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Topic Review
Bud derivatives for human health
The use of herbal food supplements, as a concentrate form of vegetable extracts, increased so much over the past years to count them among the relevant sources of dietetic polyphenols. Bud-derivatives are a category of botanicals perceived as a “new entry” in this sector since they are still poorly studied. Due to the lack of a manufacturing process specification, very different products can be found on the market in terms of their polyphenolic profile depending on the experimental conditions of manufacturing. In this research two different manufacturing processes, using two different protocols, and eight species (Carpinus betulus L., Cornus mas L., Ficus carica L., Fraxinus excelsior L., Larix decidua Mill., Pinus montana Mill., Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl., Tilia tomentosa Moench), commonly used to produce bud-derivatives, have been considered as a case study. An untargeted spectroscopic fingerprint of the extracts, coupled to chemometrics, provide to be a useful tool to identify these botanicals. The targeted phytochemical fingerprint by HPLC provided a screening of the main bud-derivatives polyphenolic classes highlighting a high variability depending on both method and protocol used. Nevertheless, ultrasonic extraction proved to be less sensitive to the different extraction protocols than conventional maceration regarding the extract polyphenolic profile.
  • 1.6K
  • 26 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Vegetative Desiccation Tolerance in Pteridophytes
Pteridophytes (lycophytes and ferns) is a highly diverse group of plant species that occupy a wide range of habitats including ecosystems with extreme climatic conditions. There is a significant number of pteridophytes that can tolerate desiccation by temporarily arresting their metabolism in the dry state and reactivating it upon rehydration. In agreement with their phylogenetic position, vegetative desiccation tolerance in pteridophytes has previously been proposed as an intermediate mechanism between the constitutive mechanisms exhibited by bryophytes and the inducible response of desiccation-tolerant angiosperms. Protection mechanisms in pteridophytes include accumulation of sugars (mainly sucrose), increase in the levels of enzymatic (for example, SOD, CAT, POD, GR) and non-enzymatic antioxidants, induction of proteins with a protective role (like LEA, ELIPs), among others.
  • 1.6K
  • 12 May 2022
Topic Review
Cardoon
Cardoon, Cynara cardunculus L., is a perennial plant belonging to the family Asteraceae, which is native to the Mediterranean area. Cardoon, also known as artichoke thistle, is a complex species comprising three botanical varieties: the globe artichoke (var. scolymus (L.) Fiori), the cultivated cardoon (var. altilis DC.), and the wild cardoon (var. sylvestris (Lamk) Fiori). Cardoon is commonly used in the preparation of salads and soup dishes, production of energy and its flowers are used as vegetal rennet in cheese making. Cardoon leaves and stems, main by-products, are rich in bioactive compounds with important health benefits.
  • 1.6K
  • 08 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Plant Phenolics as Ligands for Metal(loid)s
Plant adaptive strategies have been shaped during evolutionary development in the constant interaction with a plethora of environmental factors, including the presence of metals/metalloids in the environment. Among adaptive reactions against either the excess of trace elements or toxic doses of non-essential elements, their complexation with molecular endogenous ligands, including phenolics, has received increasing attention.
  • 1.6K
  • 03 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Plant Biosensors
This entry provides an overview of the available biosensors for following plant immune response, reported uses of more than one biosensor in the same chassis, biosensors applied to crops, and challenges of their use in plants.
  • 1.6K
  • 29 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Sambucus ebulus L. Fruit Extract
Sambucus ebulus L. (SE), also known as dwarf elder or dwarf elderberry, is a widely used as wound-healing, anti-nociceptive, anti-rheumatoid, anti-influenza, antibacterial and diuretic medicinal plant in Bulgaria, Turkey, Iran, Lebanon, Romania and Bosnia–Herzegovina.
  • 1.6K
  • 18 Nov 2021
Topic Review
CNSL as a Source of Alzheimer's Drug Leads
Cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL), a natural oil and a byproduct of cashew nut food processing, with a high content of phenolic lipids. The rational modification of their structures has emerged as a successful medicinal chemistry approach to the development of novel anti-AD lead candidates. The biological profile of the newly developed CNSL derivatives towards validated AD targets will be discussed together with the role of these molecular targets in the context of AD pathogenesis.
  • 1.6K
  • 26 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Seed Banking Effectiveness
Understanding seed viability under long-term storage conditions provides basic and useful information to investigate the effectiveness of seed banking. Besides the germination success, seedling establishment is also an important requirement, and a decisive step to ensure plant propagation. We used comparative data of germination, seedling growth, and survival percentage between fresh and 10-years-stored seeds of Senecio morisii, a narrow endemic and vulnerable species of Sardinia (Italy), in order to evaluate if differences exist in these traits. Stored seeds showed higher germination percentages than fresh ones, whereas seedling growth and survival did not present significant differences between them, except for seedling growth in plants produced from seeds germinated at 25 °C. This study allowed us to assess if seeds of S. morisii were able to germinate under controlled conditions, and if they maintained their viability and germination capacity for at least 10 years of long-term storage in the seed bank. In addition, the high seedling survival detected in both fresh and stored seeds suggests that stored seeds of S. morisii can be used to support reinforcement or reintroduction actions when fresh materials are not available.
  • 1.6K
  • 30 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Drought Stress Tolerance in Plants
Drought stress (DS) negatively affects plant morphological, physiological, and biochemical processes, which decrease photosynthesis, impair cell elongation and division, and reduce cell turgor pressure. Drought stress also inhibits nutrient uptake and affects gene expression, yield, and quality of crop plants. Metabolites play an essential role in plant growth and development.
  • 1.6K
  • 24 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Structural Protein Genes of the Maize Flavonoid Pathway
Maize is one of the most important crops for human and animal consumption and contains a chemical arsenal essential for survival: flavonoids. Moreover, flavonoids are well known for their beneficial effects on human health. A total of twenty-one genes for the flavonoid pathway of maize was described. The first three genes participate in the general phenylpropanoid pathway. Four genes are common biosynthetic early genes for flavonoids, and fourteen are specific genes for the flavonoid subgroups, the anthocyanins, and flavone C-glycosides.
  • 1.6K
  • 29 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Tritordeum
Hexaploid tritordeum is the amphiploid derived from the cross between the wild barley Hordeum chilense and durum wheat. 
  • 1.6K
  • 04 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Plant Secondary Metabolites as Biopesticides
Plant extracts and pure plant-derived substances with promising biological activity and the potential to be used as biopesticides for stored products. The main aim of biopesticides is to be effective against target pests, without harming humans and the environment. 
  • 1.6K
  • 08 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Pulse Root Ideotype
Pulses root ideotype is a conceptual root system architecture for pulse plants. This ideotype is derived from root traits that have been documented to be beneficial under soil and climate constraints, in particular, the temperate dryland cropping systems. 
  • 1.6K
  • 19 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Salicylic Acid Combats Abiotic Stresses in Plants
Salicylic acid (SA) is a plant hormone that has been implicated in processes not limited to plant growth, development, and responses to environmental stress. the various roles and functions of SA in mitigating abiotic stresses to plants, including heating, chilling, salinity, metal toxicity, drought, ultraviolet radiation, etc were summarized. Consistent with its critical roles in plant abiotic tolerance, the gaps in the literature with regard to the complex signalling network between SA and reactive oxygen species, ABA, Ca2+, and nitric oxide were identified. Furthermore, the molecular mechanisms underlying signalling networks that control development and stress responses in plants, and underscore prospects for future research on SA concerning abiotic-stressed plants were also discussed.
  • 1.6K
  • 30 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Microbial Biostimulants
A microbial plant biostimulant, according to the Reg.UE 2019/1009, consists of a microorganism or a consortium of microorganisms able to stimulate plant nutrition processes independently of the product’s nutrient content with the sole aim of improving one or more of the following characteristics of the plant or the plant rhizosphere: (a) nutrient use efficiency; (b) tolerance to abiotic stress; (c) quality traits; (d) availability of confined nutrients in soil or rhizosphere. The allowed microorganisms are listed in the CMC-7 (Component Material Categories, number 7), which includes four different genera: Azotobacter spp., Mycorrhizal fungi, Rhizobium spp., and Azospirillum spp.
  • 1.5K
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Environmental Stress-Induced Anthocyanin Accumulation in Plants
Plants have evolved complicated defense and adaptive systems to grow in various abiotic stress environments such as drought, cold, and salinity. Anthocyanins belong to the secondary metabolites of flavonoids with strong antioxidant activity in response to various abiotic stress and enhance stress tolerance. Anthocyanin accumulation often accompanies the resistance to abiotic stress in plants to scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS). 
  • 1.5K
  • 18 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Arabidopsis RETICULON-LIKE4 (RTNLB4)
Agrobacterium tumefaciens genetically transforms plant cells by transferring the transfer-DNA (T-DNA) and virulence (Vir) proteins from bacteria via a VirB-encoded type IV secretion system into plants. The effectors manipulate plant proteins to assist in T-DNA transfer, integration, and expression in plant cells. The Arabidopsis reticulon-like (RTNLB) proteins are located in the endoplasmic reticulum and are involved in endomembrane trafficking in plant cells. We functionally characterized reticulon-like protein B4 (RTNLB4), which interacted with the A. tumefaciens VirB2 protein, a major component of A. tumefaciens T-pilus. Overexpression or knockdown of RTNLB4 affected the expression of A. tumefaciens elf18 peptide-induced plant defense-related genes and could affect Agrobacterium-mediated transformation rates. Pre-treatment with elf18 peptide decreased Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression efficiency more in wild-type seedlings than RTNLB4 O/E transgenic plants, which suggests that the induced defense responses in RTNLB4 O/E transgenic plants might be affected after bacterial elicitor treatments. We also showed that two VirB2 peptides induced the expression of defense-related genes and H2O2 production and inhibited seedling growth. These typical pathogen-associated molecular pattern-trigged immune responses were less induced in RTNLB4 overexpression transgenic plants. Our findings provide strong evidence that RTNLB4 has major roles in the A. tumefaciens elf18 and VirB2 peptide-derived plant defense responses. We believe this study advances our understanding of possible functions of the RTNLB4 protein in the A. tumefaciens infection process and plant immunity.
  • 1.5K
  • 01 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Strigolactone Biosynthesis, and Signaling Pathways
Strigolactones (SLs) are carotenoid derivatives that occur naturally in plants and are defined as novel phytohormones that regulate plant metabolism, growth, and development. Strigolactone assists plants in the acquisition of defensive characteristics against drought stress by initiating physiological responses and mediating the interaction with soil microorganisms. 
  • 1.5K
  • 27 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Cytokinins in Plant
Cytokinins (CKs) are key phytohormones that not only regulate plant growth and development but also mediate plant tolerance to drought stress. Recent advances in genome-wide association studies coupled with in planta characterization have opened new avenues to investigate the drought-responsive expression of CK metabolic and signaling genes, as well as their functions in plant adaptation to drought. Under water deficit, CK signaling has evolved as an inter-cellular communication network which is essential to crosstalk with other types of phytohormones and their regulating pathways in mediating plant stress response. In this review, we revise the current understanding of CK involvement in drought stress tolerance. Particularly, a genetic framework for CK signaling and CK crosstalk with abscisic acid (ABA) in the precise monitoring of drought responses is proposed. In addition, the potential of endogenous CK alteration in crops towards developing drought-tolerant crops is also discussed.
  • 1.5K
  • 28 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Increasing Disease-Resistance in Cereals
Nowadays, biotechnology represents our best resource both for protecting crop yield and for a science-based increased sustainability in agriculture. Over the last decades, agricultural biotechnologies have made important progress based on the diffusion of new, fast and efficient technologies, offering a broad spectrum of options for understanding plant molecular mechanisms and breeding. This knowledge is accelerating the identification of key resistance traits to be rapidly and efficiently transferred and applied in crop breeding programs.
  • 1.5K
  • 30 Jul 2021
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