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Topic Review
Essential-thrombocythemia and Acquired von-Willebrand Syndrome
Over the past decade, new insights have emerged on the pathophysiology of essential thrombocythemia (ET), its clinical management, and associated thrombohemostatic disturbances. Here, we review the latest diagnostic and risk stratification modalities of ET and its therapeutics. Moreover, we discuss the clinical evidence-based benefits, deriving from major clinical trials, of using cytoreductive therapy and antiplatelet agents to lower the risk of fatal vascular events. Also, we focus on the condition of extreme thrombocytosis (>1000 × 109/L) and bleeding risk, the development and pathogenesis of acquired von Willebrand syndrome, and the clinical approach to this paradoxical scenario in ET.
  • 4.2K
  • 20 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Zinc Complexes as Anticancer Agents
The search for anticancer metal-based drugs alternative to platinum derivatives could not exclude zinc derivatives due to the importance of this metal for the correct functioning of the human body. Zinc, the second most abundant trace element in the human body, is one of the most important micro-elements essential for human physiology. Its ubiquity in thousands of proteins and enzymes is related to its chemical features, in particular, its lack of redox activity and its ability to support different coordination geometries and to promote fast ligands exchange. Analogously to other trace elements, the impairment of its homeostasis can lead to various diseases and in some cases can be also related to cancer development. However, zinc complexes generally exert lower toxicity in comparison to other metal-based drugs and many zinc derivatives have been proposed as antitumor agents. Among them zinc complexes  comprising  N-donor ligands have been surveyed and analyzed. 
  • 4.1K
  • 22 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Vulvar and Vaginal Melanomas
Melanomas of the skin are poorly circumscribed lesions, very frequently asymptomatic but unfortunately with a continuous growing incidence. In this landscape, one can distinguish melanomas originating in the mucous membranes and located in areas not exposed to the sun, namely the vulvo-vaginal melanomas. By contrast with cutaneous melanomas, the incidence of these types of melanomas is constant, being diagnosed in females in their late sixties. While hairy skin and glabrous skin melanomas of the vulva account for 5% of all cancers located in the vulva, melanomas of the vagina and urethra are particularly rare conditions. The location in areas less accessible to periodic inspection determines their diagnosis in advanced stages, often metastatic. 
  • 4.1K
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Cancer-Associated Thrombosis Patients with Glioblastoma
Cancer is an independent risk factor for the development of venous thromboembolism (VTE). Glioblastomas are amongst cancer types with the most thrombogenic potential and patients are at a particularly high risk of VTE with an incidence up to 20–30% per year. Currently, major efforts are underway to gain novel insights into risk factors and pathomechanisms to provide a better understanding of development of VTE in patients with primary brain tumors. Treatment of VTE requires therapeutic anticoagulation, which accordingly to recently-published guidelines should be performed using low molecular weight heparin or, in case of low bleeding risk, using a direct oral anticoagulant. However, this can be very challenging due to an increased risk of intracranial hemorrhage in this patient group. Furthermore, limited data are available on the subgroup of patients with primary brain tumors.
  • 3.8K
  • 13 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Bladder Cancer Biomarkers
The high occurrence of bladder cancer and its tendency to recur combined with lifelong surveillance make the treatment of superficial bladder cancer one of the most expensive and time-consuming. Moreover, carcinoma in situ often leads to muscle invasion with an unfavourable prognosis. Currently, invasive methods including cystoscopy and cytology remain a gold standard. The aim is to find biomarkers with the best specificity and sensitivity, allowing the treatment plan to optimise and have potential applications in clinical practice. Such non-invasive methods can be measure in human body fluids, for example, urine or serum: Cytokeratin fragments (CYFRA 21.1), Excision Repair Cross-Complementation 1 (ERCC1), Tumour Protein p53 (Tp53), Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 3 (FGFR3), Tumor-Associated Trypsin Inhibitor (TATI).
  • 3.8K
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Various Protein Kinase Inhibitors as Anticancer Agents
Protein kinases (PTKs) are enzymes that regulate the biological activity of proteins by phosphorylation of certain amino acid residues. This reaction causes a conformational change from an inactive to an active form of the protein, which is one of the most important regulatory mechanisms of the cell cycle and transduction of external signals. Dysregulation of protein kinases activity is implicated in the processes of carcinogenesis and the progression of various solid cancers. Therefore, protein kinases are prime targets for the development of selective anticancer drugs.
  • 3.7K
  • 22 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Application of Zeolite in Cancer Therapy
Zeolites and zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs) are widely studied as drug carrying nanoplatforms to enhance the specificity and efficacy of traditional anticancer drugs. 
  • 3.6K
  • 29 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Heterocyclic Crown Ethers
Crown ethers are heterocyclic compounds present as cyclic oligomers in their simple form. These are extremely versatile compounds exhibiting higher binding affinity towards metal ions, including s-block and transition metal ions. For example, 18-crown-6 has a cavity that fits the size of 4f transition metal ions and has reflected exceptional attraction for complexation with the lanthanide ions.
  • 3.4K
  • 27 Jan 2022
Topic Review
FDG-PET/CT in the Monitoring of Lymphoma Immunotherapy Response
Cancer immunotherapy is a type of cancer treatment that uses the immune system to fight cancer cells. Some of these treatments stimulate the immune system, while others prime the immune system to identify better and target cancer cells. In parallel with the implementation of cancer immunotherapy, therapy-specific FDG PET/CT response criteria were explicitly designed specifically for that purpose. FDG PET/CT plays a key role in the newly developed response criteria, and several FDG PET/CT-based criteria have been proposed to address all patterns of response to therapy, including indeterminate response, pseudoprogression, and hyperprogression using several metrics, such as SUV, MTV, and TLG. This research aims to discuss the effects and side effects of cancer immunotherapy and to correlate this with the proposed criteria and relevant patterns of FDG PET/CT in lymphoma immunotherapy as applicable. Additionally, the latest updates and future prospects will be explored.
  • 3.4K
  • 24 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Fabrication of Organ-on-Chip
Organ-on-chips (OOCs) are microfluidic devices used for creating physiological organ biomimetic systems. OOC technology brings numerous advantages in the current landscape of preclinical models, capable of recapitulating the multicellular assemblage, tissue–tissue interaction, and replicating numerous human pathologies.
  • 3.4K
  • 26 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Antioxidant of Dietary Vitamins A, C, and E
Non-enzymatic antioxidants, which include vitamin A, vitamin C, and vitamin E, are commonly used dietary supplements for general health purposes. Given their safe profile and potential link with a decreased risk of cancer, they represent an attractive option as preventive anti-cancer agents.
  • 3.3K
  • 03 Apr 2023
Topic Review
H3K27M-Mutant Diffuse Midline Glioma
H3K27M-mutant diffuse midline glioma is a rare childhood cancer originating in midline brain structures. The H3K27M mutation substitutes an amino acid on histone H3 that promotes gene expression and tumor growth. This cancer has a dismal prognosis and requires new and better treatment approaches. Thus, innovative treatment approaches are greatly needed to improve clinical outcomes for these patients. 
  • 3.3K
  • 01 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Pseudomyxoma Peritonei
Pseudomyxoma Peritonei (PMP) is a unique clinical condition characterized by massive intraperitoneal growth of mucinous ascites that may be accompanied by peritoneal implants of mucinous tumors. 
  • 3.2K
  • 28 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Light-Activated Compounds in Cancer Therapy
Lack of selectivity and toxic side effects of cancer chemotherapy is a major drawback for designing clinical treatment regimes. To allow more potent and selective therapeutic interventions, the use of light for selective on-site activation of anticancer compounds is actively studied. Besides already established photodynamic therapy (PDT), two light-activated anticancer approaches are pursued, both however still in the experimental phase: the use of irreversibly activatable photoremovable protecting groups (“photocages”) and reversibly activatable photoswitches. Despite its immense potential, light activation brings many novel challenges to the already complex drug development process, however the first in vivo results confirm the feasibility of the approach.
  • 3.2K
  • 19 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Radiation Sensitivity in Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer
Hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC) syndrome is a condition in which individuals have an increased risk of developing different types of cancer when compared to the general population. BRCA1 repair associated (BRCA1) and BRCA2 repair associated (BRCA2) genes are tumor suppressor genes that play a crucial role in cell, by repairing DNA damage. 
  • 3.2K
  • 15 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Antibody Conjugated Polymeric Nanoparticles
Nanoparticles (NPs) are promising drug delivery systems (DDS) for identifying and treating cancer. Active targeting NPs can be generated by conjugation with ligands that bind overexpressed or mutant cell surface receptors on target cells that are poorly or not even expressed on normal cells. Receptor-mediated endocytosis of the NPs occurs and the drug is released inside the cell or in the surrounding tissue due to the bystander effect. Antibodies are the most frequently used ligands to actively target tumor cells. In this context, antibody-based therapies have been extensively used in HER2+ breast cancer.
  • 3.2K
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Notch Signaling Function in Angiogenesis
The Notch signaling pathway is a major regulator of vascular morphogenesis, managing endothelial response to vascular growth factors, endothelial specialization, establishment and maintenance of vascular identity as venous or arterial and vascular maturation.
  • 3.1K
  • 03 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Tumor Spheroids and Organoids
Understanding and investigating tumors is carried out by researchers using a number of different methods. One exciting and promising area is 3D tumor models including spheriod and organoid models. They act in similar ways to tumors which means we can use them to gather important information. This ranges from the way tumors react through to how different treatments may work on tumors. Ultimately they may help guide us towards the types of drugs and therapies that could be used to treat tumors. This work gives an overview of these technologies, the types of 3D models available and how they can be used to improve treatments and their applications in personalized medicine. 
  • 3.1K
  • 26 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Intersphincteric Resection for Low Rectal Cancers
Intersphincteric resection is an anus-preserving technique for low rectal cancers described by Schiessel et al. in 1994 as a combination of two techniques: the intersphincteric rectal excision for inflammatory bowel disease and the coloanal anastomosis for low rectal resections.
  • 3.1K
  • 08 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Multiplex Immunohistochemistry/Immunofluorescence (mIHC/IF) Techniques
Multiplex imaging techniques and digital image analysis are powerful tools that could overcome some issues concerning tumour-microenvironment studies. This novel approach to biomarker assessment offers a better understanding of the complicated interactions between tumour cells and their environment. Multiplex labelling enables the detection of multiple markers simultaneously and the exploration of their spatial organisation. 
  • 3.1K
  • 02 Sep 2022
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