1. Origins

The white rose of the House of York. https://handwiki.org/wiki/index.php?curid=2038776

The red rose of the House of Lancaster. https://handwiki.org/wiki/index.php?curid=2028640

Tudor rose royally crowned. https://handwiki.org/wiki/index.php?curid=2060347

Tudor rose slipped and crowned. https://handwiki.org/wiki/index.php?curid=2079392

When Henry VII took the crown of England from Richard III in battle (1485), he brought the end of the retrospectively dubbed "Wars of the Roses" between the House of Lancaster (one monarch of which had sometimes used the badge of a red or gold rose) and the House of York (which had lately used a white-rose badge). Henry's father was Edmund Tudor, and his mother was Margaret Beaufort from the House of Lancaster; in January 1486 he married Elizabeth of York to bring all factions together. (In battle, Richard III fought under the banner of the boar, and Henry under the banner of the dragon of his native Wales.) The white rose versus red rose juxtaposition was Henry's invention.^[1] The historian Thomas Penn writes:

The "Lancastrian" red rose was an emblem that barely existed before Henry VII. Lancastrian kings used the rose sporadically, but when they did it was often gold rather than red; Henry VI, the king who presided over the country's descent into civil war, preferred his badge of the antelope. Contemporaries certainly did not refer to the traumatic civil conflict of the 15th century as the "Wars of the Roses". For the best part of a quarter-century, from 1461 to 1485, there was only one royal rose, and it was white: the badge of Edward IV. The roses were actually created after the war by Henry VII.^[1]

On his marriage, Henry VII adopted the Tudor rose badge conjoining the White Rose of York and the Red Rose of Lancaster. The Tudor rose is occasionally seen divided in quarters (heraldically as "quartered") and vertically (in heraldic terms per pale) red and white.^[2] More often, the Tudor rose is depicted as a double rose,^[3] white on red and is always described, heraldically, as "proper" (that is, naturally-coloured, despite not actually existing in nature).

16th century woodcut of the coronation of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon showing them with their respective badges: the Tudor rose and the pomegranate. https://handwiki.org/wiki/index.php?curid=1421745

Tudor rose dimidiated with the pomegranate. https://handwiki.org/wiki/index.php?curid=2067319

Tudor rose, dimidiated with the thistle, crowned. https://handwiki.org/wiki/index.php?curid=2068722

Tudor rose slipped and crowned from the Pelican Portrait of Elizabeth I. https://handwiki.org/wiki/index.php?curid=1853098

1.1. Historical Uses

Henry VII was reserved in his usage of the Tudor rose. He regularly used the Lancastrian rose by itself, being the house to which he belonged. His successor Henry VIII, descended from both houses, would use the rose more often.^[4]

When Arthur, Prince of Wales, died in 1502, his tomb in Worcester Cathedral used both roses; thereby asserting his royal descent from both the houses of Lancaster and York.^[4]

During his reign, Henry VIII had the legendary "Round Table" at Winchester Castle – then believed to be genuine – repainted.^[5] The new paint scheme included a Tudor rose in the centre. Previous to this, his father Henry VII had built the Henry VII Chapel at Westminster Abbey (it was later used for the site of his tomb) and it was decorated principally with the Tudor rose and the Beaufort portcullis – as a form of propaganda to define his claim to the throne.

The Tudor rose badge may appear slipped and crowned: shown as a cutting with a stem and leaves beneath a crown; this badge appears in Nicholas Hilliard's "Pelican Portrait" of Elizabeth I and since an Order in Council (dated 5 November 1800), has served as the royal floral emblem of England.

The Tudor rose may also appear dimidiated (cut in half and combined with half another emblem) to form a compound badge. The Westminster Tournament Roll includes a badge of Henry and his first wife Catherine of Aragon with a slipped Tudor rose conjoined with Catherine's personal badge, the pomegranate;^[6] their daughter Mary I bore the same badge.^[7] Following his ascent to the English throne, James VI of Scotland and I of England used a badge consisting of a Tudor rose dimidiated with a Scottish thistle and surmounted by a royal crown.^[8] The Tudor rose was also used in the coat of arms of William, Count of Schaumburg-Lippe.^[9]

1.2. Contemporary Uses

The crowned and slipped Tudor rose is used as the plant badge of England, as Scotland uses the thistle, Wales uses the leek, and Ireland uses the shamrock (Northern Ireland sometimes using flax instead). As such, it is seen on the dress uniforms of the Yeomen Warders at the Tower of London, and of the Yeomen of the Guard. It features in the design of the 20-pence coin minted between 1982 and 2008, and in the royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom. It also features on the coat of arms of Canada.

As part of the badge of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom, the Tudor rose represents England alongside the floral badges of the other constituent parts of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.

The heraldic badge of the Royal Navy's future flagship aircraft carrier HMS Queen Elizabeth uses a Tudor rose with colours divided vertically (per pale), inheriting the heraldry of the early twentieth century super-Dreadnought oil-fired fast battleship HMS Queen Elizabeth. The Tudor rose makes up part of the cap badge of the Intelligence Corps of the British Army. The Tudor rose is used as the emblem of the Nautical Training Corps, a uniformed youth organisation founded in Brighton in 1944 with 20 units in South East England. The corps badge has the Tudor Rose on the shank of an anchor with the motto "For God, Queen and Country". It is also used as part of the Corps' cap badge.

The Tudor rose is also prominent in a number of towns and cities. The Royal Town of Sutton Coldfield, uses the emblem frequently, due to the town being given Royal Town status by Henry VIII. The Tudor rose appears on the Coat of arms of Oxford. It is also notably used (albeit in a monochromatic form) as the symbol of the English Tourist Board.^[10]

The borough and county of Queens in New York City uses a Tudor rose on its flag and seal.^[11] The flag and seal of Annapolis, Maryland features a Tudor rose and a Thistle surmounted with a crown. The city of York, South Carolina is nicknamed "The White Rose City", and the nearby city of Lancaster, South Carolina is nicknamed "The Red Rose City".

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  The Tudor rose used on the chain in the portrait of Sir Thomas More by Hans Holbein the Younger. https://handwiki.org/wiki/index.php?curid=1315738 

• Twenty pence United Kingdom 1982 revers.jpg

  Tudor rose on a twenty pence piece of 1982

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  Tudor rose on a demi-cannon from the Mary Rose on display at the Mary Rose Museum

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  Tudor rose divided per pale as the ship's badge of HMS Queen Elizabeth. https://handwiki.org/wiki/index.php?curid=1812594

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  Contemporary badge of the Yeomen of the Guard. https://handwiki.org/wiki/index.php?curid=2066429

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  Simplified rose on the stylised Supreme Court badge used in the building's upholstery. https://handwiki.org/wiki/index.php?curid=2021186