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Topic Review
Draco
Draco, Latin for "the dragon," is a large and distinctive constellation in the northern celestial hemisphere. It is renowned for its winding shape, resembling a serpentine dragon winding around the celestial pole, and is home to several notable deep-sky objects, including the Cat's Eye Nebula and the Draco Dwarf Galaxy.
  • 4.3K
  • 08 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Olive orchards under climate change
The olive tree (Olea europaea L.) is an ancient traditional crop in the Mediterranean Basin. In the Mediterranean region, traditional olive orchards are distinguishable by their prevailing climatic conditions. Olive trees are indeed considered one of the most suitable and best-adapted species to the Mediterranean-type climate. However, new challenges are predicted to arise from climate change, threatening this traditional crop. The Mediterranean Basin is considered a climate change “hotspot,” as future projections hint at considerable warming and drying trends. Changes in olive tree suitability have already been reported over the last few decades. In this context, climate change may become particularly challenging for olive growers.
  • 4.3K
  • 14 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Properties of Seashells
Researchers around the world have conducted extensive experiments with waste seashells in the form of seashell aggregates and seashell powder. The physical, mechanical, and durability properties of seashell concrete are largely determined by the properties of the aggregates and powders that make up the shell.
  • 4.3K
  • 21 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Guava: nutritional profile and opportunities
Guava (Psidium guajava L.), is a fruit considered native to the American tropics. It is of great economic importance in many countries of the world, due to its high production and diversity of products derived from its fruit. It can be consumed fresh or processed.
  • 4.3K
  • 12 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Tudor Rose
The Tudor rose (sometimes called the Union rose) is the traditional floral heraldic emblem of England and takes its name and origins from the House of Tudor, which united the House of Lancaster and the House of York. The Tudor rose consists of five white inner petals, representing the House of York, and five red outer petals to represent the House of Lancaster.
  • 4.3K
  • 16 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Energy-Saving and Sustainable Building Systems
Generally, energy used in a building can be accrued in various ways and a statistical process can be used for studying the building’s overall performance and minimizing the energy requirement of the building. Different statistical models are used to interpret the real-world data in terms of individual theory to develop energy-efficient buildings. Underfloor air distribution, double-glazed windows, use of highly efficient electric motors and variable speed drives may play a great role in reducing building energy consumption. In the UK, the application of double-glazed windows in commercial buildings can save 39–53% energy. The proper maintenance of a building’s central heating system can save up to 11% energy. The automatic HVAC control system can reduce up to 20% of the building’s total heating load. Proper utilization of a VSD system in motor and building performance optimization by an ANOVA tool also proved instrumental in saving energy.
  • 4.3K
  • 10 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Anatomy of the Rumen Affecting the Microbiome
The rumen is a complex organ that is critical for its host to convert low-quality feedstuffs into energy. The conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to volatile fatty acids and other end products is primarily driven by the rumen microbiome and its interaction with the host. Importantly, the rumen is demarcated into five distinct rumen sacs as a result of anatomical structure, resulting in variable physiology among the sacs. 
  • 4.3K
  • 23 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Shafa'ah
Shafa'ah (Arabic: شفاعه, "intercession"; Turkish: şefaat; Urdu: shafaat‎), in Islam is the act of pleading to God by an intimate friend of God (Muslim saint) for forgiveness. Shafa' a close meaning to Tawassul, which is the act of resorting to intimate friends of God to ask forgiveness. The word Shafa'ah is taken from shaf (شَّفْعُ) which means even as opposed to odd. The interceder, therefore, adds his own recommendation to that of petitioner so that the number of pleaders becomes even. Meaning the weak plea of the petitioner become strong by the prestige of the intercessor. Accordingly, Shafa'ah is a form of prayer to request God by the sake of those who are near to Him in order that as a member of the believing community one could hope for the intercession of the intercessors and hence deliverance from eternal damnation though not necessarily from temporary one. Shafa'ah has lately come to be among the most controversial concepts within Islamic thought. This is because some verses of the Quran negate it, if taken into consideration alone, stating that no intercession would be accepted in the day of resurrection. However, some other verses confirm it declaring that only God has the right to intercede in the next life. Finally, a third kind of verses state that some people have the authority to intercede by permission of God. Wahhabies, taking the first two kinds of these verses as true, believe that there is no intercessor but Allah, and say that whoever believes in intercession of anyone other than God is not a Muslim, rather is a polytheist (heretic). Others believe that while intercession should not be a means of emboldening people to committing sins, it should be considered as a ray of hope which lead sinners to the right path after they have wronged themselves. Belief in the intercession of Muhammad developed after his death by both Sunnis and Shiites, however among the Shiite the idea of mediation was extended to include The Twelve Imams and other intimate friends of God too.
  • 4.3K
  • 21 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Synechocystis sp.: A Model Microorganism
Synechocystis sp. is a unicellular, spherical, non-nitrogen-fixing cyanobacterium with 0.7–8 µm in diameter and no or fine and colorless mucilage layer . The cell envelop of Synechocystis sp. contains the outer membrane, a peptidoglycan layer, and cytoplasmic membrane. The thylakoid membranes, derived from the cytoplasmic membrane, cover the peripheral region of the cell . From cyanobacteria to higher plants, thylakoid membranes are the site of photosynthesis converged near the cytoplasmic membrane. Thylakoid centers, fibrous coated cylindrical structures, 40–50 nm in diameter and 50–1000 nm in length, establish and maintain thylakoid membrane organization
  • 4.3K
  • 15 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Polymer-Derived Ceramics
Ceramics derived from organic polymer precursors, which have exceptional mechanical and chemical properties that are stable up to temperatures slightly below 2000 °C, are referred to as polymer-derived ceramics (PDCs).
  • 4.3K
  • 09 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Volcanic Eruptions
Volcanic eruptions are considered major (very large) when the Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) ≥ 5. The nature of the impacts of a VEI ≥ 5 eruption ranges from the destruction of a city, an entire region, climate disturbances as well as to air travel. Even an eruption with VEI < 5 may also have the potential to modify the environment and landscape particularly in proximal and medial facies, as well as surrounding human societies. The variety of environmental destructions due to volcanic eruption differs from primary (e.g., summit collapse, vegetation burning, death), secondary (e.g., atmospheric cooling, global warming), and tertiary (e.g., flood, famine, disease) effects. It is mostly generated by gas emissions, ashes, lava flow, pyroclastic flow, lahar, debris flow, and landslide which results in local and global impacts.
  • 4.3K
  • 14 Apr 2021
Topic Review
LCD Projector
An LCD projector is a type of video projector for displaying video, images or computer data on a screen or other flat surface. It is a modern equivalent of the slide projector or overhead projector. To display images, LCD (liquid-crystal display) projectors typically send light from a metal-halide lamp through a prism or series of dichroic filters that separates light to three polysilicon panels – one each for the red, green and blue components of the video signal. As polarized light passes through the panels (combination of polarizer, LCD panel and analyzer), individual pixels can be opened to allow light to pass or closed to block the light. The combination of open and closed pixels can produce a wide range of colors and shades in the projected image. Metal-halide lamps are used because they output an ideal color temperature and a broad spectrum of color. These lamps also have the ability to produce an extremely large amount of light within a small area; current projectors average about 2,000 to 15,000 American National Standards Institute (ANSI) lumens. Other technologies, such as Digital Light Processing (DLP) and liquid crystal on silicon (LCOS) are also becoming more popular in modestly priced video projection.
  • 4.3K
  • 04 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Plasma electrolytic oxidation
Plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) is a promising method for the surface treatment of metals. The procedure takes place within passivating aqueous electrolytes under alternating current patterns and high process voltages. In so far suitable treatment parameters are chosen, this leads to the formation of protective ceramic coatings which technological properties can be adjusted within wide ranges. The article gives an brief introduction to this topic, concerning a historical overview and a summary of the application fields as well as the layer forming mechanisms and parameter dependencies of this process.
  • 4.3K
  • 21 Jul 2020
Topic Review
Tourism-phobia
The perception of residents of tourist areas affected by intensification of tourism or overtourism, has changed from a positive or neutral vision to overt annoyance or irritation, which has generated a certain debate that has been conveyed in the media, an innovative aspect in the field of tourism. The term tourism phobia is mentioned for the first time in Spain linked to problems related to tourism and tourists. Donaire (Romero et al., 2019) specifically mentions the term tourism-phobia, referring to discontent in the latter stages in the Doxey's model (1975). Huete and Mantecón (2018) and Milano (2017, 2018) have linked tourism-phobia with a certain social opposition and criticism of tourist management. Milano (2018) describes that social criticism within a context of social organizations and residents outlining their disagreement with certain tourist activities. Huete and Mantecón (2018) coincides with Milano by pointing out that what the  media considers to be tourism-phobia is essentially a social critique of certain aspects of tourism. Other authors (Alcalde et al., 2018) highlight that the concept of tourism- phobia has been used in a misguided way, confusing the social discontent due to too many tourists with the rejection of them. Simultaneously and as opposed to the concept of tourism-phobia, the term tourism-philia arises, which refers to the perception of the positive effects of tourism on the local economy and society (Zerva et al., 2019).
  • 4.3K
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Perceived Consumer Effectiveness and Sustainable Credence Food Attributes
While perceived consumer effectiveness has consistently been linked to socially conscious attitudes, such as sustainable consumption decisions, the concept appears to have been confounded with other related constructs in the empirical studies measuring its effects on consumer buying intentions and consumer behaviour. A sustainable food consumer evaluation is based on product values and credibility to health, origin, environment, and ethical concerns.
  • 4.3K
  • 27 May 2022
Topic Review
Hydro Generation Scheduling
The optimal generation scheduling (OGS) of hydropower units holds an important position in electric power systems, which is significantly investigated as a research issue. Hydropower has a slight social and ecological effect when compared with other types of sustainable power source. The target of long-, mid-, and short-term hydro scheduling (LMSTHS) is to optimize the power generation schedule of the accessible hydropower units, which generate maximum energy by utilizing the available potential during a specific period. Numerous traditional optimization procedures are first presented for making a solution to the LMSTHS problem. Lately, various optimization approaches, which have been assigned as a procedure based on experiences, have been executed to get the optimal solution of the generation scheduling of hydro systems. This article offers a complete survey of the implementation of various methods to get the OGS of hydro systems by examining the executed methods from various perspectives. Optimal solutions obtained by a collection of meta-heuristic optimization methods for various experience cases are established, and the presented methods are compared according to the case study, limitation of parameters, optimization techniques, and consideration of the main goal. Previous studies are mostly focused on hydro scheduling that is based on a reservoir of hydropower plants. Future study aspects are also considered, which are presented as the key issue surrounding the LMSTHS problem.
  • 4.3K
  • 25 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Apple Fermented Products
Fermentation is a process of transforming one substance into another, carried out by microorganisms, such as bacteria and fungi, under certain circumstances, and which can occur under aerobic and/or anaerobic conditions.
  • 4.3K
  • 18 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Plagioclase
Plagioclase is a series of tectosilicate (framework silicate) minerals within the feldspar group. Rather than referring to a particular mineral with a specific chemical composition, plagioclase is a continuous solid solution series, more properly known as the plagioclase feldspar series. This was first shown by the German mineralogist Johann Friedrich Christian Hessel (1796–1872) in 1826. The series ranges from albite to anorthite endmembers (with respective compositions NaAlSi3O8 to CaAl2Si2O8), where sodium and calcium atoms can substitute for each other in the mineral's crystal lattice structure. Plagioclase in hand samples is often identified by its polysynthetic crystal twinning or 'record-groove' effect. Plagioclase is a major constituent mineral in the Earth's crust, and is consequently an important diagnostic tool in petrology for identifying the composition, origin and evolution of igneous rocks. Plagioclase is also a major constituent of rock in the highlands of the Moon. Analysis of thermal emission spectra from the surface of Mars suggests that plagioclase is the most abundant mineral in the crust of Mars. Its name comes from Ancient Greek plágios (πλάγιος 'oblique') + klásis ((κλάσις 'fracture'), in reference to its two cleavage angles.
  • 4.3K
  • 25 Nov 2022
Biography
Robert Noyce
Robert Norton Noyce (December 12, 1927 – June 3, 1990), nicknamed "the Mayor of Silicon Valley," was an American physicist who co-founded Fairchild Semiconductor in 1957 and Intel Corporation in 1968. He is also credited (along with Jack Kilby) with the realization of the first integrated circuit or microchip that fueled the personal computer revolution and gave Silicon Valley its name.[1][2]
  • 4.3K
  • 08 Dec 2022
Topic Review
A Certain Magical Index
A Certain Magical Index (Japanese: とある魔術の禁書目録 (インデックス), Hepburn: Toaru Majutsu no Indekkusu)[lower-alpha 1] is a Japanese light novel series written by Kazuma Kamachi and illustrated by Kiyotaka Haimura, which has been published by ASCII Media Works under their Dengeki Bunko imprint since April 2004. The plot is set in a world where supernatural abilities exist. The light novels focus on Toma Kamijo, a young high school student in Academy City who has an unusual ability, as he encounters an English nun named Index. His ability and relationship with Index proves dangerous to other sorcerers and Espers who want to discover the secrets behind him and Index, as well as the city. Yen Press have licensed the novels in North America. A manga adaptation by Chuya Kogino began serialization in Monthly Shōnen Gangan from May 2007. J.C.Staff produced two 24-episode anime series between 2008 and 2011. An animated film was released in February 2013. The anime adaptations are licensed in North America by Funimation. A 26-episode third season aired between 2018 and 2019, licensed by Funimation. The side-story manga series, A Certain Scientific Railgun, began serialization in Dengeki Daioh in February 2007. A second side-story manga series, A Certain Scientific Accelerator, began serialization in Dengeki Daioh in December 2013.
  • 4.3K
  • 19 Oct 2022
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