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Office, E.E. Pangolin. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/58542 (accessed on 11 November 2026).
Office EE. Pangolin. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/58542. Accessed November 11, 2026.
Office, Encyclopedia Editorial. "Pangolin" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/58542 (accessed November 11, 2026).
Office, E.E. (2025, June 24). Pangolin. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/58542
Office, Encyclopedia Editorial. "Pangolin." Encyclopedia. Web. 24 June, 2025.

Pangolin

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Pangolins are scaly, nocturnal mammals of the order Pholidota, characterized by their keratin-covered bodies and specialized myrmecophagous (ant- and termite-eating) diets. Found across Asia and Africa, pangolins are the only mammals wholly covered in protective keratin scales and are unique in their evolutionary lineage. Due to extensive illegal trafficking and habitat loss, they are among the most threatened mammals globally.

Pangolins mammals order Pholidota

References

  1. Gaubert, P., & Antunes, A. (2005). Assessing the taxonomic status of the Palawan pangolin (Manis culionensis). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 85(3), 353–365. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.2005.00509.x
  2. Heath, M. E. (1992). Manis crassicaudata. Mammalian Species, 414, 1–4. https://doi.org/10.2307/3504153.
  3. Murphy, W. J., Eizirik, E., O'Brien, S. J., Madsen, O., Scally, M., Douady, C. J., Teeling, E., Ryder, O. A., Stanhope, M. J., de Jong, W. W., & Springer, M. S. (2001). Resolution of the early placental mammal radiation using Bayesian phylogenetics. Science, 294(5550), 2348–2351. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1067179.
  4. Rose, K. D. (2006). The beginning of the age of mammals. Johns Hopkins University Press.
  5. Kingdon, J. (2015). The Kingdon field guide to African mammals (2nd ed.). Bloomsbury Publishing.
  6. Yang, C.-W., Chen, S., Chang, C.-Y., Lin, M.-F., Block, E., Lorentsen, R., Chin, J. S. C., & Dierenfeld, E. S. (2007). History and dietary husbandry of pangolins in captivity. Zoo Biology, 26(3), 223–231. https://doi.org/10.1002/zoo.20134.
  7. Chin, S. C., Lien, C.-Y., Chan, Y.-T., Chen, C.-L., Yang, Y.-C., & Yeh, L.-S. (2019). Scale structure and biomechanical protection in pangolins. Nature Communications, 10, 4761. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-12606-7.
  8. Willcox, D. H. A., Nash, H. C., Trageser, S., Kim, H. J., Hywood, L., Connelly, E., Ichu, I. G., & Nyumu, J. K. (2019). Evaluating the effectiveness of public awareness campaigns to reduce demand for illegal wildlife products. Conservation Biology, 33(4), 1036–1045. https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.13227.
  9. Nash, H. C., Wong, M. H. G., & Turvey, S. T. (2016). Conservation status, illegal trade, and prospects for pangolins. Biodiversity and Conservation, 25(4), 997–1013. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-016-1093-y.
  10. Lim, N. T.-L., & Ng, P. K. L. (2007). Home range and diet of the Sunda pangolin. Endangered Species Research, 4(1-2), 233–240. https://doi.org/10.3354/esr00063.
  11. Hua, L., Gong, S., Wang, F., Li, W., Ge, Y., Li, X., & Hou, F. (2015). Captive breeding of pangolins: Current status and future prospects. Zoological Research, 36(3), 161–165. http://www.zoores.ac.cn/en/article/id/10.13918/j.issn.2095-8137.2015.3.161.
  12. Heinrich, S., Wittmann, T. A., Ross, J. V., Shepherd, C. R., Challender, D. W. S., & Cassey, P. (2017). The global trafficking of pangolins. Biological Conservation, 210, 85–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2017.04.023.
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