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Topic Review
Cytoplasmic Functions of cIAP1
Cellular inhibitor of apoptosis 1 (cIAP1) is a cell signaling regulator of the IAP family. Through its E3-ubiquitine ligase activity, it has the ability to activate intracellular signaling pathways, modify signal transduction pathways by changing protein-protein interaction networks, and stop signal transduction by promoting the degradation of critical components of signaling pathways. Thus, cIAP1 appears to be a potent determinant of the response of cells, enabling their rapid adaptation to changing environmental conditions or intra- or extracellular stresses. It is expressed in almost all tissues, found in the cytoplasm, membrane and/or nucleus of cells. cIAP1 regulates innate immunity by controlling signaling pathways mediated by tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily (TNFRs), some cytokine receptors and pattern recognition-receptors (PRRs). Although less documented, cIAP1 has also been involved in the regulation of cell migration and in the control of transcriptional programs. 
  • 1.2K
  • 18 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Exosomes for Regulation of Immune Responses and Immunotherapy
Exosomes are membrane-enveloped nanosized (30–150 nm) extracellular vesicles of endosomal origin produced by almost all cell types and encompass a multitude of functioning biomolecules. Exosomes have been considered crucial players of cell-to-cell communication in physiological and pathological conditions. Accumulating evidence suggests that exosomes can modulate the immune system by delivering a plethora of signals that can either stimulate or suppress immune responses, which have potential applications as immunotherapies for cancer and autoimmune diseases.
  • 1.2K
  • 06 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Gut Microbiota and Dendritic Cells in Colorectal Cancer
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a malignancy that manifests in serial stages and has been observed to have an escalating incidence in modern societies, causing a significant global health problem. The development of CRC is influenced by various exogenous factors, including lifestyle, diet, nutrition, environment, and microbiota, that can affect host cells, including immune cells.
  • 1.2K
  • 12 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Intestinal Homeostasis under Stress Siege
Intestinal homeostasis encompasses a complex and balanced interplay among a wide array of components that collaborate to maintain gut barrier integrity. The appropriate function of the gut barrier requires the mucus layer, a sticky cushion of mucopolysaccharides that overlays the epithelial cell surface. Mucus plays a critical anti-inflammatory role by preventing direct contact between luminal microbiota and the surface of the epithelial cell monolayer. Moreover, mucus is enriched with pivotal effectors of intestinal immunity, such as immunoglobulin A (IgA). A fragile and delicate equilibrium that supports proper barrier function can be disturbed by stress. The impact of stress upon intestinal homeostasis results from neuroendocrine mediators of the brain-gut axis (BGA), which comprises a nervous branch that includes the enteric nervous system (ENS) and the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, as well as an endocrine branch of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. 
  • 1.2K
  • 02 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Immunology of Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children
Immune responses following severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in children are still under investigation. Even though coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is usually mild in the pediatric population, some children exhibit severe clinical manifestations, require hospitalization, or develop the most severe condition: a multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. The activated innate, humoral and T-cell-mediated immunological pathways that lead certain pediatric populations to present with MIS-C or remain asymptomatic after SARS-CoV-2 infection are yet to be established. This entry focuses on the immunological aspects of MIS-C with respect to innate, humoral, and cellular immunity. In addition, presents the role of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein as a superantigen in the pathophysiological mechanisms, discusses the great heterogeneity among the immunological studies in the pediatric population, and highlights possible reasons why some children with a certain genetic background present with MIS-C.
  • 1.2K
  • 31 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Long-Tailed Unconventional Class I Myosins
Long-tailed unconventional class I myosin , Myosin 1E (MYO 1E) and Myosin 1F (MYO1F) are motor proteins that use chemical energy from the hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to produce mechanical work along the actin cytoskeleton. On the basis of their motor properties and structural features, myosins perform a variety of essential roles in physiological processes such as endocytosis, exocytosis, cell adhesion, and migration. The long tailed unconventional class I myosins are characterized by having a conserved motor head domain, which binds actin and hydrolyzes ATP, followed by a short neck with an isoleucine-glutamine (IQ) motif, which binds calmodulin and is sensitive to calcium, and a tail that contains a pleckstrin homology domain (PH), a tail homology 1 domain (TH1), wherein these domains allow membrane binding, a tail homology 2 domain (TH2), an ATP-insensitive actin-binding site domain, and a single Src homology 3 domain (SH3) susceptible to binding proline rich regions in other proteins. Therefore, these motor proteins are able to bind actin, plasma membrane, and other molecules (adaptor, kinases, membrane proteins) that contribute to their function, ranging from increasing membrane tension to molecular trafficking and cellular adhesion. MYO1E and MYO1F function in host self-defense, with a better defined role in innate immunity in cell migration and phagocytosis.
  • 1.2K
  • 28 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Diseases with Potential Lectin Pathway Involvement
The complement system is the other major proteolytic cascade in the blood of vertebrates besides the coagulation-fibrinolytic system. Among the three main activation routes of complement, the lectin pathway (LP) has been discovered the latest, and it is still the subject of intense research. Uncontrolled complement activation can contribute to the progression of many diseases (e.g. stroke, kidney diseases, thrombotic complications, and COVID-19). In most cases the lectin pathway has also been implicated. 
  • 1.2K
  • 31 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Covid19 : IMMUNITY AND LIFESTYLE
Immunity is an important term directly related to prevent any kind of infection spreading -particularly Covid19 under this pandemic situation . The specs of immunity depends on various factors like Foods & Diets , Environment / Ecology , Good Habits , Natural Remedies like Herbs& Anti-Oxidant therapy. Now we will discuss the every aspects of Immunity for boosting it up for a natural prevention of Covid19 ! . If we maintain the following factors strictly our immune system will be strong enough to fight against this Viral Curse !! .The most important is the REFERENCE section where some queries / discussions are pointed out related to the Immunity factors majorly .
  • 1.2K
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Adaptive Natural Killer Cells
Natural killer (NK) cells play a significant and vital role in the first line of defense against infection through their ability to target cells without prior sensitization. They also contribute significantly to the activation and recruitment of both innate and adaptive immune cells through the production of a range of cytokines and chemokines. In the context of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection, NK cells and CMV have co-evolved side by side to employ several mechanisms to evade one another. However, during this co-evolution the discovery of a subset of long-lived NK cells with enhanced effector potential, increased antibody-dependent responses and the potential to mediate immune memory has revolutionized the field of NK cell biology. The ability of a virus to imprint on the NK cell receptor repertoire resulting in the expansion of diverse, highly functional NK cells to this day remains a significant immunological phenomenon that only occurs in the context of CMV. 
  • 1.2K
  • 23 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Nanoparticle- and Microparticle-Based Vaccines against Orbiviruses
Bluetongue virus (BTV) and African horse sickness virus (AHSV) are widespread arboviruses that cause important economic losses in the livestock and equine industries, respectively. In addition to these, another arthropod-transmitted orbivirus known as epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) entails a major threat as there is a conducive landscape that nurtures its emergence in non-endemic countries. To date, only vaccinations with live attenuated or inactivated vaccines permit the control of these three viral diseases, although important drawbacks, e.g., low safety profile and effectiveness, and lack of DIVA (differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals) properties, constrain their usage as prophylactic measures. Moreover, a substantial number of serotypes of BTV, AHSV and EHDV have been described, with poor induction of cross-protective immune responses among serotypes. In the context of next-generation vaccine development, antigen delivery systems based on nano- or microparticles have gathered significant attention. A diversity of technologies, such as virus-like particles or self-assembled protein complexes, have been implemented for vaccine design against these viruses.
  • 1.2K
  • 19 Jul 2022
Topic Review
mRNA Vaccines against SARS-CoV-2
Coronaviruses are single-stranded positive-sense RNA (+ssRNA) viruses belonging to the Coronaviridae family. Their genome encodes replicase/transcriptase proteins, structural proteins and a set of non-structural proteins linked to their virulence and proofreading activities of the replicase complex. 
  • 1.2K
  • 06 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Gene Circuits for Cancer Immunotherapy
Engineered mammalian cells for medical purposes are becoming a clinically relevant reality thanks to advances in synthetic biology that allow enhanced reliability and safety of cell-based therapies. However, their application is still hampered by challenges including time-consuming design-and-test cycle iterations and costs. For example, in the field of cancer immunotherapy, CAR-T cells targeting CD19 have already been clinically approved to treat several types of leukemia, but their use in the context of solid tumors is still quite inefficient, with additional issues related to the adequate quality control for clinical use.
  • 1.2K
  • 17 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Periodontal NETs: Beneficence & Maleficence
Periodontitis is a general term for diseases characterised by inflammatory destruction of tooth-supporting tissues, gradual destruction of the marginal periodontal ligament and resorption of alveolar bone. Early-onset periodontitis is due to disturbed neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation and clearance. Indeed, mutations that inactivate the cysteine proteases cathepsin C result in deficient NET formation and concomitant early-onset periodontitis. In contrast, exaggerated NET formation due to polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) hyper-responsiveness drives the pathology of late-onset periodontitis by damaging and ulcerating the gingival epithelium and retarding epithelial healing. Periodontitis progression ends with almost complete loss of the periodontal ligament and subsequent tooth exfoliation. 
  • 1.1K
  • 28 Jan 2021
Biography
Riccardo Cortese
Riccardo Cortese (Siena, Italy, March 29, 1944 - Basel, Switzerland, April 27, 2017) was an Italian scientist, entrepreneur, and innovator in the field of gene expression, drug discovery and genetic vaccines. His work led to the development of novel therapeutic strategies for the prevention and cure of viral infections, including HIV, HCV, Ebola and RSV. He pioneered a novel platform technology
  • 1.1K
  • 14 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Engineered Polymer Nanoparticle
Engineering polymeric nanoparticles for their shape, size, surface chemistry, and functionalization using various targeting molecules has shown improved biomedical applications for nanoparticles. Polymeric nanoparticles have created tremendous therapeutic platforms, particularly applications related to chemo- and immunotherapies in cancer.
  • 1.1K
  • 08 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Trypanosoma cruzi Congenital Transmission
Chagas disease, initiated by the etiological agent Trypanosoma cruzi, is an endemic infection in the American continent. Although vectorial transmission of T. cruzi is recognized as the main mode of infection, other routes such as congenital and blood transfusion are also documented as important methods of transmission. T. cruzi maternal–fetal transmission has been recorded in humans and examined by some investigators in naturally and experimentally infected mammals. 
  • 1.1K
  • 08 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Immunotherapy in Lung Cancer
Immuno-oncology has redefined the treatment of lung cancer, with the ultimate goal being the reactivation of the anti-tumor immune response. However, a high percentage of lung cancer patients do not respond to these therapies or their responses are transient. Here, we summarized the impact of immunotherapy on lung cancer patients in the latest clinical trials conducted on this disease. As well as the mechanisms of primary and acquired resistance to immunotherapy in this disease.
  • 1.1K
  • 17 Dec 2020
Topic Review
TNF Axis in Therapies of COVID-19
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is one of the most critical pro-inflammatory cytokines of the innate immune response and mediates pleiotropic effects, which implies action on diverse cells subpopulations to mediate a wide range of activities such as the production of inflammatory mediators, cell proliferation, and cell death. TNF is produced by macrophages, T-, B- NK-, dendritic cells, and fibroblasts. TNF is a versatile cytokine that acts as an alarm system in host defense, appearing in the first few minutes of damage.
  • 1.1K
  • 01 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Sepsis and HMGB1 Release
Sepsis remains a common cause of death in intensive care units, accounting for approximately 20% of total deaths worldwide. Its pathogenesis is partly attributable to dysregulated inflammatory responses to bacterial endotoxins (such as lipopolysaccharide, LPS), which stimulate innate immune cells to sequentially release early cytokines (such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interferons (IFNs)) and late mediators (such as high-mobility group box 1, HMGB1).  Below is a brief summary of the intricate mechanisms underlying the regulation of bacterial endotoxin-induced HMGB1 release.
  • 1.1K
  • 13 Sep 2021
Topic Review
HLA Class I-Mediated Diseases
HLA (Human Leucocyte Antigen) class I molecules are pivotal in the immuno-surveillance by presenting peptides to CD8+ T cells. However, some of these molecules are involved in the pathogenesis of several autoimmune/autoinflammatory diseases, but the exact role is still elusive. Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) have highlighted other important susceptibility factors such as Endoplasmic Reticulum Aminopeptidase ERAP1 and ERAP2 whose role is to refine the peptides presented by the HLA class I molecules to CD8+ T cells, pointing to an alteration in the antigen presentation as possible pathogenetic mechanism .
  • 1.1K
  • 20 Jan 2021
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