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Topic Review
Microsurgery Robots
Microsurgical techniques have been widely utilized in various surgical specialties, such as ophthalmology, neurosurgery, and otolaryngology, which require intricate and precise surgical tool manipulation on a small scale. In microsurgery, operations on delicate vessels or tissues require high standards in surgeons’ skills. This exceptionally high requirement in skills leads to a steep learning curve and lengthy training before the surgeons can perform microsurgical procedures with quality outcomes. To address these challenges, a growing number of researchers have begun to explore the use of robotic technologies in microsurgery and have developed various microsurgery robotic (MSR) systems. 
  • 706
  • 31 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Characteristics of Contemporary Hip Resurfacing Arthroplasty Endoprostheses
The goals of hip resurfacing arthroplasty (HRA) are restoring joint anatomy, biomechanics, and function while prolonging the life of a patient with endoprosthesis by preserving bone stock for easy further possible revision arthroplasty in the form of traditional total hip arthroplasty. Over decades of its history, the designs of HRA endoprostheses have undergone a variety of technological innovations in terms of evolution in materials and fixation techniques, which often resulted in promising outcomes and the extension of implant survival. 
  • 701
  • 29 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Infusion-Based Targeted Drug Delivery in the Brain
Infusion-based drug delivery, which directly administer to local tissue under a positive pressure gradient, as in convection-enhanced delivery (CED), provides an important opportunity to overcome the blood-brain barrier and dependency on type of drug. However, poor understanding of the pressure-driven drug transport mechanisms in the brain has hindered ultimate success of CED-like technologies in clinical applications.
  • 700
  • 25 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Laser-Activated Phase-Change Perfluorocarbon Nanodroplets
Laser-activated perfluorocarbon nanodroplets (PFCnDs) are emerging phase-change contrast agents that showed promising potential in ultrasound and photoacoustic (US/PA) imaging. Unlike monophase gaseous microbubbles, PFCnDs shift their state from liquid to gas via optical activation and can provide high US/PA contrast on demand. Depending on the choice of perfluorocarbon core, the vaporization and condensation dynamics of the PFCnDs are controllable.
  • 699
  • 03 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Geopolymer Materials for Bone Tissue Applications
Geopolymers (alkali-activated materials) are amorphous inorganic polymeric systems with aluminosilicate bases produced by alkalinising natural or waste substances, such as metallurgical, industrial, urban, and agricultural wastes. There is increasing academic interest in geopolymer materials for biomedical applications.
  • 699
  • 02 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Design Requirements for Annular Closure Devices
Microdiscectomy procedures are the most used technique for  Lumbar disc herniation; however, the annulus fibrosus is left with a defect that without treatment may contribute to high reherniation rates and changes in the biomechanics of the lumbar spine. At present there are only a few commercial devices available for annular closure.
  • 696
  • 11 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Robotic Biofeedback for Post-Stroke Gait Rehabilitation
Gait disabilities, mainly caused by strokes, compromise daily independence, quality of life, professional and social inclusion, and increase the risk of falling in adults. Stroke survivors may regain their quality of life through neuroplasticity phenom, elicited by biofeedback systems (BSs).
  • 696
  • 30 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Osteoblasts Topography Sensing Molecular Mechanisms
Bone is a specialized tissue formed by different cell types and a multiscale, complex mineralized matrix. The architecture and the surface chemistry of this microenvironment can be factors of considerable influence on cell biology, and can affect cell proliferation, commitment to differentiation, gene expression, matrix production and/or composition. It has been shown that osteoblasts encounter natural motifs in vivo, with various topographies (shapes, sizes, organization), and that cell cultures on flat surfaces do not reflect the total potential of the tissue. Therefore, studies investigating the role of topographies on cell behavior are important in order to better understand the interaction between cells and surfaces, to improve osseointegration processes in vivo between tissues and biomaterials, and to find a better surface topography to enhance bone repair.
  • 692
  • 12 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Computational Challenges in Tissue Engineering
This entry deals with a brief review of the recent developments in computational modelling applied to innovative treatments of spine diseases. Additionally, it provides a perspective on the research directions expected for the forthcoming years. The spine is composed of distinct and complex tissues that require specific modelling approaches. With the advent of additive manufacturing and increasing computational power, patient-specific treatments have moved from being a research trend to a reality in clinical practice, but there are many issues to be addressed before such approaches become universal. Here, it is identified that the major setback resides in validation of these computational techniques prior to approval by regulatory agencies. Nevertheless, there are very promising indicators in terms of optimised scaffold modelling for both disc arthroplasty and vertebroplasty, powered by a decisive contribution from imaging methods.
  • 690
  • 02 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Synovial Sarcoma of the Extremities
Synovial sarcoma (SS) is a rare and highly malignant tumor and a type of soft tissue sarcoma (STS), for which survival has not improved significantly in recent years. Synovial sarcomas occur mostly in adolescents and young adults (15–35 years old), usually affecting the deep soft tissues near the large joints of the extremities, with males being at a slightly higher risk. Despite its name, synovial sarcoma is neither related to the synovial tissues that are a part of the joints, i.e., the synovium, nor does it express synovial markers; however, the periarticular synovial sarcomas can spread as a secondary tumor to the joint capsule. SS was initially described as a biphasic neoplasm comprising of both epithelial and uniform spindle cell components. Synovial sarcoma is characterized by the presence of the pathognomonic t (X; 18) (p11.2; q11.2) translocation, involving a fusion of the SS18 (formerly SYT) gene on chromosome 18 to one of the synovial sarcoma X (SSX) genes on chromosome X (usually SSX1 or SSX2), which is seen in more than 90% of SSs and results in the formation of SS18-SSX fusion oncogenes. 
  • 687
  • 25 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Head–Neck Cancer Delineation
Head–Neck Cancer (HNC) has a relevant impact on the oncology patient population and for this reason, the present review is dedicated to this type of neoplastic disease. In particular, a collection of methods aimed at tumor delineation is presented, because this is a fundamental task to perform efficient radiotherapy. 
  • 680
  • 01 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Locomotion Mode Recognition and Prediction for Active Orthoses
Understanding how to seamlessly adapt the assistance of lower-limb wearable assistive devices (active orthosis (AOs) and exoskeletons) to human locomotion modes (LMs) is challenging. Humans can usually adjust their locomotion mode (LM) according to a variety of conditions and terrains that they typically face. Challenges in personalized robotics-based assistance are related to recognizing and predicting different LMs with a non-intrusive sensor setup to timely trigger the assistance delivered by the wearable assistive devices. 
  • 676
  • 30 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells and Neurodegenerative Diseases
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) are receiving much attention in the field of tissue regeneration. They can be differentiated into any cell type in the human body and subsequently developed into heterogeneous tissues or organs in vitro for implantation. Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease are types of neurodegenrative conditions resulting in which the build up of harmful protein aggregates leads to neural cell death. IPSC technology offers promise for in vitro modeling pathophysiology and the treatment of these diseases.
  • 672
  • 08 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Novel Application for MRI Segmentation of Brain Resection
Delineation of resected brain cavities on magnetic resonance images (MRIs) of epilepsy surgery patients is essential for neuroimaging/neurophysiology studies investigating biomarkers of the epileptogenic zone. The gold standard to delineate the resection on MRI remains manual slice-by-slice tracing by experts. Here, the researchers proposed and validated a semiautomated MRI segmentation pipeline, generating an accurate model of the resection and its anatomical labeling, and developed a graphical user interface (GUI) for user-friendly usage. 
  • 671
  • 18 May 2022
Topic Review
3D Printing Technology in Fighting the COVID-19 Pandemic
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) rapidly spread to over 180 countries and abruptly disrupted production rates and supply chains worldwide. Since then, 3D printing, also recognized as additive manufacturing (AM) and known to be a novel technique that uses layer-by-layer deposition of material to produce intricate 3D geometry, has been engaged in reducing the distress caused by the outbreak. During the early stages of this pandemic, shortages of personal protective equipment (PPE), including facemasks, shields, respirators, and other medical gear, were significantly answered by remotely 3D printing them. Amidst the growing testing requirements, 3D printing emerged as a potential and fast solution as a manufacturing process to meet production needs due to its flexibility, reliability, and rapid response capabilities.
  • 670
  • 12 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Preparation Techniques of Cu-Doped Ti Implants
Titanium (Ti) and its alloys have been extensively used as implant materials in clinical practice due to their high corrosion resistance, light weight and excellent biocompatibility. However, the insufficient intrinsic osteogenic capacity of Ti and its alloys impedes bone repair and regeneration, and implant-related infection or inflammation remains the leading cause of implant failure. Bacterial infections or inflammatory diseases constitute severe threats to human health. The physicochemical properties of the material are critical to the success of clinical procedures, and the doping of Cu into Ti implants has been confirmed to be capable of enhancing the bone repair/regeneration, angiogenesis and antibacterial capability. 
  • 658
  • 02 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Continuum Robots and Magnetic Soft Robots
Magnetic soft robots, as an innovative branch of the soft robotics discipline, are eye-catching because of their excellent controllability and high flexibility under the control of magnetic fields. Thanks to the properties of magnetic materials, this type of robot can be manufactured into extremely fine micro guide wires, making it particularly applicable in fields such as minimally invasive pipeline interventional treatment or interventional laser surgery. Although magnetic soft robots and continuum robots belong to the same category of soft robots, they show obvious differences and complementarities in design concepts, application scenarios, and technical implementation. Especially from the perspective of structural size, continuum robots have encountered certain challenges in miniaturization, and magnetic soft robots can be regarded as an important expansion and deepening of continuum robots in terms of size reduction.
  • 657
  • 11 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Sources and Attributes of Membrane-Coated Nanosystems
Achieving precise cancer theranostics necessitates the rational design of smart nanosystems that ensure high biological safety and minimize non-specific interactions with normal tissues. In this regard, “bioinspired” membrane-coated nanosystems have emerged as a promising approach, providing a versatile platform for the development of next-generation smart nanosystems.
  • 654
  • 14 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Stress Monitoring
Stress monitoring with wearable sensors and the Internet of Things (IoT) is a potential application that can enhance wellness and preventative health management. Healthcare professionals have harnessed robust systems incorporating battery-based wearable technology and wireless communication channels to enable cost-effective healthcare monitoring for various medical conditions.
  • 647
  • 09 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Out-of-the-Lab Photoplethysmography
Photoplethysmography (PPG) is used for heart-rate monitoring in a variety of contexts and applications due to its versatility and simplicity. These applications, namely studies involving PPG data acquisition during day-to-day activities, require reliable and continuous measurements, which are often performed at the index finger or wrist.
  • 645
  • 24 Jan 2024
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