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Topic Review
Helichrysum Genus in Management of Diabetes Mellitus
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a very prevalent disease affecting both developed and developing countries. Concerted efforts by the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) and the American Diabetes Association (ADA) to reduce the spike in global diabetes cases and mortality have witnessed different advocacies over the past years. The IDF report shows that 463 million (9.3%) adults worldwide are suffering from diabetes, and this number is projected to increase by 51% in 2030 (578 million) and 2045 (700 million). The prevalence of diabetes varies according to geographical region, with more than 80% of diabetic patients living in low-to-middle-income countries, which poses additional challenges with ineffective treatment. Despite the success recorded from these synthetic drugs, the traditional method of treatment using medicinal plants is increasingly accepted by the locals due to its low cost and the perceived no side effects. Helichrysum species are used in folk medicine and are documented for the treatment of DM in different regions of the world. 
  • 1.1K
  • 10 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Thorium and Rare Earth Monoxides
Thorium was a part of energy infrastructure in the 19th century due to the refractory and electronic properties of its dioxide. It will be a part of future energy infrastructure as the most abundant energy reserve based on nuclear fission.
  • 1.1K
  • 05 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Pharmaceuticals in Wastewater Treatment Plants
Pharmaceuticals (PRs) can be only partly metabolised during therapeutic use, resulting in the excretion and release of residual fractions into the sewer. Then, unchanged or in the form of metabolites or conjugates, PRs reach local municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Indeed, most medications, designed to maintain their chemical structure during the course of the therapeutic treatment, may remain active in treatment facilities for a long time. Many studies have shown that most drugs are significantly recalcitrant, and conventional treatment solutions for wastewater (WW) are not designed to eliminate these compounds. Consequently, a consistent flow of pharmaceuticals and their metabolites reach the aquatic environment, disturbing the ecological balance of rivers, lakes and other habitats and polluting groundwater, surface water and drinking water.
  • 1.1K
  • 10 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Atomic Carbon
Atomic carbon, systematically named carbon and λ0-methane, also called monocarbon, is a colourless gaseous inorganic chemical with the chemical formula C (also written [C]). It is kinetically unstable at ambient temperature and pressure, being removed through autopolymerisation. Atomic carbon is the simplest form of carbon, and is also the progenitor of carbon clusters. In addition, it may be considered to be the monomer of all (condensed) carbon allotropes like graphite and diamond.
  • 1.1K
  • 28 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Stress Corrosion Cracking in APS-Glasses
Stress corrosion cracking is a well-known phenomenon in oxide glasses. However, how amorphous phase separation (APS) alters stress corrosion cracking, and the overall mechanical response of an oxide glass is less known in literature. APS is a dominant feature concerning many multicomponent systems, particularly the ternary sodium borosilicate (SBN) glass systems.
  • 1.0K
  • 16 Aug 2021
Topic Review
IMP321
IMP321 is a large molecule cancer drug being developed by the clinical stage biotechnology company Prima BioMed (Nasdaq: IMMP). The drug is Prima's lead compound. IMP321 (INN name: eftilagimod alpha) is soluble version of the immune checkpoint molecule LAG3, used to increase an immune response to tumours. The drug is administered by subcutaneous injection. IMP321 has two intended clinical settings, 'low dose' (for example 250 µg) as adjuvant to cancer vaccines and 'high dose' (such as 12 injections of 6 mg each) as first-line 'chemo-immunotherapy', that is, combined with standard chemotherapy. IMP321 has been in Phase II clinical testing. The product has been shown to be non-immunogenic, that is, no anti-IMP321 antibodies have been detected in clinical trials. Currently the main indication for the drug is metastatic breast cancer.
  • 1.0K
  • 27 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Direct Z-Scheme Photocatalysts Based on g-C3N4
Photocatalysis represents a promising technology that might alleviate the current environmental crisis. One of the most representative photocatalysts is graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) due to its stability, cost-effectiveness, facile synthesis procedure, and absorption properties in visible light. Nevertheless, pristine g-C3N4 still exhibits low photoactivity due to the rapid recombination of photo-induced electron-hole (e−-h+) pairs. To solve this drawback, Z-scheme photocatalysts based on g-C3N4 are superior alternatives since these systems present the same band configuration but follow a different charge carrier recombination mechanism.
  • 1.0K
  • 28 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Silk-Based Magnetic Materials
Silk fibroin protein materials have shown excellent tensile strength, flexibility and biocompatibility. Natural silk fibers are composed of sericin coating and silk fibroin proteins. Sericin as a protective gel coat wraps the silk fibroin, which can be removed by a degumming process. Silk fibroin protein contains 18 amino acids, of which simple glycine (Gly), alanine (Ala) and serine (Ser) account for above 70%.
  • 1.0K
  • 26 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Carbon Capture and Storage (Timeline)
The milestones for carbon capture and storage show the lack of commercial scale development and implementation of CCS over the years since the first carbon tax was imposed. The time line of carbon capture and storage announcements and developments follows:
  • 1.0K
  • 11 Oct 2022
Topic Review
1D MOS Nanostructures
1D electrospun MOS are basically nanofibers, nanotubes or nanowires, which are made of one or more semiconductor metal oxides or with other dopant material. Polymer/MOS precursor nanofibers that are formed in the electrospinning process are calcined until the polymer is removed and pristine MOS nanostructure is obtained.
  • 1.0K
  • 10 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Machine Learning in Materials Synthesis and Property Prediction
Material innovation plays a very important role in technological progress and industrial development. Traditional experimental exploration and numerical simulation often require considerable time and resources. A new approach is urgently needed to accelerate the discovery and exploration of new materials. Machine learning can greatly reduce computational costs, shorten the development cycle, and improve computational accuracy.
  • 1.0K
  • 13 Sep 2023
Biography
Armando J. Parodi
Armando J. Parodi (born March 16, 1942) is an Argentinean glycobiologist. He did his initial education at the School of Sciences of the University of Buenos Aires. His PhD work was done under Luis Federico Leloir, a recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work involving the finding of sugar nucleotides and how they play a role in the making of oligosaccharides and polysaccharides. He a
  • 1.0K
  • 08 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Fabrication of Composite Materials by Using Additive Manufacturing
Composite materials have significantly influenced various industries due to their exceptional reliability and effectiveness. As technology advances, new types of composite reinforcements, such as novel chemical-based and bio-based, and new fabrication techniques are utilized to develop high-performance composite materials. AM, a widely popular concept poised to shape the development of Industry 4.0, is also being utilized in the production of composite materials. Comparing AM-based manufacturing processes to traditional methods reveals significant variations in the performance of the resulting composites. 
  • 1.0K
  • 25 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Long-Range Entangled Topological Materials
Quantum matter (novel phases of matter at zero temperature with exotic properties) is a growing field with applications in its own domain, and in providing foundational support to quantum sciences fields more generally. The ability to characterize and manipulate matter at the smallest scales continues to advance in fundamental ways.
  • 1.0K
  • 29 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Tube High-Pressure Shearing
Tube high-pressure shearing (t-HPS) is a deformation processing, in which a tubular sample is subjected to azimuthal shearing under a hydrostatic pressure. The shear plane is in parallel to the cylindrical surface of the tube, and the shear direction is in the azimuthal direction. 
  • 1.0K
  • 25 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Chiral Monolithic Silica-Based HPLC Columns
Ultrahigh pressure HPLC is based on the use of small sub-2-µm non-porous particle packed columns that can provide large surface area than the classical particle packed stationary phase for more efficient separation thus allowing the use of shorter columns with equivalent resolution to save the analysis time. The accompanied high back pressure of the small particle packed columns is overcoming by running the column in an ultrahigh pressure HPLC instrument that can resist high back pressure of up to 15,000 psi or 10,000 psi for longer column lifetimes. This has been achieved by the introduction of UHPLC system to run the chromatographic process with the sub-2-µm particle packed columns. 
  • 1.0K
  • 31 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Evolution of the Perovskite Solar Cell
Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have seen a rapid increase in power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) over just a few years and are already competing against other photovoltaic (PV) technologies. The PCE of hybrid PSCs exhibiting distinct properties has increased from 3.8% in 2009 to ≈30% in 2023, making it a strong contender for the next generation of PV devices. 
  • 1.0K
  • 19 May 2023
Topic Review
Conventional and Green Extraction Techniques of Sour Cherry
Prunus cerasus, commonly known as sour cherry, is a fruit widely consumed during the summer season. Processing of sour cherries results in the generation of substantial amounts of by-products. Following the extraction of juice, the residual pomace (comprising of skin and flesh) and pits remain as by-products. 
  • 1.0K
  • 08 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Patterned Photoalignment
Photoalignment of liquid crystals by using azo dye molecules is a commonly proposed alternative to traditional rubbing alignment methods. Photoalignment mechanism can be well described in terms of rotational diffusion of azo dye molecules exposed by ultraviolet polarized light.
  • 995
  • 17 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Scorpion Sting
A scorpion sting is an injury caused by the stinger of a scorpion resulting in the medical condition known as scorpionism, which may vary in severity. The anatomical part of the scorpion that delivers the sting is called a "telson". In typical cases, scorpion stings usually result in pain, paresthesia, and variable swelling. In serious cases, scorpion stings may involve the envenomation of humans by toxic scorpions, which may result in extreme pain, serious illness, or even death depending on the toxicity of the venom. Most scorpion stings range in severity from minor swelling to medically significant lesions, with only a few able to cause severe allergic, neurotic or necrotic reactions. However, scorpion stings account for approximately 3,000 deaths a year worldwide. The Brazilian yellow scorpion (Tityus serrulatus) is one species known for being especially dangerous, being responsible for most scorpion sting fatalities in South America. Scorpion stings are seen all over the world but are predominantly seen in the tropical and subtropical areas. In the Western hemisphere, these areas include Mexico, northern South America and southeast Brazil . In the Eastern hemisphere, these regions include Sub-Saharan Africa, the Middle East, and the Indian subcontinent.
  • 991
  • 31 Oct 2022
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