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Topic Review
Scoring-Systems for Colon Capsule Endoscopy
Colon capsule endoscopy is a safe diagnostic tool with low adverse event rates. As with other endoscopic modalities, various colon capsule endoscopy scores allow the standardisation of reporting and reproducibility. As bowel cleanliness affects CCE’s diagnostic yield, a few operator-dependent scores (Leighton–Rex and CC-CLEAR scores) and a computer-dependent score (CAC score) have been developed to grade bowel cleanliness objectively. 
  • 1.0K
  • 17 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Point-of-Care Ultrasound in DVT Diagnosis
Acute lower extremity proximal deep venous thrombosis (DVT) requires accurate diagnosis and treatment in order to prevent embolization and other complications. Point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS), a clinician performed, and clinician interpreted bedside ultrasound examination has been increasingly used for DVT evaluation mainly in the urgent and critical care setting, but also in the ambulatory clinics and the medical wards.
  • 1.0K
  • 27 Oct 2021
Topic Review
FLASH Radiotherapy—Radiobiological Rationale
FLASH radiotherapy, or the administration of ultra-high dose rate radiotherapy, is a new radiation delivery method that aims to widen the therapeutic window in radiotherapy through better sparing of the normal tissue.
  • 1.0K
  • 13 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Focal Nodular Hyperplasia-like Regenerative Nodules
Budd–Chiari syndrome (BCS) is a rare clinical entity characterized by hepatic venous outflow obstruction, resulting in liver congestion and subsequent chronic parenchymal damage. This condition often leads to the development of focal liver lesions, including benign focal nodular hyperplasia-like regenerative nodules, hepatocellular carcinoma, and perfusion-related pseudo-lesions. Computed tomography, ultrasound, and magnetic resonance are the commonly employed imaging modalities for the follow-up of BCS patients and for the detection and characterization of new-onset lesions. The accurate differentiation between benign and malignant nodules is crucial for optimal patient management and treatment planning. 
  • 990
  • 19 Jul 2023
Topic Review
225Ac as a Potential Theranostic Radionuclide
α radioisotopes can offer a treatment choice to individuals who are not responding to β− or gamma-radiation therapy or chemotherapy drugs. Only a few α-particle emitters are suitable for targeted alpha therapy (TAT) and clinical applications. The majority of available clinical research involves 225Ac and its daughter nuclide 213Bi. Additionally, the 225Ac disintegration cascade generates γ decays that can be used in single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging, expanding the potential theranostic applications in nuclear medicine. Despite the growing interest in applying 225Ac, the restricted global accessibility of this radioisotope makes it difficult to conduct extensive clinical trials for many radiopharmaceutical candidates.
  • 984
  • 05 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Magnetic Particle Imaging
Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have a wide range of applications; an area of particular interest is magnetic particle imaging (MPI). MPI is an imaging modality that utilizes superparamagnetic iron oxide particles (SPIONs) as tracer particles to produce highly sensitive and specific images in a broad range of applications, including cardiovascular, neuroimaging, tumor imaging, magnetic hyperthermia and cellular tracking. 
  • 980
  • 31 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Synthetic Post-Contrast Imaging through AI. Applications in Neuroimaging
Contrast media are widely diffused in biomedical imaging, due to their relevance in the diagnosis of numerous disorders. However, the risk of adverse reactions, the concern of potential damage to sensitive organs, and the recently described brain deposition of gadolinium salts, limit the use of contrast media in clinical practice. The application of artificial intelligence (AI) techniques to biomedical imaging has led to the development of ‘virtual’ and ‘augmented’ contrasts. The idea behind these applications is to generate synthetic post-contrast images through AI computational modeling starting from the information available on other images acquired during the same scan. In these AI models, non-contrast images (virtual contrast) or low-dose post-contrast images (augmented contrast) are used as input data to generate synthetic post-contrast images, which are often undistinguishable from the native ones. 
  • 976
  • 09 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Pregnancy
Magnetic resonance imaging is commonly used in pregnant women to evaluate, most frequently, acute abdominal and pelvic pain or placental abnormalities, as well as neurological or fetal abnormalities, infections, or neoplasms. 
  • 961
  • 11 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Imaging Techniques in CKD-MBD
Standard radiological imaging is generally used for the diagnosis of fracture or pseudo-fractures, vascular calcifications and other features of CKD-MBD. However, bone fractures can also be diagnosed using computed tomography (CT) scan, magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and vertebral fracture assessment (VFA). Fracture risk can be predicted by bone densitometry using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), quantitative computed tomography (QTC) and peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQTC), quantitative ultrasound (QUS) and most recently magnetic resonance micro-imaging. 
  • 956
  • 18 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Imaging of Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis
Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) is a complicated and heterogeneous interstitial lung disease (ILD) caused by an excessive immune response to an inhaled antigen in susceptible individuals. HP, also previously known as extrinsic allergic alveolitis, is the culmination of a dysregulated immune response to a provocative inhaled antigen appearing as inflammation and/or fibrosis of the lung parenchyma and small airways.
  • 941
  • 24 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Artificial Intelligence Integration in Medical Imaging
Radiology, since its inception, has experienced a revolutionary journey, punctuating modern medicine with its profound influence. From the discovery of X-rays to the subsequent integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML), this multifaceted discipline continually evolves, transforming itself and the healthcare ecosystem it underpins.
  • 932
  • 30 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Photon-Counting Computed Tomography
Photon-counting computed tomography (PCCT) is a new advanced imaging technique that is going to transform the standard clinical use of computed tomography (CT) imaging. Photon-counting detectors resolve the number of photons and the incident X-ray energy spectrum into multiple energy bins. Compared with conventional CT technology, PCCT offers the advantages of improved spatial and contrast resolution, reduction of image noise and artifacts, reduced radiation exposure, and multi-energy/multi-parametric imaging based on the atomic properties of tissues, with the consequent possibility to use different contrast agents and improve quantitative imaging.
  • 923
  • 22 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Staging Breast Cancer with Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Breast cancer (BC) is the most common cancer among women worldwide and represents one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) is a systemic treatment administered before surgery, whose indications have expanded from inoperable locally advanced to early-stage breast cancer. The pivotal role of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with morphological and functional modalities is making headway in the assessment of tumor size in the staging, residual tumor, surgical planning and prediction of response. Radiomics and radiogenomics MRI applications in the setting of breast cancer NACT response prediction are continuously increasing. Tailored systemic therapy strategies allow considerations of treatment de-escalation in excellent responders and avoiding or at least postponing breast surgery in selected patients.
  • 921
  • 15 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Engineered Polymer Nanoparticle
Engineering polymeric nanoparticles for their shape, size, surface chemistry, and functionalization using various targeting molecules has shown improved biomedical applications for nanoparticles. Polymeric nanoparticles have created tremendous therapeutic platforms, particularly applications related to chemo- and immunotherapies in cancer.
  • 916
  • 08 Sep 2021
Topic Review
MRI for Evaluating DKD Noninvasively
Renal magnetic resonance techniques provide noninvasive information on renal volume, function, metabolism, perfusion, oxygenation, and microstructural alterations, without the need for exogenous contrast media.
  • 910
  • 10 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Human Radiosensitivity, Radiosusceptibility and Radiodegeneration
The individual response to ionizing radiation may show several clinical features such as skin burns, cancers or cataracts, according the tissue type, the genetic status or the dose. To avoid any confusion with a non-univocal way of using the term “radiosensitivity”, we have proposed the following definitions :  - “Radiosensitivity is the proneness to the radiation-induced adverse tissue events generally attributable to cell death that is correlated with unrepaired DNA damage.  -“Radiosusceptibilty” is the proneness to the radiation-induced cancers generally attributable to cell transformation that is correlated with misrepaired DNA damage. -"Radiodegeneration" is the proneness to radiation-induced non-cancer effects attributable to mechanisms related to accelerated aging that is correlated with the accumulation of tolerated unrepaired DNA damage.
  • 900
  • 28 Jul 2021
Topic Review
MRI Guided Adaptive Radiation Therapy of Glioblastoma
Magnetic resonance imaging linear accelerators (MRLINAC) technology allows clinicians to leverage imaging information gathered during radiation therapy to adapt therapy for a patient while actively undergoing treatment. There is a significant need to understand how imaging changes may correlate to outcomes during treatment for glioblastoma (GBM) as these tumors have a poor prognosis and treatment tailored to the tumor characteristics may improve outcomes. Some of the advantages of MR guided therapy include facilitating a more detailed study of tumor and normal tissue response during chemo-radiation therapy, providing a mechanism to adapt therapy based on imaging changes, identifying new imaging biomarkers for tumor response as well as normal tissue response. These avenues could provide a more tangible way to evaluate pseudoprogression and radiation necrosis with radiogenomics as a mechanism to correlate imaging findings to genomic biomarkers. 
  • 898
  • 08 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Imaging Techniques in Adult Acquired Flatfoot Deformity
Adult acquired flatfoot deformity (AAFD) is a disorder caused by repetitive overloading, which leads to progressive posterior tibialis tendon (PTT) insufficiency. It mainly affects middle-aged women and occurs with foot pain, malalignment, and loss of function. After clinical examination, imaging plays a key role in the diagnosis and management of this pathology. Imaging allows confirmation of the diagnosis, monitoring of the disorder, outcome assessment and complication identification. 
  • 893
  • 28 Jan 2023
Topic Review
CTA Assessment of Coronary Inflammation
Coronary computed tomography angiography (CTA) provides a means of mapping inflammatory changes to both epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) and pericoronary adipose tissue (PCAT) as independent markers of coronary risk.
  • 879
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Abnormal Microenvironment Responsive MRI Nanoprobe
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is often used to diagnose diseases due to its high spatial, temporal and soft tissue resolution. Environment-responsive or smart MRI nanoprobes can specifically target cells based on differences in the cellular environment and improve the contrast between diseased tissues and normal tissues.
  • 864
  • 21 May 2021
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