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Topic Review
Legume Protease Inhibitors as Biopesticides
Legumes can produce many different molecules in response to the attack of insects, nematodes, molds, bacteria, and viruses. Protease inhibitors (PIs) are proteins produced by legumes that inhibit proteolytic enzymes of phytopathogens, which cannot feed on the amino acids of the plant. Legume’s strategy to avoid phytopathogens can be used to produce biopesticides and eliminate or decrease the use of agrochemicals in agriculture.
  • 1.9K
  • 06 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Plasma-Activated Water
Plasma-activated water (PAW) is generated by treating water with cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) using controllable parameters such as plasma-forming voltage, carrier gas, temperature, pulses, or frequency as required. PAW is reported to have lower pH, higher conductivity, and higher oxidation-reduction potential when compared with untreated water due to the presence of reactive species. PAW has received significant attention from researchers over the last decade due to its non-thermal and non-toxic mode of action, especially for bacterial inactivation. This review summarizes the properties of PAW, the effect of various treatment parameters on its efficiency in bacterial inactivation along with its usage as a standalone technology as well as a hurdle approach with mild thermal treatments.
  • 1.9K
  • 21 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Bovine Colostrum for Human Consumption
High quality colostrum is a valuable raw material in food products. The quality of colostrum is classified by low bacterial counts and adequate immunoglobulin (Ig) concentrations. Bacterial contamination can contain a variety of high counts of spoilage bacteria or pathogens. The supply of good quality bovine colostrum is required. The microbial safety of bovine colostrum is increased using an appropriate processing, e.g. heat treatment, which does not destroy the high nutritional value of colostrum. The heat treatment is cost-effective compared to other methods and heat treatment can be performed in both small- and large-scale production.
  • 1.9K
  • 22 Mar 2022
Topic Review
African Swine Fever Virus
African swine fever virus (ASFV) is the causative agent of the epidemic of African swine fever (ASF), with virulent strains having a mortality rate of up to 100% and presenting devastating impacts on animal farming. ASFV is the only known arbovirus in the Nucleoplasmic Large DNA Virus (NCLDV) family. It has an icosahedral structure and envelope with a diameter of 200nm. The length of the genome varies between 170 and 190 kbp, encoding 151 to 167 open reading frames (ORF), which are closely spaced along two strands of viral DNA and separated by short intergenic regions.
  • 1.9K
  • 09 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Climate Change on Himalayan Yak (Bos grunniens)
Climate change is a global issue, with a wide range of ecosystems being affected by changing climatic conditions including the Himalaya. Yak are exquisitely adapted to the high-altitude conditions of the Himalaya and are thus highly likely to be affected by climate change. 
  • 1.9K
  • 07 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Advantages of Nanofertilizers over the Traditional Chemical Fertilizers
The microflora of the soil is adversely affected by chemical fertilizers. Excessive use of chemical fertilizers has increased crop yield dramatically at the cost of soil vigor. The pH of the soil is temporarily changed by chemical fertilizers, which kill the beneficial soil microflora and can cause absorption stress on crop plants. This leads to higher dosages during the application, causing groundwater leaching and environmental toxicity. Nanofertilizers (NFs) reduce the quantity of fertilizer needed in agriculture, enhance nutrient uptake efficiency, and decrease fertilizer loss due to runoff and leaching. Moreover, NFs can be used for soil or foliar applications and have shown promising results in a variety of plant species. The main constituents of nanomaterials are micro- and macronutrient precursors and their properties at the nanoscale.
  • 1.9K
  • 21 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Novel Delivery Systems of Polyphenols
Polyphenols encapsulated in liposomes are known to produce more substantial effects on targeted cells than unencapsulated polyphenols, while having minimal cytotoxicity in healthy cells. 
  • 1.9K
  • 29 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Drivers of Palatability for Cats and Dogs
The pet food industry is an important sector of the pet care market that is growing rapidly. Whilst the number of new and innovative products continues to rise, research and development to assess product performance follows traditional palatability methodology. Pet food palatability research focuses on the amount of food consumed through use of one-bowl and two-bowl testing, but little understanding is given to why differences are observed, particularly at a fundamental ingredient level.
  • 1.9K
  • 27 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Current Animal Production Systems from Napier Grass
Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schumach) supports a significant proportion of animal production in subtropical and tropical regions, but its quality is low and when offered alone, results in low ruminant production. Shifting the management of Napier grass towards a higher-quality feed increased milk yield and liveweight gain for small, mature cattle without supplementation. 
  • 1.9K
  • 20 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Barley Grass
Barley grass (Hordeum murinum L. spp. glaucum and Hordeum murinum L. subsp. leporinum) typically invades southern Australian cropland, pastures, and disturbed sites, especially on high-phosphorus and -nitrogen soils and competes successfully against common pasture legumes, such as lucerne, reducing the productive life of these pastures and of subsequent grain crops.
  • 1.9K
  • 28 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Mechanisms of Ferroptosis
Ferroptosis, mainly mediated by iron-dependent lipid peroxidation, is closely linked to multiple physiological and pathological processes in humans and animals, including cancer, arteriosclerosis, ischemia-reperfusion injury, neurodegenerative diseases, and acute renal failure.
  • 1.9K
  • 10 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Quinoa
Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) is native to the Andean region and has attracted a global growing interest due its unique nutritional value. The protein content of quinoa grains is higher than other cereals while it has better distribution of essential amino acids. It can be used as an alternative to milk proteins. Additionally, quinoa contains a high amount of essential fatty acids, minerals, vitamins, dietary fibers, and carbohydrates with beneficial hypoglycemic effects while being gluten-free. Furthermore, the quinoa plant is resistant to cold, salt, and drought, which leaves no doubt as to why it has been called the “golden grain”. On that account, production of quinoa and its products followed an increasing trend that gained attraction in 2013, as it was proclaimed to be the international year of quinoa. In this respect, this review provides an overview of the published results regarding the nutritional and biological properties of quinoa that have been cultivated in different parts of the world during the last two decades.
  • 1.9K
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Food-System and Water–Energy–Biodiversity in Nepal
       We reviewed Nepal's food system through the lens of food–water–energy–biodiversity (FWEB) nexus to develop a more robust food system framework. From this approach, food system foresight can benefit from different nature-based solutions such as agro-ecosystem-based adaptation and mitigation and climate-resilient agro-ecological production systems. We proposed a modified framework of food system foresight for developing resilience in a food system, which can be achieved with an integrated and resilient nexus that gives more emphasis to agro-ecological system-based solutions to make the food system more climate resilient. This framework can be useful in addressing the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) numbers 1, 2, 3, 6, 13, and 15 and can also be used as a tool for food system planning based on a broader nexus.
  • 1.9K
  • 30 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Mango Peel Pectin: Recovery, Functionality and Sustainable Uses
Mango peel is the byproduct of agro-processing and has been used for high value-added components such as polysaccharide biopolymers. Pectin derived from the peel is yet to be exploited to its greatest extent, particularly in terms of its separation and physiochemical properties, which limit its applicability to dietary fiber in culinary applications. The functionality of the mango peel pectin (MPP) strongly depends on the molecular size and degree of esterification which highlight the importance of isolation and characterisation of pectin from this novel resource.
  • 1.9K
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
The Seed Quality Assurance Regulations in Soybean Production
Soybean is an important and valuable crop for global food and feed supply, providing high-quality nutrition. Globally, five countries—namely Brazil, the USA, Argentina, China and India—have dominated soybean production for many years. 
  • 1.9K
  • 10 May 2022
Topic Review
Non-Destructive Insect Infestation Monitoring Systems
In the last two decades, food scientists (engineers) have attempted to develop new technologies that can improve the detection of insect infestation in fruits and vegetables under postharvest conditions using a multitude of non-destructive technologies. While consumers’ expectations for higher nutritive and sensorial value of fresh produce has increased over time, they have also become more critical on using insecticides or synthetic chemicals to preserve food quality from insects’ attacks or enhance the quality attributes of minimally processed fresh produce. In addition, the increasingly stringent quarantine measures by regulatory agencies for commercial import–export of fresh produce needs more reliable technologies for quickly detecting insect infestation in fruits and vegetables before their commercialization. For these reasons, the food industry investigates alternative and non-destructive means to improve food quality. Several studies have been conducted on the development of rapid, accurate, and reliable insect infestation monitoring systems to replace invasive and subjective methods that are often inefficient. There are still major limitations to the effective in-field, as well as postharvest on-line, monitoring applications. The future of non-destructive testing will be enhanced by the current trend in IoT, big data science, and machine learning analysis.
  • 1.9K
  • 18 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Shea Butter Tree for Nutritional Value
Vitellaria paradoxa (C.F.Gaertn.) is a multi-purpose tree species distributed in a narrow band across sub-Saharan Africa. The species is integrated into cropping and agroforestry systems as a nutritional and economic resource, which provides a range of environmental services. Integration of the species into land-use systems provides an essential source of livelihoods and income for local populations. The economic potential of the shea butter tree derives from its edible products, which also serve cosmetic and pharmaceutical applications.
  • 1.9K
  • 20 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Phytogenic Substances for Gut Health
The gut microbiota has been designated as a hidden metabolic ‘organ’ because of its enormous impact on host metabolism, physiology, nutrition, and immune function. The connection between the intestinal microbiota and their respective host animals is dynamic and, in general, mutually beneficial. This complicated interaction is seen as a determinant of health and disease; thus, intestinal dysbiosis is linked with several metabolic diseases. Therefore, tractable strategies targeting the regulation of intestinal microbiota can control several diseases that are closely related to inflammatory and metabolic disorders. As a result, animal health and performance are improved. One of these strategies is related to dietary supplementation with prebiotics, probiotics, and phytogenic substances. These supplements exert their effects indirectly through manipulation of gut microbiota quality and improvement in intestinal epithelial barrier. 
  • 1.9K
  • 16 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Milk Thistle Seed and Hempseed
In accordance with Commission Regulation (EC) No 726/2004, the use of antibiotics as stimulators of animal growth and performance has been banned in all European Union countries since 2006 (due to the elimination of antibiotic residues from the human food chain). Due to this ban, many scientists are studying alternative approaches to the use of various biologically active substances with a growth-promoting e ect. A promising direction is the use of alternative feeds containing bioactive compounds or mixtures of natural origin, or the use of phytoadditives or plant extracts, probiotics, prebiotics, symbiotics or oilseed by-products, such as hempseed cakes and milk thistle seed cakes in animal nutrition.
  • 1.9K
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus)
The platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) is a unique monotreme endemic to eastern Australia and Tasmania. As one of only five extant monotreme species, the platypus presents a rare blend of mammalian, reptilian, and avian features, including egg-laying, electroreception, venom production, and milk secretion without nipples. 
  • 1.8K
  • 05 Jun 2025
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