 and 100 micrometres. Electron microscopy gives a much higher resolution showing greatly detailed cell structure. Organisms can be classified as unicellular (consisting of a single cell such as bacteria) or multicellular (including plants and animals). Most unicellular organisms are classed as microorganisms. The number of cells in plants and animals varies from species to species; it has been approximated that the human body contains an estimated 37 trillion (3.72×1013) cells. The brain accounts for around 80 billion of these cells. The study of cells and how they work has led to many other studies in related areas of biology, including: discovery of DNA, cancer systems biology, aging and developmental biology. Cell biology is the study of cells, which were discovered by Robert Hooke in 1665, who named them for their resemblance to cells inhabited by Christian monks in a monastery. Cell theory, first developed in 1839 by Matthias Jakob Schleiden and Theodor Schwann, states that all organisms are composed of one or more cells, that cells are the fundamental unit of structure and function in all living organisms, and that all cells come from pre-existing cells. Cells emerged on Earth about 4 billion years ago.
  • 3.3K
  • 23 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Invasive Seaweeds
According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), an “invasive alien species” is an exotic species that establishes itself in a natural or semi-natural ecosystem or habitat, becoming an agent of change and a threat to diversity native biological. Therefore, invasive species are those capable of successfully reproducing and forming self-sufficient populations in an ecosystem that is not theirs. When this happens, we say that they have "naturalized", which can have disastrous consequences for native (native) species. Some invasive alien species are unable to survive and reproduce on their own, so they end up disappearing from the ecosystem and do not endanger native biodiversity. In this case, they are not considered invasive species, only introduced.
  • 3.3K
  • 25 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Neutrophil and Natural Killer Cell Interactions in Cancers
Neutrophils are the most abundant circulating leukocytes, accounting for 50–70% of blood cells. Natural killer (NK) cells are large granular lymphocytes from innate immunity, participating in virus-infected and malignant-transformed cells recognition and elimination.
  • 3.3K
  • 29 Mar 2022
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