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Topic Review
Lifestyle and Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Liver cancer remains a global health challenge, and while infection by hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus are the main risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis is associated with metabolic syndrome or diabetes mellitus is becoming a more frequent risk factor.
  • 925
  • 07 Jan 2022
Topic Review
COVID-19 Anti-Vaccine Sentiments
The analyses uncovered several major issues concerning COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy. The production of the COVID-19 vaccine at an unprecedented speed evoked the fear of skipping steps that would compromise vaccine safety. The unknown long-term effects and duration of protection erode confidence in taking the vaccines. There were also persistent concerns with regard to vaccine compositions that could be harmful or contain aborted foetal cells. The rate of COVID-19 death was viewed as low. Many interpreted the 95% effectiveness of the COVID-19 vaccine as insufficient. Preference for immunity gains from having an infection was viewed as more effective. Peer-reviewed publication-based data were favoured as a source of trust in vaccination decision-making. 
  • 924
  • 18 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Intelligent Nanobiosensors for SARS-CoV-2 Diagnosis
The novel coronavirus appeared to be a milder infection initially, but the unexpected outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), commonly called COVID-19, was transmitted all over the world in late 2019 and caused a pandemic. Human health has been disastrously affected by SARS-CoV-2, which is still evolving and causing more serious concerns, leading to the innumerable loss of lives. Smart and intelligent nanomaterial-enabled biosensors (nanobiosensors) have already proven their utility for the diagnosis of several viral infections, as various detection strategies based on nanobiosensor devices are already present, and several other methods are also being investigated by researchers for the determination of SARS-CoV-2 disease.
  • 923
  • 19 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Biomechanical, Healing and Therapeutic Effects of Stretching
Characterized in biomedical terms, stretching exercises have been defined as movements applied by external and/or internal forces to increase muscle and joint flexibility, decrease muscle stiffness, elevate the joint range of motion (ROM), increase the length of the “muscle–tendon” morpho-functional unit, and improve joint, muscle, and tendon movements, contraction, and relaxation.
  • 923
  • 04 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Gene Therapy in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
Gene therapy allows for the modulation and correction of specific problem genes which are mutated in severe pathologies. The term “gene therapy” is loosely defined by many sources. The FDA defines it as “products whose effects are transferred through transcription/translation of genetic material via administration as nucleic acids, viruses, or genetically engineered microorganisms”. Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a severe X-linked recessive muscle-wasting disease that results from mutations in the DMD gene on chromosome 21. Due to its poor survivorship, many interventions are being researched to improve outcomes for patients with this disease; gene therapy is an emerging field in this regard.
  • 922
  • 13 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Prevention and Diagnosis of Ovarian Cancer
Ovarian cancer (OC) is the female genital malignancy with the highest lethality. Patients present a poor prognosis mainly due to the late clinical presentation allied with the common acquisition of chemoresistance and a high rate of tumour recurrence. Effective screening, accurate diagnosis, and personalised multidisciplinary treatments are crucial for improving patients’ survival and quality of life.
  • 920
  • 07 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Hospital Processes
When thinking about a hospital, we can subdivide it into four main areas: Infrastructure, Outpatient and Emergency, Clinical and Surgical Inpatient, and Diagnosis and Treatment. For each of these areas, this entry can list several subareas and several important processes for providing hospital care.
  • 920
  • 28 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Wildfires Impact Mental Health
One of the many consequences of climate change is an increase in the frequency, severity, and, thus, impact of wildfires across the globe. The destruction and loss of one’s home, belongings, and surrounding community, and the threat to personal safety and the safety of loved ones can have significant consequences on survivors’ mental health, which persist for years after.
  • 918
  • 29 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Microneedles for SARS-CoV-2 Mass Vaccination
Vaccination is an effective measure to prevent infectious diseases. Protective immunity is induced when the immune system is exposed to a vaccine formulation with appropriate immunogenicity. However, traditional injection vaccination is always accompanied by fear and severe pain. As an emerging vaccine delivery tool, microneedles overcome the problems associated with routine needle vaccination, which can effectively deliver vaccines rich in antigen-presenting cells (APCs) to the epidermis and dermis painlessly, inducing a strong immune response. In addition, microneedles have the advantages of avoiding cold chain storage and have the flexibility of self-operation, which can solve the logistics and delivery obstacles of vaccines, covering the vaccination of the special population more easily and conveniently. 
  • 918
  • 10 May 2023
Topic Review
Vitamin D and Iron on Skeletal Muscle Health
Many nutrients are essential for skeletal muscle health including vitamin D and iron. These nutrients have been well-established to play a role in improving muscular strength, muscle mass, and muscle function in various populations such as youth, athletes, and older adults. Together, muscular strength, muscle mass, and muscle function are important components that make up “skeletal muscle health”. Beyond the role that these nutrients have on skeletal muscle health, emerging literature has reported a link between vitamin D action on pro-inflammatory cytokines and mechanisms behind iron regulation, which may physiologically play a role in skeletal muscle health.
  • 917
  • 12 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Regulation of EMT Process in Cancer Progression
A biological process called epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) allows epithelial cells to change into mesenchymal cells and acquire some cancer stem cell properties. EMT contributes significantly to the metastasis, invasion, and development of treatment resistance in cancer cells. Current research has demonstrated that phytochemicals are emerging as a potential source of safe and efficient anti-cancer medications. Phytochemicals could disrupt signaling pathways related to malignant cell metastasis and drug resistance by suppressing or reversing the EMT process.
  • 917
  • 18 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Soft Tissue Sarcomas Margin Assessment
Many classifications to assess margins status for soft tissue sarcomas are reported in the literature. Most of the series are heterogeneous and variable in size, making it difficult to compare results from study to study. 
  • 916
  • 26 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Home Confinement Psychological-Influence during COVID-19
Home confinement and social distancing are two of the main public health measures to curb the spread of SARS-Cov-2, which can have harmful consequences on people’s mental health. This systematic review aims to identify the best available scientific evidence on the impact that home confinement and social distancing, derived from the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, have had on the mental health of the general population in terms of depression, stress and anxiety.
  • 914
  • 29 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Common Misconceptions in Food Allergy
Food allergies are common, affecting 6–8% of children and 10.8% of adults, and are reported to be on the rise. The quality of life of children and their caregivers is known to be significantly affected. Food-allergic patients often worry about unintentional exposures and their consequences, especially anaphylaxis and life-threatening events. Patients face multiple dietary and psychosocial restrictions (such as exclusion from peer social activities, isolation and bullying). Optimal care for food allergies should be based on published evidence and national or international guidelines. Unfortunately, multiple misconceptions exist regarding prevention, diagnosis, management and burden resulting from food allergies. We also live in an era when patients have access to a multitude of medical information sources, not all of which are reliable or accurate.
  • 914
  • 06 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Prediction Models for Venous Thromboembolism
Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a significant cause of mortality in patients with lung cancer. Despite the availability of a wide range of anticoagulants to help prevent thrombosis, thromboprophylaxis in ambulatory patients is a challenge due to its associated risk of haemorrhage. As a result, anticoagulation is only recommended in patients with a relatively high risk of VTE. Efforts have been made to develop predictive models for VTE risk assessment in cancer patients, but the availability of a reliable predictive model for ambulate patients with lung cancer is unclear. 
  • 914
  • 05 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Preventing Postpartum Hemorrhage
Maternal hemorrhage is linked to adverse effects, such as anemia, hypovolemic shock, disseminated intravascular coagulation, acute respiratory distress, renal failure, impaired breastfeeding, and the worsening of existing diseases in mothers, which compromises both physical and psychological health .
  • 913
  • 16 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Mediterranean Diet and COVID-19
Mediterranean Diet represents the traditional eating habits of populations living around the Mediterranean Sea, and it is associated with a lower risk of overall mortality and cancer incidence and cardiovascular diseases. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 is a new pandemic, and represents a significant and critical threat to global human health.
  • 913
  • 13 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Technologies to Assess COVID-19 Specific Antigens
In diagnosing SARS-CoV-2 infection, the most widely used test is the molecular testing. Real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) is the most well-known and extensively used molecular analysis. The test relies on nucleic acid amplification and detects unique sequences of SARS-CoV-2. The other type of test, the antigen tests, can detect the presence of SARS-CoV-2 without amplifying viral components, but these tests are less sensitive than the molecular ones. Commonly, any negative antigen test is confirmed with a molecular test so that the patient can be declared negative for COVID-19. Both molecular and antigen tests would detect patients in the acute phase of infection.
  • 911
  • 21 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Predictors of COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy
Modifiable predictors of vaccine hesitancy at the start of South Africa’s COVID-19 vaccination rollout have been identified here. These factors should be addressed by different stakeholders involved in the national immunization program through tailored communication and other effective strategies that increase vaccine literacy, reach low-income households, and engender confidence in government. 
  • 909
  • 04 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Dental Plaque in Systemic Diseases
Periodontal diseases are not just simple bacterial infections, but rather complex diseases of multifactorial complexity. The connection between the subgingival microbes, the host immune, and inflammatory responses seems to be very clear. The mechanisms explaining the association between chronic periodontal disease and systemic diseases include a direct and an indirect route. The direct route results in ulceration in the lining of periodontal pockets, which can become a passage for bacteria into the systemic circulation. It leads to bacteremia, which allows bacteria to settle in distant organs aggravating existing disease conditions. The indirect route is based on the fact that chronic periodontal disease, being a significant source of inflammation, may play a role in other disease conditions in which inflammation is a major component.
  • 909
  • 13 Jan 2022
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