1000/1000
Hot
Most Recent
Ranging from casual drinking or as a part of celebration to more extreme binge drinking or alcohol dependence/alcoholism, often referred to as alcohol use disorder (AUD), alcohol consumption has also been associated with the development of several types of cancer. The field of alcohol intoxication sensing is over 100 years old, spanning the fields of medicine, chemistry, and computer science, aiming to produce the most effective and accurate methods of quantifying intoxication levels.
No. |
Device/Technique |
Parameter |
Type |
Form Factor |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 |
Nicloux Flask |
Chemical reaction |
Bodily fluid testing |
Flask/blood extraction |
2 |
Widmark Flask |
Chemical reaction |
Bodily fluid testing |
Flask/blood extraction |
3 |
EBAC Equation |
Estimation based on physiological factors |
Early estimation method |
Equation |
4 |
Photovoltaic Assay |
Color change based on oxidation level |
Breath alcohol |
Portable device |
5 |
Intoxilyzer |
Near-infrared spectroscopy |
Breath alcohol |
Benchtop device |
6 |
Fuel-Cell Analyzer |
Current generated by ethanol oxidation |
Breath alcohol |
Portable device |
7 |
Semiconductor Breath Analyzer |
Strip color change |
Breath alcohol |
Portable device |
8 |
Ignition Interlock Breath Analyzer |
Alcohol oxidation reaction—fuel cell |
Breath alcohol |
Portable device |
9 |
Gas Chromatography |
Evaporation and separation of components |
Bodily fluid testing |
Benchtop device |
10 |
Headspace Gas Chromatography |
Evaporation and separation of components |
Bodily fluid testing |
Benchtop device |
11 |
Enzymatic Blood Testing |
Strip color change |
Modern estimation method |
Strip test |
12 |
EtG Test |
Strip color change |
Modern estimation method |
Strip test |
13 |
PPG Datum Line |
Changes in PPG signal—systolic and diastolic |
Physiological factor analysis |
PPG analysis/modern estimation method |
14 |
Face Heat-Map Distribution |
IR image analysis of the forehead and nose |
Physiological factor analysis |
IR in-vehicle cameras |
15 |
Volvo SPA2 Platform |
Head position |
Physiological factor analysis |
In-vehicle cameras |
16 |
Bioimpedance Spectroscopy |
Impedance across the body, legs, and arms |
Transdermal sensor |
Experimental device/benchtop |
17 |
SCRAM CAM |
Alcohol in sweat |
Transdermal sensor |
Wristband |
18 |
GinerWrist TAS |
Alcohol in sweat |
Transdermal sensor |
Wristband |
19 |
BACtrack Skyn |
Alcohol in sweat |
Transdermal sensor |
Wristband |
20 |
Proof |
Alcohol in sweat |
Transdermal sensor |
Wristband |
21 |
Quantic Tally |
Alcohol in sweat |
Transdermal sensor |
Wristband |
22 |
Iontophoretic Biosensing System |
Stimulated emittance of ethanol from the skin |
Transdermal sensor |
Tattoo sticker |
23 |
Enzymatic Biosensors |
Enzymatic redox reaction |
Transdermal sensors |
Transdermal sensors |
24 |
Biosniffer |
Inert gas and fluorescence |
Transdermal sensors |
Benchtop device |
25 |
EtG Sensor |
By-product of ethanol metabolism |
Transdermal sensor |
Wristband |
26 |
ISF Sensor |
Extraction of ISF |
Transdermal sensor |
Wristband |
27 |
ISF Microneedle Sensor |
Sensing of ethanol in the ISF |
Transdermal sensors |
Skin-attachable patch |
28 |
TTT1100 |
Spectroscopic measurement of tissue |
Optical tissue spectroscopy |
Benchtop |
29 |
TTT2500 |
Spectroscopic measurement of tissue |
Optical tissue spectroscopy |
Benchtop |
30 |
NIR Dynamic Spectrum |
Spectroscopic measurement of tissue/physiological parameter |
Optical tissue spectroscopy |
Algorithm |
31 |
Autoliv |
Spectroscopic measurement of exhaled air |
Optical breath spectroscopy |
In-vehicle module |
32 |
WD-DPTR |
Spectroscopic measurement of tissue |
Optical tissue spectroscopy |
Benchtop device |
33 |
Pulse Alcometry |
Absorption of light at specific wavelengths and pulse variation |
Optical tissue spectroscopy |
PPG adaptation |
34 |
THC and Alcohol Saliva Sensor |
Saliva content reaction with electrodes |
Bodily fluid testing |
Ring |
35 |
Breast-Milk Sensing |
Strip color change |
Bodily fluid testing |
Strip test |
36 |
Rockley Photonics VitaSpex Pro |
Spectroscopic measurement of tissue |
Optical tissue spectroscopy |
Wristband |
37 |
Hair Analysis |
Detection of EtG and EtPA |
Modern estimation method |
Laboratory test |
38 |
Nail Analysis |
Detection of EtG and EtPA |
Modern estimation method |
Laboratory test |
Author |
Device/Technique |
Year |
Performance Summary |
Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Widmark E.M.P. |
Widmark flask |
1918 |
First direct measure of ethanol blood concentrations |
Early BrAC methods |
Widmark E.M.P. et al. |
EBAC equation |
1924 |
Largely inaccurate by modern standards, error in the ranges of ±20% from true value |
Widmark Flask and early BrAC methods |
Brokenstein R.F. et al. |
Breathalyzer (photovoltaic assay) |
1961 |
Revolutionary device in the field of portable testing devices for intoxication, susceptible to environmental error and variance in lung volume across the population |
Analysis of blood and bodily fluids |
Mishra et al. |
THC and ethanol saliva sensing ring |
2020 |
Detection range: 0.1 to 1 mM (0.1 mM increments RSD of 1.5% (n = 5) Stable multianalyte sensing (THC) |
Commercial BrAC device |
Chen et al. |
PPG datum line analysis |
2018 |
85% identification rate 18 ms processing and identification time |
Commercial BrAC device |
Wang et al. |
ECG and PPG analysis |
2017 |
95% identification rate Only identifies if a subject is above 0.15 mg/dL |
Commercial BrAC device |
Rachakonda et al. |
Multisensory steering wheel |
2020 |
Detection between sober and intoxicated at 0.08 mg/dL Accuracy of 93% |
No reference stated |
Kubieck et al. |
IR facial imaging |
2019 |
No specific correlation number states Results indicate a very strong correlation between alcohol consumption and facial temperature distribution in all cases |
No reference stated |
Chaplik et al. |
Bioimpedance spectroscopy |
2019 |
Noticeable changes between intoxication and reference group Weak correlation with absolute impedance (r = 0.47) Sensitivity 92% Specificity 76% |
Commercial BrAC device Blood-sample analysis (method unknown) |
Wen-fei et al. |
NIR dynamic spectrum |
2011 |
Calibration set: R = 0.9672 Prediction set: R = 0.9384 Relative error between 0.6 and 9%, average error 3.26% |
Hospital biochemical analysis |
Yamakoshi et al. |
Integrated sphere finger-PPG |
2015 |
Lower SNR compared to traditional PPG acquisition method Sensitivity of 0.43 ± 0.29 |
No reference (Pilot Study) |
Kim et al. |
Iontophoretic biosensing system |
2016 |
Correlation recorded = 0.912 High specificity for ethanol Increased accuracy of the system at higher ethanol concentrations |
FDA-approved commercial BrAC device |
X. Guo et al. |
Wavelength-modulated differential photometry |
2018 |
High ethanol resolution: 5–6 mg/dL Lag of 10–15 between ISF and blood ethanol Correlation between 0.96 and 0.98 |
Commercially available BrAC device |
Lansborp et al. |
Wearable enzymatic alcohol biosensor |
2019 |
Linear sensor response between 0 and 0.05 mol/L Results of the sensor closely resemble those predicted by Widmark equation, however fall short during the decay stage, and generally underestimate ethanol readings |
Widmark equation (BrAC device deemed impractical for application) |
Arakawa et al. |
Skin ethanol gas |
2020 |
Strong correlation of 0.995 Range of estimation 73.9–112.1 ppb/cm2 Results demonstrate superiority over an ordinary biosniffer |
No reference for intoxication measure stated |
Results indicate strong correlation for at least 3 distinct levels of ethanol |
||||
Selvam et al. |
EtG biochemical sensor |
2016 |
Ethanol detection in the range of 0.001–100 ug/L Lower sensitivity at 1 ug/L with gold electrodes compared to ZnO (sensitivity of 0.001ug/L) Three distinct levels of EtG identified Correlation of 0.97 |
|
Venugopal et al. |
ISF sensor for remote continuous alcohol monitoring |
2008 |
Generally strong correlation between 0.7203 to 0.866 Correlation between BrAc = 0.879 |
BrAC device and blood testing |
Tehrani et al. |
Microneedle ISF Lactate/Ethanol and Glucose Sensor |
2022 |
Low cross-talk between sensing elements Correlation of 0.94 |
Commercially available BrAC device |
Product |
Stage in Development |
Cost |
Applications |
---|---|---|---|
Intoxilyzer (near-infrared spectroscopy) |
Well established |
High ($3.5k) |
Forensic testing |
Ljungblad et al. (Autoliv) |
Prototypes in testing |
— |
Roadside safety |
Urine alcohol test (strip) |
Available to the general public |
Low ($10–25) |
Workstation monitoring |
Gas chromatography |
Gold standard |
High ($50k) |
Forensic analysis |
Saliva alcohol sensing (strip) |
Available to the general public |
Low ($10–25) |
Workstation monitoring |
Headspace chromatography |
Gold standard |
High ($70k) |
Forensic analysis |
Breast-milk testing kits |
Available to the general public |
Low ($10–25) |
Home and child well-being |
Volvo SPA2 |
In testing |
— |
Roadside safety |
SCRAM CAM |
Generally available |
Medium ($450 monthly) |
High-risk individual monitoring |
TT1100 |
Discontinued |
— |
Workstation monitoring |
TTT2500 |
Commercially available |
High ($300 per week) |
Workstation monitoring |
TT Mark III |
In testing |
— |
Roadside safety |
Rockley PhotonicsVitalSpex |
First prototype release expected in 2023 |
— |
Personal monitoring |