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Topic Review
Biodegradable Materials for Tissue Engineering
The growing importance of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering (TE) reflects the fact that bone metabolic and related diseases represent approximately 50% of all chronic diseases for people above the age of fifty. In addition, mechanical damage of bone often occurs because of an accident, required surgery and so forth. Bone defects or bone injuries caused by aging, traffic accidents, fractures, or bone tumor resection are among the serious problems in orthopedics because they cause major damage to health and lower the quality of life.
  • 562
  • 09 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Emerging Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Diagnostics
COPD is a progressive lung disease described as accelerated lung aging. The aging, in addition to environmental exposures, increase inflammatory–oxidative stress and cellular senescence, resulting in irreversible lung disease progression from mild to severe emphysema.
  • 558
  • 10 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Physical and Chemical Modification for Hemodialysis Membranes
Despite significant research efforts, hemodialysis patients have poor survival rates and low quality of life. Ultrafiltration (UF) membranes are the core of hemodialysis treatment, acting as a barrier for metabolic waste removal and supplying vital nutrients. So, developing a durable and suitable membrane that may be employed for therapeutic purposes is crucial. Surface modificationis a useful solution to boostmembrane characteristics like roughness, charge neutrality, wettability, hemocompatibility, and functionality, which are important in dialysis efficiency. The modification techniques can be classified as follows: (i) physical modification techniques (thermal treatment, polishing and grinding, blending, and coating), (ii) chemical modification (chemical methods, ozone treatment, ultraviolet-induced grafting, plasma treatment, high energy radiation, and enzymatic treatment); and (iii) combination methods (physicochemical). Despite the fact that each strategy has its own set of benefits and drawbacks, all of these methods yielded noteworthy outcomes, even if quantifying the enhanced performance is difficult. A hemodialysis membrane with outstanding hydrophilicity and hemocompatibility can be achieved by employing the right surface modification and immobilization technique. Modified membranes pave the way for more advancement in hemodialysis membrane hemocompatibility.
  • 555
  • 09 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Coronaviruses Specification Based on Biosensor Techniques
Life was once normal before the first announcement of COVID-19’s first case in Wuhan, China, and what was slowly spreading became an overnight worldwide pandemic. Ever since the virus spread at the end of 2019, it has been morphing and rapidly adapting to human nature changes which cause difficult conundrums in the efforts of fighting it. 
  • 554
  • 12 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Ethanol Intoxication Sensing Technologies and Techniques
Ranging from casual drinking or as a part of celebration to more extreme binge drinking or alcohol dependence/alcoholism, often referred to as alcohol use disorder (AUD), alcohol consumption has also been associated with the development of several types of cancer. The field of alcohol intoxication sensing is over 100 years old, spanning the fields of medicine, chemistry, and computer science, aiming to produce the most effective and accurate methods of quantifying intoxication levels. 
  • 554
  • 14 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Genetic Wastewater-Based Epidemiology
Wastewater-based epidemiology describes the idea of early detection of a virus, e.g., SARS-CoV-2, in wastewater in order to focus on the area of virus occurrence and supplement the results obtained from clinical examination. By monitoring temporal variation in viral loads in wastewater in combination with other analysis, a virus outbreak can be detected and its spread can be suppressed early. The use of biosensors for virus detection also seems to be an interesting application. Biosensors are highly sensitive, selective, and portable and offer a way for fast analysis.
  • 551
  • 15 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Bioprinting Scaffolds for Vascular Tissues
Human organ function and physiology depend on a functional vascular system to facilitate oxygen and nutrient supply, as well as the removal of metabolic products. Ischemia is temporary reduction of blood supply that can cause physiological imbalance due to a lack of oxygen (hypoxia), nutrients, and a failure to eliminate metabolic waste products. Prolonged ischemia is associate with tissue damage and potentially necrosis. In this context, avoiding ischemia time remains critical to preventing hypoxic injury and potential damages to transplant tissues and organs. Despite substantial progress in creating three-dimensional (3D) blood vessels, fabricating a functional vascular multiscale system has remained a challenge . Many techniques have been developed to fabricate vascular networks that can mimic the complexity, the unique structures, and the functionality of human blood vessels.  Among these advancements, 3D bioprinting has become an essential tool for the fabrication of vascularized bioconstructs due to improved control over vascular growth, reproducibility, and scalability of the fabrication process.
  • 551
  • 10 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Biomimetic Olfactory and Gustatory Biosensors
The biomimetic olfactory and gustatory biosensing devices have broad applications in many fields, such as industry, security, and biomedicine. The development of these biosensors was inspired by the organization of biological olfactory and gustatory systems.
  • 549
  • 14 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Fundamentals of Gut-on-a-Chip Models
Recent progress in microfluidic technology has made it possible to mimic characteristics and responses of the human gut as seen in vivo. In the past decade, researchers have enhanced organ-on-a-chip technology (GOC) models by incorporating sensors and biometers to control parameters that mimic the human gut. Most in vitro GOC models depend upon 2D cell culture models, whereby the intestinal epithelial cell lines (i.e., human colon adenocarcinoma (Caco-2) or human colorectal adenocarcinoma cell line with epithelial morphology (HT-29 cells)) are grown on extracellular matrix (ECM)-coated porous membranes inside Transwell systems or 2D monoculture plates. These models are often used to study the barrier functions and drug absorption; hence they are primarily applied in the pharmaceutical industry. 2D Transwell culture systems are simple and can be used for short-term observations; however, they fail to recapitulate the 3D structures and interactions of the native tissue such as microstructures (i.e., microvilli), mucus production, peristaltic motion, drug metabolism, etc. Another challenge with conventional models is due to the static nature the integration of commensal microbiomes, such as bacteria (i.e., E. coli) due to overgrowth and contamination of the system. To appropriately study the human gut’s physiology, pharmacology or pathology, the system used must recreate the 3D structures and microenvironment of the human gut. This can be achieved by using microfluidic platforms and incorporating live cells, thereby creating a 3D model with dynamic cell culture, and overcoming challenges such as microbial overgrowth. The most common GOC model structure has two channels (upper and lower layer), separated by a porous semipermeable membrane, which depicts the separation between the intestinal lumen and the vasculature. Furthermore, one of the two microchannels represents the lumen of the human gut. This channel aligns with the gut epithelial cells (i.e., IECs). The other channel represents the blood vessels and therefore aligns with vascular endothelial cells. The role of the semipermeable membrane is to facilitate the transport of soluble molecules and nutrients between the gut and the blood vessels.
  • 547
  • 13 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Augmented Reality for Surgical Robotic and Autonomous Systems
Novel surgical robots are the most sought-after approach in performing repetitive tasks in an accurate manner. Imaging technology has significantly changed the world of robotic surgery, especially when it comes to biopsies, the examination of complex vasculature for catheterization, and the visual estimation of target points for port placement. There is a great need for the image analysis of CT scans and X-rays for the identification of the correct position of an anatomical landmark such as a tumor or polyp. This information is at the core of most augmented reality systems, where development starts with the reconstruction and localization of targets. Hence, the primary role of augmented reality (AR) applications in surgery would be to visualize and guide a user towards a desired robot configuration with the help of intelligent computer vision algorithms.
  • 547
  • 11 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Biosensors for Detecting Tumor Markers in Breast Cancer
Breast cancer has the highest cancer incidence rate in women. Tumor markers are a kind of active substance that can indicate the existence and growth of the tumor. The detection of tumor markers can effectively assist the diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer. The conventional detection methods of tumor markers have some shortcomings, such as insufficient sensitivity, expensive equipment, and complicated operations. Compared with these methods, biosensors have the advantages of high sensitivity, simple operation, low equipment cost, and can quantitatively detect all kinds of tumor markers. 
  • 544
  • 08 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Electrospinning for Neural Applications
Electrospinning is a fabrication technique used to produce nano- or micro- diameter fibers to generate biocompatible, biodegradable scaffolds for tissue engineering applications. Electrospun fiber scaffolds are advantageous for neural regeneration because they mimic the structure of the nervous system extracellular matrix and provide contact guidance for regenerating axons. Glia are non-neuronal regulatory cells that maintain homeostasis in the healthy nervous system and regulate regeneration in the injured nervous system. Electrospun fiber scaffolds offer a wide range of characteristics, such as fiber alignment, diameter, surface nanotopography, and surface chemistry that can be engineered to achieve a desired glial cell response to injury. Further, electrospun fibers can be loaded with drugs, nucleic acids, or proteins to provide local, sustained release of such therapeutics to alter glial cell phenotype to better support regeneration.
  • 538
  • 19 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Immunosensors for Detecting Cortisol in Biological Samples
Cortisol is a steroid hormone that is involved in a broad range of physiological processes in human/animal organisms. Cortisol levels in biological samples is a valuable biomarker -e.g., of stress and stress-related diseases; thus, cortisol determination in biological fluids, such as serum, saliva, and urine, is of great clinical value. Although cortisol analysis can be performed with chromatography-based analytical techniques, such as liquid chromatography – tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), conventional immunoassays (radioimmunoassays (RIAs), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), etc.) are considered the “gold standard” analytical methodology for cortisol, due to their high sensitivity along with a series of practical advantages, such as low-cost instrumentation, fast and easy to perform assay-protocol, and high sample throughput. Research efforts have pointed at the replacement of conventional immunoassays by cortisol immunosensors, which may offer further improvements in the field, such as real-time analysis at the point-of-care (e.g., continuous cortisol monitoring in sweat through wearable electrochemical sensors).
  • 538
  • 10 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Stimuli-Responsive Hydrogels in Drug Delivery
Stimuli-responsive hydrogels, also known as smart hydrogels, exhibit responsiveness to diverse external stimuli. These gels can undergo reversible or irreversible changes in physical or chemical properties upon exposure to stimuli, enabling a highly controllable drug release pattern. This capability contributes to achieving precise drug administration and enhancing treatment effectiveness and safety.
  • 537
  • 24 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Smartphone-Based Aptasensor
Aptamers are a particular class of functional recognition ligands with high specificity and affinity to their targets. As the candidate recognition layer of biosensors, aptamers can be used to sense biomolecules. Aptasensors, aptamer-based biosensors, have been demonstrated to be specific, sensitive, and cost-effective. Furthermore, smartphone-based devices have shown their advantages in binding to aptasensors for point-of-care testing (POCT), which offers an immediate or spontaneous responding time for biological testing.
  • 534
  • 14 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Key Inorganic Components of Bone Matrix Nanohydroxyapatite
Each cell type has a specific binding motif on the extracellular matrix, and these interaction spots are nanometers in size; therefore, the physical properties of a surface such as roughness and topography are generally designed in nanoscales. In vitro, osteoblast adhesion, proliferation and differentiation, and mineralization are enhanced for nanomaterials with grain sizes less than 100 nm. The adherence of osteoblasts on the surface covered with titanium nanoparticles is threefold that on the conventional titanium-particle-coated surface. It becomes clear that anchorage-dependent bone-forming cells on rough scaffold surfaces show higher attachment, proliferation, and differentiation efficiency.
  • 534
  • 23 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Gene-Editing Technology of Zebrafish
As a vertebrate model, zebrafish (Danio rerio) plays a vital role in the field of life sciences. Recently, gene-editing technology has become increasingly innovative, significantly promoting scientific research on zebrafish. However, the implementation of these methods in a reasonable and accurate manner to achieve efficient gene-editing remains challenging.
  • 531
  • 08 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Iron Oxide (Fe2O3) Nanocomposites in Advanced Biomedical Applications
Nanomaterials have demonstrated a wide range of applications and recently, novel biomedical studies are devoted to improving the functionality and effectivity of traditional and unmodified systems, either drug carriers and common scaffolds for tissue engineering or advanced hydrogels for wound healing purposes.  Due to the high thermal stability and mechanical strength of Fe2O3, they have been combined with several polymers and employed for various nano-treatments for specific human diseases.
  • 531
  • 10 Nov 2022
Topic Review
SERS for the Detection of Foodborne Pathogenic Bacteria
Detection of foodborne pathogens at an early stage is very important to control food quality and improve medical response. Rapid detection of foodborne pathogens with high sensitivity and specificity is becoming an urgent requirement in health safety, medical diagnostics, environmental safety, and controlling food quality. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is a real-time detection method that depends on the inelastic scattering of excitation light and molecular resonance, and has been applied to different applications for detecting and classifying various pathogens.
  • 530
  • 15 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Lung Cancer: Genotype Prediction in Computer-Aided Decision Systems
Genotype studies are the fundamental keys in the development of personalized medicine in lung cancer and they enable the progress of targeted therapies. Furthermore, gene analysis allows to identify biomarkers that can be used for early cancer detection, predict the prognosis and the response to the treatment plans, and monitor disease progression.
  • 528
  • 27 Apr 2022
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