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Topic Review
Polyurethanes in Biomedicine
Due to their mechanical properties, ranging from flexible to hard materials, polyurethanes (PUs) have been widely used in many industrial and biomedical applications. PU characteristics, along with their biocompatibility, make them successful biomaterials in short and medium time applications.  The most important biomedical applications of PUs include antibacterial surfaces and catheters, blood oxygenators, dialysis devices, stents, cardiac valves, vascular prostheses, bioadhesives/surgical dressings/pressure sensitive adhesives, drug delivery systems, tissue engineering scaffolds and electrospinning, nerve generation, pacemaker lead insulation and coatings for breast implants. The diversity of polyurethane properties due to the ease of bulk and surface modification plays a vital role in their applications. 
  • 2.8K
  • 28 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Human Embryonic Heart Start Beating
The onset of embryonic heart beating may be regarded as the defining feature for the beginning of personal human life. Clarifying the timing of the first human heartbeat, therefore, has religious, philosophical, ethical, and medicolegal implications.
  • 2.7K
  • 20 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Eptifibatide
Eptifibatide is a glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor that blocks different pathways in platelet activation and aggregation.
  • 2.5K
  • 11 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Anatomical-MRI Correlations in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Adults and Children
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the most frequent hereditary cardiovascular disease and the leading cause of sudden cardiac death in young individuals. Advancements in CMR imaging have allowed for earlier identification and more accurate prognosis of HCM. CMR has been validated as a technique with high sensitivity and specificity, very few contraindications, a low risk of side effects, and is overall a good tool to be employed in the management of HCM patients.
  • 2.5K
  • 11 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Basal Septal Hypertrophy
Hypertension plays a dominant role in the development of left ventricular (LV) remodeling and heart failure, in addition to being the main risk factor for coronary artery disease.
  • 2.5K
  • 18 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Standard for Automated ECG Interpretation
Diagnostic statements for automated ECG interpretation algorithms are the fundamental output, and the accuracy of these statements should be well characterized by algorithm testing, including both ECG contour and ECG rhythm diagnostic statements. The methods for measuring accuracy have been consistently and well defined, and previously included in ECG standards. However, the current industry ECG standards have omitted these historical requirements to test the accuracy of diagnostic statements, which is a gap that is being addressed in 80601-2-86.
  • 2.4K
  • 17 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Coriandrum sativum L.
Coriandrum sativum (C. sativum), belonging to the Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) family, is widely recognized for its uses in culinary and traditional medicine. C. sativum contains various phytochemicals such as polyphenols, vitamins, and many phytosterols, which account for its properties including anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, and analgesic effects.
  • 2.4K
  • 13 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Prognostic Biomarkers in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction
Despite all the important advances in its diagnosis and treatment, acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is still one of the most prominent causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Early identification of patients at high risk of poor outcomes through the measurement of various biomarker concentrations might contribute to more accurate risk stratification and help to guide more individualized therapeutic strategies, thus improving prognoses. 
  • 2.4K
  • 01 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Cardiac IKs (KCNQ1/KCNE1) Channels
The cardiac IKs (KCNQ1/KCNE1) channel is one of the main contributors to the repolarizing currents that regulate the ventricular action potential duration (APD) and thus the QT interval in the electrocardiogram. Mutations in cardiac KCNQ1/KCNE1 channels are the most common cause of congenital defects that cause long QT syndrome (LQTS).
  • 2.4K
  • 08 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Endothelial Cell Metabolism
EC (Endothelial Cell) metabolism is confined to glucose, FAs, and amino acids (AAs), the three major substrates for adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production and biomass production in ECs, which have been widely studied and summarized.
  • 2.4K
  • 01 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Copper Metabolism in Heart Disease
Copper is an essential trace metal element that significantly affects human physiology and pathology by regulating various important biological processes, including mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, iron mobilization, connective tissue crosslinking, antioxidant defense, melanin synthesis, blood clotting, and neuron peptide maturation. Increasing lines of evidence obtained from studies of cell culture, animals, and human genetics have demonstrated that dysregulation of copper metabolism causes heart disease, which is the leading cause of mortality in the US. Defects of copper homeostasis caused by perturbed regulation of copper chaperones or copper transporters or by copper deficiency resulted in various types of heart disease, including cardiac hypertrophy, heart failure, ischemic heart disease, and diabetes mellitus cardiomyopathy. 
  • 2.3K
  • 11 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Non-Pharmacological Options in Atherosclerosis
Atherosclerosis remains the leading cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide characterized by the deposition of lipids and fibrous elements in the form of atheroma plaques in vascular areas which are hemodynamically overloaded. Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death and disability. Prolonged survival with chronic disease explains why the prevalence, burden, and costs of the disease remain high. Given these issues, aggressive treatment should be started at the first indication and continued over several years, along with the reduction in disease risk factors such as visceral adiposity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and diabetes.
  • 2.3K
  • 04 Oct 2022
Topic Review
The Endothelin System
Endothelin was first discovered more than 30 years ago as a potent vasoconstrictor. In subsequent years, three isoforms, two canonical receptors, and two converting enzymes were identified, and their basic functions were elucidated by numerous preclinical and clinical studies. The endothelin system has been found to be critical in the pathogenesis of several cardiovascular diseases, including hypertension, pulmonary arterial hypertension, heart failure, and coronary artery disease.
  • 2.2K
  • 01 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Pulse Wave Velocity
Pulse wave velocity (PWV) is a simple, reproducible and non-invasive technique to assess arterial stiffness. It estimates the velocity of arterial wave propagation to travel a known distance between two anatomic sites within the arterial system [1]. PWV has been established as an independent predictor of cardiovascular mortality and is consequently used for diagnosis and prognosis in patients at risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease [2]; however, PWV's significance relies on the fact that arterial stiffness, specially of muscular arteries can be modified by interventions that improve endothelial function such as exercise training, which makes PWV an important tool for cardiovascular risk management [3].
  • 2.1K
  • 24 Apr 2021
Topic Review
High-Density Lipoprotein
High-density lipoprotein (HDL), the smallest and most dense lipoprotein, is composed of a central hydrophobic non-polar lipid core, consisting of primarily triacylglycerols and cholesterol esters.
  • 2.1K
  • 29 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Glycocalyx–Sodium Interaction in Vascular Endothelium
The glycocalyx generally covers almost all cellular surfaces, where it participates in mediating cell-surface interactions with the extracellular matrix as well as with intracellular signaling molecules. The endothelial glycocalyx that covers the luminal surface mediates the interactions of endothelial cells with materials flowing in the circulating blood, including blood cells. Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) remain a major cause of morbidity and mortality around the world. The cardiovascular risk factors start by causing endothelial cell dysfunction associated with destruction or irregular maintenance of the glycocalyx, which may culminate into a full-blown cardiovascular disease. The endothelial glycocalyx plays a crucial role in shielding the cell from excessive exposure and absorption of excessive salt, which can potentially cause damage to the endothelial cells and underlying tissues of the blood vessels.
  • 2.1K
  • 26 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Mitochondria-Targeted Drug in Cardiovascular Disease
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) represents a major threat for human health. The available preventive and treatment interventions are insufficient to revert the underlying pathological processes, which underscores the urgency of alternative approaches. Mitochondria dysfunction plays a key role in the etiopathogenesis of CVD and is regarded as an intriguing target for the development of innovative therapies. Oxidative stress, mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening, and excessive fission are major noxious pathways amenable to drug therapy. Thanks to the advancements of nanotechnology research, several mitochondria-targeted drug delivery systems (DDS) have been optimized with improved pharmacokinetic and biocompatibility, and lower toxicity and antigenicity for application in the cardiovascular field.
  • 2.1K
  • 03 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Diagonal Earlobe Crease
Diagonal earlobe crease is a wrinkle extending obliquely from the tragus towards the border of the earlobe. It was firstly described by Frank in 1973 in the New England Journal of Medicine in a case series of patients with coronary artery disease. Since then, there have been many reports published regarding its association mainly with atherosclerosis, especially coronary artery disease.
  • 2.1K
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Heart Rate Variability in Hyperthyroidism
Cardiovascular effects of thyroid hormones may be measured through heart rate variability (HRV). Hyperthyroidism is associated with a decreased HRV, which may be explained by the effect of thyroid hormones and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). The increased sympathetic and decreased parasympathetic activity may have clinical implications.
  • 2.1K
  • 18 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Single Ventricle
In this paper, the author enumerates cardiac defects with a functionally single ventricle, summarizes single ventricle physiology, presents a summary of management strategies to address the single ventricle defects, goes over the steps of staged total cavo-pulmonary connection, cites the prevalence of inter-stage mortality, names the causes of inter-stage mortality, discusses strategies to address the inter-stage mortality, reviews post-Fontan issues, and introduces alternative approaches to Fontan circulation. 
  • 2.1K
  • 10 Jun 2021
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