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Topic Review
Advances in COVID-19 Treatment
COVID-19, which emerged in December 2019, was declared a global pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) in March 2020. The disease was caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). It has caused millions of deaths worldwide and caused social and economic disruption. While clinical trials on therapeutic drugs are going on in an Accelerating COVID-19 Therapeutic Interventions and Vaccines (ACTIV) public–private partnership collaboration, current therapeutic approaches and options to counter COVID-19 remain few. Therapeutic drugs include the FDA-approved antiviral drugs, Remdesivir, and an immune modulator, Baricitinib. Hence, therapeutic approaches and alternatives for COVID-19 treatment need to be broadened. 
  • 1.1K
  • 02 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Fermentation-Derived Biofuels
Biofuels are the sustainable counterparts of fossil fuels to meet the increasing energy demands of the current and future generations. Biofuels are produced from waste organic residues with the application of mechanical, thermochemical and biological methods and processes. While mechanical and thermochemical conversion processes involve the use of heat, pressure, catalysts and other physicochemical attributes for the direct conversion of biomass, biological conversion requires microorganisms and their enzymes as biocatalysts to degrade the fermentable substrates into biofuels and biochemicals.
  • 1.1K
  • 21 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Hydrogen Production from Different Types of Biomasses
Hydrogen is widely considered as the fuel of the future. Due to the challenges present during hydrogen production using conventional processes and technologies, additional methods must be considered, like the use of microorganisms. One of the most promising technologies is dark fermentation, a process where microorganisms are utilized to produce hydrogen from biomass.
  • 1.1K
  • 21 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Bacteriophage-Eukaryotic Cell Interactions
Proteins encoded by mutant genes in cancers can be processed and presented on tumor cell surface by human leukocyte antigen (HLA) molecules, and such mutant peptides are called Neoantigens. Neoantigens are naturally existing tumor marker presented on cell surface. In clinical settings, the T-cell recognition of neoantigens is the foundation to cancer immunotherapeutics. In this article, we discussed the strategies of identifying neoantigens, followed by using phage display to create personalized cancer therapeutics -- a complete pipeline for personalized cancer treatment.
  • 1.1K
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Gut-On-Chip Systems
New mechanistic models, such as organ-on-a-chip provide a more accurate representation of human physiology and could help bridge the gap between clinical and pre-clinical studies. Gut-on-chip models allow researchers to better understand the underlying mechanisms of disease and the effect of different microbial compositions on the gut. They can help to move the field from correlation to causation and accelerate the development of new treatments for diseases associated with changes in the gut microbiome. Here the main properties of these systems to study host-microbial interactions were discussed.
  • 1.1K
  • 19 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Nanobiotechnology with Therapeutically Relevant Macromolecules from Animal Venoms
Animal venoms constitute a vast source of bioactive molecules with pharmacological properties which have evolved for millions of years to efficiently interfere with the essential physiological processes of the prey. Animal venoms are complex mixtures of peptides, proteins, salts, neurotransmitters, nucleosides, and other compounds. Nanotechnology is a powerful tool that serves to enhance the therapeutic effect, transport, protection, and controlled release of macromolecules with biological activity. Nanobiotechnology has great advantages, mainly reducing adverse effects and extending the half-life of substances derived from animal venoms. 
  • 1.1K
  • 05 May 2022
Topic Review
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE-2) in COVID-19
The genetic variants of HLAs (human leukocyte antigens) play a crucial role in the virus–host interaction and pathology of COVID-19. The genetic variants of HLAs not only influence T cell immune responses but also B cell immune responses by presenting a variety of peptide fragments of invading pathogens. Peptide cocktail vaccines produced by using various conserved HLA-A2 epitopes provoke substantial specific CD8+ T cell responses in experimental animals. The HLA profiles vary among individuals and trigger different T cell-mediated immune responses in COVID-19 infections.
  • 1.1K
  • 17 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Biological Activities of Bergamotane Sesquiterpenoids
Bergamotane sesquiterpenoids are an uncommon class of terpenoids. They possess diverse biological properties, such as plant growth regulation, phototoxic, antimicrobial, anti-HIV, cytotoxic, pancreatic lipase inhibition, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, and immunosuppressive traits.
  • 1.1K
  • 19 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Glycoside Hydrolase Family 48 Cellulase
Cellulases from glycoside hydrolase family 48 (GH48) are critical components of natural lignocellulose-degrading systems. GH48 cellulases are broadly distributed in cellulolytic microorganisms. With the development of genomics and metatranscriptomics, diverse GH48 genes have been identified, especially in the highly efficient cellulose-degrading ruminal system. GH48 cellulases utilize an inverting mechanism to hydrolyze cellulose in a processive mode. Although GH48 cellulases are indispensable for cellulolytic bacteria, they exhibit intrinsically low cellulolytic activity. Great efforts have been made to improve their performance. Besides, GH48 cellulases greatly synergize with the complementary endoglucanases in free cellulase systems or cellulosome systems. 
  • 1.1K
  • 02 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Cyanobacteria as a Biocatalyst for Biofuel Production
Photosynthetic microorganisms such as algae and cyanobacteria exhibit significant potential as third-generation biofuel catalysts, devoid of the limitations associated with contemporary biofuels. Cyanobacteria, a type of photosynthetic prokaryotes, exhibit significant potential for the direct conversion of carbon dioxide (CO2) into biofuels, chemicals, and various other valuable compounds. There has been a growing interest in the concept of utilising biological processes to convert carbon dioxide into fuels and chemicals.
  • 1.1K
  • 18 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Optical Microscopy
Optical microscopy is a rapidly developing and widely used technique in life sciences such as biochemistry, biophysics, toxicology, genetics, and immunology. It is subdivided into two principal fields: Wide-field and laser scanning microscopy (LSM) with numerous individual techniques and applications.
  • 1.1K
  • 26 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Urine Peptidome
Urine is perhaps, of all biofluids, the one with greater potential in clinical peptidomics. Urinary proteins and peptides originate from the secretions of renal tubular epithelial cells, shedding of cells along the urinary tract, exosome secretion, and more importantly, from glomerular filtration of plasma. Therefore, beyond the renal system’s pathophysiological status, the urinary peptidome is influenced by systemic disturbances.
  • 1.1K
  • 28 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Bacterial Communities Associated with Roots of Typha spp.
Heavy metal pollution is a severe concern worldwide, owing to its harmful effects on ecosystems. Phytoremediation has been applied to remove heavy metals from water, soils, and sediments by using plants and associated microorganisms to restore contaminated sites. The Typha genus is one of the most important genera used in phytoremediation strategies because of its rapid growth rate, high biomass production, and the accumulation of heavy metals in its roots. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria have attracted much attention because they exert biochemical activities that improve plant growth, tolerance, and the accumulation of heavy metals in plant tissues. Because of their beneficial effects on plants, some studies have identified bacterial communities associated with the roots of Typha species growing in the presence of heavy metals. 
  • 1.1K
  • 04 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Label-Free Multiphoton Microscopy
Label-free microscopy methods rely on photophysical processes to generate signals through specific interactions with biological molecules and offer great potential for basic research and clinical applications.
  • 1.1K
  • 28 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Pseudomonas aeruginosa RW9
Pseudomonas aeruginosa RW9 is a promising candidate for the bioremediation of chromium hexavalent (Cr(VI)) pollution, as it resists a high concentration of up to 60 mg/L of Cr(VI). Leaving cells exposed to Cr(VI) has large bioreduction potential, implying its capacity to extract the ions from the contaminated medium.
  • 1.1K
  • 17 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Plant-Derived Nanoparticles for Prostate Cancer Therapy
Plants have demonstrated potential in providing various types of phytomedicines with chemopreventive properties that can combat prostate cancer. However, despite their promising in vitro activity, the incorporation of these phytochemicals into the market as anticancer agents has been hindered by their poor bioavailability, mainly due to their inadequate aqueous solubility, chemical instability, and unsatisfactory circulation time. To overcome these drawbacks, it has been suggested that the incorporation of phytochemicals as nanoparticles can offer a solution. The use of plant-based chemicals can also improve the biocompatibility of the formulated nanoparticles by avoiding the use of certain hazardous chemicals in the synthesis, leading to decreased toxicity in vivo. Moreover, in some cases, phytochemicals can act as targeting agents to tumour sites. 
  • 1.1K
  • 18 May 2023
Topic Review
Photothermal Therapy and Photodynamic Therapy
Multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria are rapidly emerging, coupled with the failure of current antibiotic therapy; thus, new alternatives for effectively treating infections caused by MDR bacteria are required. Hyperthermia-mediated photothermal therapy (PTT) and reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated photodynamic therapy (PDT) have attracted extensive attention as antibacterial therapies owing to advantages such as low invasiveness, low toxicity, and low likelihood of causing bacterial resistance.
  • 1.0K
  • 19 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Polyamine Metabolism
Polyamines (PAs) are positively charged amines that are present in all organisms. In addition to their functions specific to growth and development, they are involved in responding to various biotic and abiotic stress tolerance functions. The appropriate concentration of PA in the cell is maintained by a delicate balance between the catabolism and anabolism of PAs, which is primarily driven by two enzymes, namely diamine oxidase and polyamine oxidase (PAO). 
  • 1.0K
  • 20 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Strategies for Enhanced Brain Tumor Cells Targeting
Brain tumors can be classified into two major classes: primary brain tumors that start in the brain and secondary brain tumors that are generated by the cancer cells that migrated from other parts of the body. To reduce the damage of nanomedicines to normal brain function and immune system, the targeting of brain nanodrug delivery systems to brain tumor regions should be enhanced. Brain tumor targeting mainly relies on active targeting strategies, which enhance the accumulation of drugs at tumor sites through passive targeting strategies. Several emerging strategies have recently emerged, such as magnetically targeted nano-drug delivery systems, tumor microenvironment-triggered drug delivery systems, etc. 
  • 1.0K
  • 26 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Potential Functionality of the MagR Protein
Recent findings have sparked great interest in the putative magnetic receptor protein MagR. However, in vivo experiments have revealed no magnetic moment of MagR at room temperature. Nevertheless, the interaction of MagR and MagR fusion proteins with silica-coated magnetite beads have proven useful for protein purification.
  • 1.0K
  • 23 Nov 2021
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