You're using an outdated browser. Please upgrade to a modern browser for the best experience.
Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort by:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Topic Review
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE-2) in COVID-19
The genetic variants of HLAs (human leukocyte antigens) play a crucial role in the virus–host interaction and pathology of COVID-19. The genetic variants of HLAs not only influence T cell immune responses but also B cell immune responses by presenting a variety of peptide fragments of invading pathogens. Peptide cocktail vaccines produced by using various conserved HLA-A2 epitopes provoke substantial specific CD8+ T cell responses in experimental animals. The HLA profiles vary among individuals and trigger different T cell-mediated immune responses in COVID-19 infections.
  • 1.0K
  • 17 Apr 2023
Topic Review
P. ginseng in Reactive Oxygen Species-Mediated Diseases
Reactive oxygen species (ROS)-the byproduct of regular cell activity formed by various cellular components—play a significant role in pathological and physiological conditions. Alternatively, antioxidants are compounds that reduce or scavenge reactive species in cells. An asymmetry between the antioxidant defense system and ROS from intracellular and extracellular sources cause chronic diseases such as cancer, inflammation, tumorigenesis, cardiovascular and neurogenerative diseases. P. ginseng and its derivatives are some of the antioxidant-rich sources involved in the regulation of many oxidative-stress-related pathways.
  • 1.0K
  • 13 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Strategies for Enhanced Brain Tumor Cells Targeting
Brain tumors can be classified into two major classes: primary brain tumors that start in the brain and secondary brain tumors that are generated by the cancer cells that migrated from other parts of the body. To reduce the damage of nanomedicines to normal brain function and immune system, the targeting of brain nanodrug delivery systems to brain tumor regions should be enhanced. Brain tumor targeting mainly relies on active targeting strategies, which enhance the accumulation of drugs at tumor sites through passive targeting strategies. Several emerging strategies have recently emerged, such as magnetically targeted nano-drug delivery systems, tumor microenvironment-triggered drug delivery systems, etc. 
  • 1.0K
  • 26 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Plant-Derived Recombinant Vaccines against Zoonotic Viruses
Emerging and re-emerging zoonotic diseases cause serious illness with billions of cases, and millions of deaths. The most effective way to restrict the spread of zoonotic viruses among humans and animals and prevent disease is vaccination. Recombinant proteins produced in plants offer an alternative approach for the development of safe, effective, inexpensive candidate vaccines. Current strategies are focused on the production of highly immunogenic structural proteins, which mimic the organizations of the native virion but lack the viral genetic material. These include chimeric viral peptides, subunit virus proteins, and virus-like particles (VLPs). The latter, with their ability to self-assemble and thus resemble the form of virus particles, are gaining traction among plant-based candidate vaccines against many infectious diseases. 
  • 1.0K
  • 24 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Glycoside Hydrolase Family 48 Cellulase
Cellulases from glycoside hydrolase family 48 (GH48) are critical components of natural lignocellulose-degrading systems. GH48 cellulases are broadly distributed in cellulolytic microorganisms. With the development of genomics and metatranscriptomics, diverse GH48 genes have been identified, especially in the highly efficient cellulose-degrading ruminal system. GH48 cellulases utilize an inverting mechanism to hydrolyze cellulose in a processive mode. Although GH48 cellulases are indispensable for cellulolytic bacteria, they exhibit intrinsically low cellulolytic activity. Great efforts have been made to improve their performance. Besides, GH48 cellulases greatly synergize with the complementary endoglucanases in free cellulase systems or cellulosome systems. 
  • 1.0K
  • 02 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Pseudomonas aeruginosa RW9
Pseudomonas aeruginosa RW9 is a promising candidate for the bioremediation of chromium hexavalent (Cr(VI)) pollution, as it resists a high concentration of up to 60 mg/L of Cr(VI). Leaving cells exposed to Cr(VI) has large bioreduction potential, implying its capacity to extract the ions from the contaminated medium.
  • 1.0K
  • 17 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Standardization of Whole Yeast Cell Vaccines
In the context of vaccine development, improving antigenic presentation is critical for the activation of specific immune responses and the success of immunization, in addition to selecting an appropriate target. In this sense, different strategies have been developed and improved. Among them is the use of yeast cells as vehicles for the delivery of recombinant antigens. These vaccines, named whole yeast vaccines (WYVs), can induce humoral and cellular immune responses, with the additional advantage of dispensing with the use of adjuvants due to the immunostimulatory properties of their cell wall components.
  • 1.0K
  • 23 Dec 2022
Topic Review
CRISPR-Cas9 in Brief
CRISPR-Cas9, a revolutionary gene-editing technology, is at the forefront of modern genetic research and biotechnology. This acronym stands for Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats and CRISPR-associated protein 9, which together constitute a powerful system for precisely modifying DNA. CRISPR-Cas9's core mechanism involves a guide RNA (gRNA) that targets a specific DNA sequence, directing the Cas9 enzyme to make a precise cut at that location. This break initiates the cell's natural DNA repair processes, allowing for gene disruptions, repairs, or replacements. The simplicity, cost-effectiveness, and versatility of CRISPR-Cas9 have led to its rapid adoption across various fields, including basic research, agriculture, medicine, and conservation. In basic research, scientists employ CRISPR-Cas9 to investigate gene functions and study diseases, significantly advancing our understanding of genetics. In medicine, the technology holds immense therapeutic potential, offering hope for treating genetic disorders and personalized medicine. Ethical considerations surrounding its use, such as off-target effects and germline editing, remain pivotal to its responsible application. Nevertheless, CRISPR-Cas9 stands as a transformative tool with boundless potential to reshape our understanding of genetics and improve the human condition.
  • 1.0K
  • 08 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Phages in Food Industry Biocontrol
Bacteriophages are ubiquitous in nature and their use is a current promising alternative in biological control. Multidrug resistant (MDR) bacterial strains are present in the livestock industry and phages are attractive candidates to eliminate them and their biofilms. 
  • 1.0K
  • 20 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Industrial Value of Nonconventional Yeasts
Nonconventional yeasts (NCYs) have several advantages over S. cerevisiae from an industrial viewpoint. S. cerevisiae is often directed toward ethanol synthesis (due to its Crabtree-positive effect), restricting product diversification. In contrast, NCYs may have desired metabolic pathways, enabling product profile expansion. The ability to resist various stresses is additional key benefit in industrial bioprocesses.
  • 1.0K
  • 12 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Horizontal Gene Transfer and Endophytes
Horizontal gene transfer (HGT), an important evolutionary mechanism observed in prokaryotes, is the transmission of genetic material across phylogenetically distant species. The availability of complete genomes has facilitated the comprehensive analysis of HGT and highlighted its emerging role in the adaptation and evolution of eukaryotes. Endophytes represent an ecologically favored association, which highlights its beneficial attributes to the environment, in agriculture and in healthcare. The HGT phenomenon in endophytes, which features an important biological mechanism for their evolutionary adaptation within the host plant and simultaneously confers “novel traits” to the associated microbes, is not yet completely understood. With a focus on the emerging implications of HGT events in the evolution of biological species.
  • 1.0K
  • 12 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Approaches for Dyes Remediation
Different types of dyes emanating from textile wastewater have adverse effects on the aquatic environment. Various methods including physical, chemical, and biological strategies are applied in order to reduce the amount of dye pollution in the environment. The development of economical, ecologically acceptable, and efficient strategies for treating dye-containing wastewater is necessary. It has been shown that microbial communities have significant potential for the remediation of hazardous dyes in an environmentally friendly manner.
  • 1.0K
  • 21 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Photothermal Therapy and Photodynamic Therapy
Multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria are rapidly emerging, coupled with the failure of current antibiotic therapy; thus, new alternatives for effectively treating infections caused by MDR bacteria are required. Hyperthermia-mediated photothermal therapy (PTT) and reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated photodynamic therapy (PDT) have attracted extensive attention as antibacterial therapies owing to advantages such as low invasiveness, low toxicity, and low likelihood of causing bacterial resistance.
  • 1.0K
  • 19 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Fermentation-Derived Biofuels
Biofuels are the sustainable counterparts of fossil fuels to meet the increasing energy demands of the current and future generations. Biofuels are produced from waste organic residues with the application of mechanical, thermochemical and biological methods and processes. While mechanical and thermochemical conversion processes involve the use of heat, pressure, catalysts and other physicochemical attributes for the direct conversion of biomass, biological conversion requires microorganisms and their enzymes as biocatalysts to degrade the fermentable substrates into biofuels and biochemicals.
  • 1.0K
  • 21 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Bacteriophage-Eukaryotic Cell Interactions
Proteins encoded by mutant genes in cancers can be processed and presented on tumor cell surface by human leukocyte antigen (HLA) molecules, and such mutant peptides are called Neoantigens. Neoantigens are naturally existing tumor marker presented on cell surface. In clinical settings, the T-cell recognition of neoantigens is the foundation to cancer immunotherapeutics. In this article, we discussed the strategies of identifying neoantigens, followed by using phage display to create personalized cancer therapeutics -- a complete pipeline for personalized cancer treatment.
  • 1.0K
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Nanobiotechnology with Therapeutically Relevant Macromolecules from Animal Venoms
Animal venoms constitute a vast source of bioactive molecules with pharmacological properties which have evolved for millions of years to efficiently interfere with the essential physiological processes of the prey. Animal venoms are complex mixtures of peptides, proteins, salts, neurotransmitters, nucleosides, and other compounds. Nanotechnology is a powerful tool that serves to enhance the therapeutic effect, transport, protection, and controlled release of macromolecules with biological activity. Nanobiotechnology has great advantages, mainly reducing adverse effects and extending the half-life of substances derived from animal venoms. 
  • 1.0K
  • 05 May 2022
Topic Review
Microfluidic-Based Oxygen Sensors
Oxygen (O2) quantification is essential for assessing cell metabolism, and its consumption in cell culture is an important indicator of cell viability. Recent advances in microfluidics have made O2 sensing a crucial feature for organ-on-chip (OOC) devices for various biomedical applications. OOC O2 sensors can be categorized, based on their transducer type, into two main groups, optical and electrochemical.
  • 1.0K
  • 28 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Role of OM in Gram-Negative Multi-Drug-Resistant Bacteria
The cell envelope in Gram-negative bacteria is made of an outer membrane (OM), peptidoglycan cell wall (CW), and inner membrane (IM). lipopolysaccharides (LPS), a peculiar glycolipid unique to Gram-negative bacteria is the hallmark of OM that consists of a glucosamine-based lipid (lipid A) attached to a core oligosaccharide followed by a distal polysaccharide chain. This incredible variability in LPS that is attained through unique organization and adaptability to multiple secondary covalent modifications plays a key role in the multi-drug-resistant (MDR) of Gram-negative bacteria.
  • 1.0K
  • 08 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Biological Activity of Prodigiosin
Prodigiosin is characterized by having applications of great interest to the pharmacological industry. It has been shown in laboratory tests that prodigiosin has a good biological activity, such as antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral.
  • 1.0K
  • 24 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Two-Dimensional Theranostic Nanomaterials in Cancer
As the combination of therapies enhances the performance of biocompatible materials in cancer treatment, theranostic therapies are attracting increasing attention rather than individual approaches.
  • 999
  • 18 Feb 2021
  • Page
  • of
  • 38
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Books

>>
Encyclopedia of COVID-19
Encyclopedia of Engineering
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Academic Video Service
Feedback