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Topic Review
Transcription Factors Involved in the Virus Stress Responses
Transcription factors, which possess DNA-binding domains, play a significant role in controlling the transcription regulation and developmental processes, as well as responses to environmental cues in plants.
  • 621
  • 22 May 2023
Topic Review
Role of extracellular Tat in HIV Pathogenesis
Each time the virus starts a new round of expression/replication, even under effective antiretroviral therapy (ART), the transactivator of viral transcription Tat is one of the first HIV-1 protein to be produced, as it is strictly required for HIV replication and spreading. At this stage, most of the Tat protein exits infected cells, accumulates in the extracellular matrix and exerts profound effects on both the virus and neighbor cells, mostly of the innate and adaptive immune systems. Through these effects, extracellular Tat contributes to the acquisition of infection, spreading and progression to AIDS in untreated patients, or to non-AIDS co-morbidities in ART-treated individuals, who experience inflammation and immune activation despite virus suppression.
  • 620
  • 17 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Atypical Viral Infections in Gastroenterology
Enteric viruses are commonly found obligate parasites in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. These viruses usually follow a fecal-oral route of transmission and are characterized by their extraordinary stability as well as resistance in high-stress environments. Most of them cause similar symptoms including vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain. In order to come in contract with mucosal surfaces, these viruses need to pass the three main lines of defense: mucus layer, innate immune defenses, and adaptive immune defenses. The following atypical gastrointestinal infections are discussed: SARS-CoV2, hantavirus, herpes simplex virus I, cytomegalovirus, and calicivirus. Dysbiosis represents any modification to the makeup of resident commensal communities from those found in healthy individuals and can cause a patient to become more susceptible to bacterial and viral infections. The interaction between bacteria, viruses, and host physiology is still not completely understood. However, with growing research on viral infections, dysbiosis, and new methods of detection, people are getting closer to understanding the nature of these viruses, their typical and atypical characteristics, long-term effects, and mechanisms of action in different organ systems. 
  • 603
  • 26 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Next-Generation Live-Attenuated Rift Valley Fever Vaccines
Live-attenuated Rift Valley fever (RVF) vaccines transiently replicate in the vaccinated host, thereby effectively initiating an innate and adaptive immune response. Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV)-specific neutralizing antibodies are considered the main correlate of protection. Vaccination with classical live-attenuated RVF vaccines during gestation in livestock has been associated with fetal malformations, stillbirths, and fetal demise. Facilitated by an increased understanding of the RVFV infection and replication cycle and availability of reverse genetics systems, novel rationally-designed live-attenuated candidate RVF vaccines with improved safety profiles have been developed.
  • 591
  • 30 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Clinical Symptoms and Diagnosis of Tick-Borne Encephalitis
The tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is the arboviral etiological agent of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE), considered to be one of the most important tick-borne viral diseases in Europe and Asia. 
  • 590
  • 01 Feb 2024
Topic Review
The Disease-Inducing Potential of HERV-K
HERV-K (HML-2), the most recently active endogenous retrovirus group in humans, is transcribed during normal human embryogenesis, starting from the eight-cell stage and continuing through the emergence of epiblast cells in preimplantation blastocysts. These proviral RNAs produce viral-like particles and gag proteins in human blastocysts, indicating the presence of retroviral products during early human development. Additionally, the envelope protein of HERV-K (HML-2) from specific loci in chromosomes 12 and 19 is highly expressed on the cell membrane of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs). 
  • 576
  • 09 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Leishmania Major in Brief
Leishmania major, a protozoan parasite of the Leishmania genus, is the causative agent behind cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), a neglected tropical disease affecting millions globally. This parasite has a complex life cycle, involving sandfly vectors and mammalian hosts, with rodents serving as the primary reservoirs. L. major's biology plays a pivotal role in its pathogenesis. Infection begins when an infected sandfly bites a mammalian host, introducing promastigotes into the skin. These transform into amastigotes, multiplying within host macrophages, leading to characteristic skin lesions. The diversity in clinical manifestations of CL is influenced by factors like host immunity, parasite strain, and geographic location. Diagnosis involves methods such as microscopic examination, culturing, molecular assays, and serological tests, with molecular methods like PCR offering high sensitivity and specificity. Treatment options include antimonials, miltefosine, and amphotericin B, but challenges like drug resistance persist. Prevention and control efforts include vector control, reservoir management, and health education. While vaccines are under development, these approaches are crucial for reducing the disease's global burden. L. major remains a challenging pathogen, necessitating ongoing research and global collaboration to mitigate its impact on affected populations.
  • 571
  • 28 Sep 2023
Biography
Jan van der Noordaa
Our loyal friend and colleague, Jan van der Noordaa, passed away unexpectedly at the age of 80 on the evening of 17 June 2015. Jan died in his sleep while visiting his long-term colleague and dear friend, Dr. Alla Bukrinskaya, in Potomac (MD, USA). Jan was born in Leiden (the Netherlands) in 1934, studied medicine at Leiden University and received his MD in 1960. The PhD thesis entitled “Prima
  • 570
  • 13 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Hepatitis C Virus Vaccine
Developing a safe and effective vaccine against the hepatitis C virus (HCV) remains a top priority for global health. Despite recent advances in antiviral therapies, the high cost and limited accessibility of these treatments impede their widespread application, particularly in resource-limited settings. Therefore, the development of the HCV vaccine remains a necessity.
  • 570
  • 10 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Oncolytic Virotherapy for Solid Tumors
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) are one of the most promising novel therapeutics for malignant cancers. They selectively infect and kill cancer cells while sparing the normal counterparts, expose cancer- specific antigens and activate the host immune system against both viral and tumor determinants. Oncolytic viruses can be used as monotherapy or combined with existing cancer therapies to become more potent. OVs have emerged as an exceedingly promising modality for cancer treatment based on their multi-mechanistic advantages against diverse types of cancer: the selective infection and killing of cancer cells, the ability in some cases to target cancer at metastatic sites, the release of tumor-associated antigens, triggering of novel anti-tumor innate and adaptive immune responses, and the activation and recruitment of immune cells into the tumor microenvironment (TME). Furthermore, genetic modification can further enhance the antitumor activity of many OVs and thus increase the suitability for combination with conventional or newer therapies.
  • 566
  • 18 May 2022
Topic Review
SARS-CoV-2 S Conserved Regions for Vaccine Development
Several distinct pathogenic coronaviruses have emerged, including the pandemic SARS-CoV-2, which is difficult to curtail despite the availability of licensed vaccines. The difficulty in managing SARS-CoV-2 is linked to changes in the variants’ proteins, especially in the spike protein (SP) used for viral entry. These mutations, especially in the SP, enable the virus to evade immune responses induced by natural infection or vaccination. However, some parts of the SP in the S1 subunit and the S2 subunit are considered conserved among coronaviruses. 
  • 566
  • 29 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Immune and Antiviral Effects of Euglena Extracts
Influenza is an acute respiratory illness caused by influenza virus infection, which is managed using vaccines and antiviral drugs. Recently, the antiviral effects of plants and foods have gained attention. Euglena is a motile unicellular alga and eukaryotic photosynthetic microorganism. It has secondary chloroplasts and is a mixotroph able to feed by photosynthesis or phagocytosis.
  • 565
  • 01 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Genomic Composition of Bovine Leukemia Virus
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is the causative agent of enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL), which is the most significant neoplastic disease in cattle. EBL is often overlooked in daily breeding processes due to the absence of obvious clinical symptoms.
  • 560
  • 22 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Lipid Metabolism in Influenza A Virus Infection
Influenza A virus (IAV) is an important zoonotic pathogen that can cause disease in animals such as poultry and pigs, and it can cause infection and even death in humans, posing a serious threat to public health. IAV is an enveloped virus that relies on host cell metabolic systems, especially lipid metabolism systems, to complete its life cycle in host cells. On the other side, host cells regulate their metabolic processes to prevent IAV replication and maintain their normal physiological functions. 
  • 553
  • 22 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Simultaneous Detection of Seven Human Coronaviruses
Human coronaviruses (HCoVs) are associated with a range of respiratory symptoms. The discovery of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-CoV, Middle East respiratory syndrome, and SARS-CoV-2 pose a significant threat to human health. The HCoV-MS method is a sensitive assay that combines multiplex PCR with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS), to detect and differentiate seven HCoVs simultaneously. 
  • 543
  • 13 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Characterization of the Adenovirus Genome
Human adenoviruses (HAdVs) are non-enveloped DNA viruses. Pathogenic human adenoviruses can infect various human cells, leading to respiratory, ocular, enteric, renal, and hepatic diseases. 
  • 541
  • 23 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Avian Influenza A Viruses Modulate the Cellular Cytoskeleton
Influenza is one of the most prevalent causes of death worldwide. Influenza A viruses (IAVs) naturally infect various avian and mammalian hosts, causing seasonal epidemics and periodic pandemics with high morbidity and mortality. The recent SARS-CoV-2 pandemic showed how an animal virus strain could unpredictably acquire the ability to infect humans with high infection transmissibility. Importantly, highly pathogenic avian influenza A viruses (AIVs) may cause human infections with exceptionally high mortality. Because these latter infections pose a pandemic potential, analyzing the ecology and evolution features of host expansion helps to identify new broad-range therapeutic strategies. Although IAVs are the prototypic example of molecular strategies that capitalize on their coding potential, the outcome of infection depends strictly on the complex interactions between viral and host cell factors. Most of the studies have focused on the influenza virus, while the contribution of host factors remains largely unknown. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of mammals’ host response to AIV infection is crucial.
  • 537
  • 15 Apr 2024
Topic Review
Viral Infection-Mediated Pulmonary Epigenetics
Respiratory viral infections can trigger chronic lung diseases. Number of studies have shown that respiratory viral infection causes epigenetic changes, which refer to genetic alterations that affect gene expression without any mutational genetic changes.
  • 520
  • 12 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Activities of Interleukin-12 Family during Virus Infections
The interleukin (IL)-12 family consists of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines that are able to signal the activation of host antiviral immunity while preventing over-reactive immune reactions due to active virus replication and viral clearance. 
  • 519
  • 20 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Epstein–Barr Virus and Lymphomagenesis
The clinical significance of Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) cannot be understated. Not only does it infect approximately 90% of the world’s population, but it is also associated with numerous pathologies. Diseases linked to this virus include hematologic malignancies such as diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, Hodgkin lymphoma, Burkitt lymphoma, primary CNS lymphoma, and NK/T-cell lymphoma, epithelial malignancies such as nasopharyngeal carcinoma and gastric cancer, autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis, Graves’ disease, and lupus. While treatment for these disease states is ever evolving, much work remains to more fully elucidate the relationship between EBV, its associated disease states, and their treatments.
  • 518
  • 17 May 2023
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