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Topic Review
Aesthetic Medicine Safety for Autoimmune Thyroid Disease patients
Autoimmune thyroid diseases are the most common organ-specific autoimmune diseases, affecting 2–5% of the world’s population. Due to the autoimmune background of thyroid diseases, we analyzed a wide range of cosmetic procedures, from minimally invasive cosmetic injections (mesotherapy) to highly invasive procedures, such as lifting threads. Out of the seven categories of treatments in aesthetic medicine analyzed by us—hyaluronic acid, botulinum toxin, autologous platelet-rich plasma, autologous fat grafting, lifting threads, IPL and laser treatment and mesotherapy—only two, mesotherapy and lifting threads, are not recommended.
  • 690
  • 19 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Psoriasis and Epithelium Derived Cytokines
Epithelium-derived cytokines (TSLP, IL-25, IL-33), show an increasing potential for use in target therapy for these patients, and demonstrate a direct link between a generalized inflammatory and oxidative stress status and the human skin. Psoriasis (Pso), characterized by erythematous, scaly patches on the skin and affecting other body districts such as bones and accessory skin structures, presents comorbidities with seemingly unrelated non-skin conditions such as a metabolic syndrome, heart disease and psychiatric disorders.
  • 689
  • 05 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Light-based Treatments
Light-based treatments, chiefly photodynamic therapy and phototherapy, are currently applied in skin diseases. The current knowledge about the mechanisms of action of light-based treatments in skin diseases leans to the possible involvement of epigenetic and oxidative stress mechanisms. To better understand and exploit, to the fullest, these relatively safe and reproducible treatments, several studies have focused on miRNAs, small non-encoding RNAs (22–24 nucleotides), after light-based treatments.
  • 669
  • 11 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Novel Treatments for Atopic Dermatitis
Atopic Dermatitis is a chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by strong pruritus that less commonly affects adults. This condition is associated with a poorer quality of life in comparison with the general population and causes sleep disturbances and coexisting comorbidities. Recently, new agents have been developed to treat this condition.
  • 669
  • 27 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Vulvar Lichen Sclerosus
Vulvar lichen sclerosus (VLS) is a frequently overlooked inflammatory disorder affecting the skin and mucous membranes of the vulva. With a propensity for atrophy, severe scarring, functional impairment, and malignant evolution, VLS is a disease that recurs frequently; early diagnosis, rapid treatment, and ongoing patient follow-up are essential. Potent topical corticosteroids (TCSs) are now widely recognized as the most effective treatment for achieving remission in VLS, but considering the potential complications of long-term treatment with potent TCSs, understanding the evolution of VLS during puberty becomes particularly crucial in determining the necessity for aggressive or more conservative therapeutic interventions.
  • 668
  • 15 Jan 2024
Topic Review
The Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) arises from the abnormal proliferation of keratinocytes of the epidermis, most commonly due to UV-light-induced DNA damage. Although histopathological assessment is the gold standard for diagnosing cSCC, nascent optical imaging diagnostic modalities enable clinicians to perform “optical or virtual biopsy” in real-time. 
  • 666
  • 12 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Pathogenesis of Galli–Galli Disease
Galli–Galli disease (GGD) is a rare genodermatosis that exhibits autosomal dominant inheritance with variable penetrance. GGD typically manifests with erythematous macules, papules, and reticulate hyperpigmentation in flexural areas. A distinct atypical variant exists, which features brown macules predominantly on the trunk, lower limbs, and extremities, with a notable absence of the hallmark reticulated hyperpigmentation in flexural areas.
  • 664
  • 26 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Lack of PRAME Expression in Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphomas
Cutaneous T-cell lymphomas (CTCLs) are rare tumors with no established markers that can reliably distinguish between benign and malignant lesions. Preferentially Expressed Antigen in Melanoma (PRAME) is a cancer/testis antigen that is found in many solid and hematologic malignancies. PRAME overexpression typically portends a poor prognosis and lower chemotherapeutic response. To date, no studies have established a role for PRAME in CTCL.  An analysis was performed on 47 cases definitively diagnosed as CTCL: 25 mycosis fungoides, 2 Sezary syndrome, 5 CD30+ lymphoproliferative disorder, 7 primary cutaneous anaplastic large T-cell lymphoma, 3 primary cutaneous CD4+ small/medium T-cell lymphoproliferative disorder, 1 subcutaneous panniculitis-like T-cell lymphoma, and 4 angiocentric T-cell lymphoma. PRAME immunohistochemistry was completely negative in all cases. PRAME expression was not found in any CTCL subtypes, suggesting that the pathogenesis of CTCL is not mediated by PRAME. Further study is required to identify biomarkers that might aid in the diagnosis and prognostication of CTCLs.
  • 662
  • 11 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Response of Refractory Systemic Lupus Erythematosus to Anifrolumab
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a clinically heterogeneous autoimmune disease, and organ manifestations, such as lupus nephritis (LN) or skin disease, may be refractory to standard treatment. Therefore, new agents are required to allow for a more personalized therapeutic approach. Several new therapies have been approved internationally, including voclosporine for LN and anifrolumab for moderately to severely active SLE. 
  • 658
  • 22 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Myeloproliferative Related Dermatosis with Indolent Clinical Outcomes
Myeloid neoplasms and acute leukemias include different entities that have been recently re-classified taking into account molecular and clinicopathological features. Two major articles were published in 2022, the ICC and the WHO classifications. The myelodysplastic syndrome/myeloproliferative neoplasm (MDS/MPN) category comprises a heterogeneous group of hybrid neoplastic myeloid diseases characterized by the co-occurrence of clinical and pathological features of both myelodysplastic and myeloproliferative neoplasms. The most frequent entity in this category is chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML) which is, after acute myeloid leukemia (AML), the main myeloid disorder prone to develop cutaneous manifestations.
  • 654
  • 04 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Basic Factors Involved in Etiopathogenesis of Atopic Dermatitis
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is predominantly characterized by eczema, dry skin, and itching. These symptoms are age-dependent and often associated with other atopic diseases (allergic asthma, allergic rhinitis, and food allergies). 
  • 652
  • 12 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Plant-Derived Compounds in Preventing and Treating Keloid Scars
Keloid is a disease in which fibroblasts abnormally proliferate and synthesize excessive amounts of extracellular matrix, including collagen and fibronectin, during the healing process of skin wounds, causing larger scars that exceed the boundaries of the original wound. Various phenolic compounds, terpenoids, alkaloids, and other plant-derived compounds could modulate different cell signaling pathways associated with the pathogenesis of keloids. For now, many studies are limited to in vitro experiments; additional research and development are needed to proceed to clinical trials. 
  • 650
  • 20 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Collagen-Based Nanofibers for Skin Regeneration Applications
Skin regeneration after an injury is very vital, but this process can be impeded by several factors. Regenerative medicine is a developing biomedical field with the potential to decrease the need for an organ transplant. 
  • 648
  • 27 Jul 2023
Topic Review
The Skin and Natural Cannabinoids
The chemical constituents of the Cannabis plant known as cannabinoids have been extensively researched for their potential therapeutic benefits. The use of cannabinoids applied to the skin as a potential method for both skin-related benefits and systemic administration.
  • 645
  • 11 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Primary Cutaneous CD30-Positive Lymphoproliferative Disorders
One of the most common subgroups of cutaneous T-cell lymphomas is that of primary cutaneous CD30-positive lymphoproliferative disorders. The group includes lymphomatoid papulosis (LyP) and primary cutaneous anaplastic large cell lymphoma (pcALCL), as well as some borderline cases. Significant progress has been made in understanding the genetics and treatment of these disorders. 
  • 642
  • 08 Feb 2024
Topic Review
The Local Neuropeptide System of Keratinocytes
The synthesis and activity of neuropeptides and their receptors in epithelial cells of the skin and mucous membranes. Note that the term "neuropeptide" was originally coined to indicate small protein molecules that are contained in neurons, however it is now known that the synthesis of this class of peptides is not restricted to neurons.
  • 638
  • 04 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Immunotherapy in Melanoma In Situ
The immune system has been long recognised as a key element involved in the pathogenesis, progression, and persistence of skin cancer. Immunotherapy, which includes various strategies to stimulate and activate the tumour immune response, currently represents a promising option for skin cancer management, including the treatment of situ melanoma (MIS). Local immunotherapy is an exciting therapeutic approach that may achieve complete responses without inducing systemic toxicity. It can be used in monotherapy or in combination with other therapies and can be withdrawn and reintroduced as needed without a loss of efficacy. The most widely used immunotherapy in MIS, especially the LM-subtype, is imiquimod and, to a lesser extent, intralesional interferon-α (IL-INF-α) and ingenol mebutate (IM).
  • 634
  • 18 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Hidradenitis Suppurativa and JAK Inhibitors
Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS), also known as acne inversa or Verneuil’s disease, is a chronic, inflammatory, recurrent, and debilitating skin disease of the hair follicles characterized by inflammatory, painful, deep-rooted lesions in the areas of the body characterized by the presence of the apocrine glands. Unfortunately, huge unmet needs still remain for its treatment. More evidence is present thanks to the use of Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors. Inhibition of Janus JAK 1 signaling in HS has shown clinical efficacy only at the highest dosages.
  • 633
  • 10 May 2023
Topic Review
Genetics and Transcriptomics of Melanoma Metastasis
Melanoma is a deadly skin cancer with rapidly increasing incidence worldwide. The progression from melanomagenesis to metastasis is known to differ between the various subtypes of melanoma, which are defined by their disparate clinical, histopathologic, and genetic features.
  • 618
  • 11 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Preferentially Expressed Antigen in Melanoma in Skin Cancer
Preferentially Expressed Antigen in Melanoma (PRAME), a member of the cancer/testis antigen family, is central to the field of skin cancer diagnostics and therapeutics. As a nuclear receptor and transcriptional regulator, PRAME plays a critical role in inhibiting retinoic acid signalling, which is essential for cell differentiation and proliferation. Its aberrant overexpression in various malignancies, particularly cutaneous melanoma, is associated with more aggressive tumour phenotypes, positioning PRAME as both a diagnostic and prognostic marker. In melanoma, PRAME is typically highly expressed, in contrast to its weak or absent expression in benign nevi, thereby improving the accuracy of differential diagnoses. The diagnostic value of PRAME extends to various lesions. It is significantly expressed in uveal melanoma, correlating to an increased risk of metastasis. In acral melanomas, especially those with histopathological ambiguity, PRAME helps to improve diagnostic accuracy.
  • 615
  • 29 Jan 2024
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