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Topic Review
Medical Applications of Molecular Biotechnologies in Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis
Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT) is a gender autoimmune disease that is manifested by chronic inflammation of the thyroid. Clinical trial studies (CTSs) use molecular biotechnologies (MB) to approach HT appearance. 
  • 690
  • 29 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Metabolic Therapeutic Approaches in Cancer and Type-2 Diabetes
Dysregulated metabolic dynamics are evident in both cancer and diabetes, with metabolic alterations representing a facet of the myriad changes observed in these conditions. The Warburg phenomenon, characterized by the prevalence of aerobic glycolysis over minimal to no oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), emerges as the predominant metabolic phenotype in cancer. Conversely, type 2 diabetes (T2D), the prevailing metabolic paradigm has traditionally been perceived in terms of discrete irregularities rather than a shift from OXPHOS to glycolysis. Throughout T2D pathogenesis, OXPHOS remains consistently heightened due to chronic hyperglycemia or hyperinsulinemia. In advanced insulin resistance and T2D, the metabolic landscape becomes more complex, featuring differential tissue-specific alterations that affect OXPHOS. Recent findings suggest that addressing the metabolic imbalance in both cancer and diabetes could offer an effective treatment strategy. Numerous pharmaceutical and nutritional modalities exhibiting therapeutic effects in both conditions ultimately modulate the OXPHOS-glycolysis axis. Noteworthy nutritional adjuncts, such as alpha-lipoic acid, flavonoids, and glutamine, demonstrate the ability to reprogram metabolism, exerting anti-tumor and anti-diabetic effects. Similarly, pharmacological agents like metformin exhibit therapeutic efficacy in both T2D and cancer.
  • 685
  • 31 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Molecular Mechanisms Underlying the Complications of X-Linked Hypophosphatemia
X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH) is characterized by mutations in the PHEX gene, leading to elevated serum levels of FGF23, decreased production of 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25D), and hypophosphatemia. Those affected with XLH manifest impaired growth and skeletal and dentoalveolar mineralization as well as increased mineralization of the tendon–bone attachment site (enthesopathy), all of which lead to decreased quality of life.
  • 682
  • 08 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Effects of Natural Products on Lipid Metabolism Disorders
Natural products that are extracted from the source and from concentrated, fractionated, and purified yielding, which are generally defined as bioactive compounds, have the ability to modulate lipid metabolism, improve insulin signaling, and protect against cardiovascular damage.
  • 668
  • 30 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Physiological Role of Bile Acids by Gut Microbiome
Bile acids (BAs) are produced from cholesterol in the liver and are termed primary BAs. Primary BAs are conjugated with glycine and taurine in the liver and then released into the intestine via the gallbladder. After the deconjugation of glycine or taurine by the gut microbiome, primary BAs are converted into secondary BAs by the gut microbiome through modifications such as dehydroxylation, oxidation, and epimerization. 
  • 662
  • 14 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Blood-Derived Microvesicles in Breast Cancer
Modifying and changing (energy) metabolism is a hall mark of cancer. But how to appraise metabolic changes in cancer patients? Cancer and benign cells shed microvesicles (MV) into the blood. These MV can be easily extracted and isolated. Targeted mass spectrometry of MV is able to differentiate not only between healthy controls and cancer patients, but between molecular breast cancer subtypes. Changes detected in some of these metabolites are indicators for a worse prognosis. In summary, metabolic profiling of MV yields promising biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis of breast cancer. 
  • 657
  • 29 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Inheritance, mitochondrial dysfunction and NAFLD-HCC
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary malignancy of the liver and the third-leading cause of cancer-related mortality. Currently, the global burden of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has dramatically overcome both viral and alcohol hepatitis thus becoming the main cause of HCC incidence. NAFLD pathogenesis is severely influenced by lifestyle and genetic predisposition, which together may precipitate HCC onset. One of the key events causatives of NAFLD progression towards HCC is represented by loss of mitochondrial adaptability in terms of activities, morphology and dynamics. Mounting evidence are suggesting that inherited variants in genes involved in fat accumulation, mitochondrial bioenergetics and genomic instability may accelerate disease course by worsening mitochondrial damage and remodeling its metabolism. This entry will discuss the impact of NAFLD-related genetic polymorphisms on mitochondrial defects and how they could contribute to the switching towards HCC. 
  • 649
  • 12 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Vitamin D in Cardiovascular Risk and Disease
Beyond its key role in calcium homeostasis, vitamin D has been found to significantly affect the cardiovascular (CV) system. In fact, low vitamin D levels have been associated with increased CV risk, as well as increased CV morbidity and mortality. The majority of effects of this molecule are related directly or indirectly to its antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties. Generally, vitamin D insufficiency is considered for 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels between 21–29 ng/mL (corresponding to 52.5–72.5 nmol/L), deficiency as 25(OH)D levels less than 20 ng/mL (<50 nmol/L), and extreme deficiency as 25(OH)D less than 10 ng/mL (<25 nmol/L). However, the definition of an optimal vitamin D status, as defined by 25(OH)D, remains controversial for many extra-bone conditions, including CV disease. 
  • 645
  • 15 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Pregnancy-Associated Plasma Protein (PAPP)-A2 in Physiology
The growth hormone (GH)/insulin-like growth factor (IGF) axis plays fundamental roles during development, maturation, and aging. Members of this axis, composed of various ligands, receptors, and binding proteins, are regulated in a tissue- and time-specific manner that requires precise control that is not completely understood. Some of the most recent advances in understanding the implications of this axis in human growth are derived from the identifications of new mutations in the gene encoding the pregnancy-associated plasma protein PAPP-A2 protease that liberates IGFs from their carrier proteins in a selective manner to allow binding to the IGF receptor 1. The identification of three nonrelated families with mutations in the PAPP-A2 gene has shed light on how this protease affects human physiology. 
  • 640
  • 14 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Effects of Triclosan on the Reproductive System
Triclosan (TCS), 5-chloro-2-(2,4-dichloro phenoxy) phenol, is an endocrine-disrupting chemical often used as an antiseptic, disinfectant, or preservative. Triclosan is one of the antimicrobial agents used in cosmetic products, toothpaste, and disinfectants. Exposure to these compounds can lead to alterations in one or more signalling pathways, that may induce negative effects on reproduction, growth, survival, behavioural, and obesity. These changes can be passed on to subsequent generations. Studies in animals and humans suggest the possibility of harmful health outcomes, particularly for the reproductive system. 
  • 638
  • 19 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Biomarkers in Sepsis
According to “Sepsis-3” consensus, sepsis is a life-threatening clinical syndrome caused by a dysregulated inflammatory host response to infection. A rapid identification of sepsis is mandatory, as the extent of the organ damage triggered by both the pathogen itself and the host’s immune response could abruptly evolve to multiple organ failure and ultimately lead to the death of the patient.
  • 638
  • 14 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Metabolic Dysfunction Biomarkers as Predictors of Early Diabetes
Lifestyle interventions must be made with considerable involvement of clinicians, and it should be considered that not all patients will respond in the same manner. Individuals with a high risk of diabetic progression will present compensatory metabolic mechanisms, translated into metabolic biomarkers that will therefore show potential predictive value to differentiate between progressors/non-progressors in T2D. Specific novel biomarkers are being proposed to entrap prediabetes and target progressors to achieve better outcomes.
  • 637
  • 15 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Animal Models with Induced Diabetes/Obesity/Hypertension
Animal models with a relevant genetic setup are not the only way to analyze the biological effects of polyphenolic compounds. Pathophysiological changes typical of Metabolic syndrome (MetS) may also be induced by dietary manipulation or the administration of drugs. The nutritional approaches studied involved administering a single type of diet or a combination of diets to modify metabolic pathways, especially those related to carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, to induce changes that best reflect those observed in people with MetS. To cause hypertension, obesity, hyperglycemia, or dyslipidemia in laboratory animals, they can be fed a diet including large doses of carbohydrates, including fructose and sucrose, or a high-fat diet. 
  • 633
  • 28 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Effects of Diabetes Mellitus and Pregnancy on Epigenome
Worldwide, diabetes mellitus represents a growing health problem. If it occurs during pregnancy, it can increase the risk of various abnormalities in early and advanced life stages of exposed individuals due to fetal programming occurring in utero.
  • 630
  • 08 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Regulation of Thyroid Hormone Action in the Brain
Proper brain development essentially depends on the timed availability of sufficient amounts of thyroid hormone (TH). This, in turn, necessitates a tightly regulated expression of TH signaling components such as TH transporters, deiodinases, and TH receptors in a brain region- and cell-specific manner from early developmental stages onwards. Abnormal TH levels during critical stages, as well as mutations in TH signaling components that alter the global and/or local thyroidal state, result in detrimental consequences for brain development and neurological functions that involve alterations in central neurotransmitter systems. 
  • 626
  • 24 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Microbiota and Thyroid Cancer
Thyroid cancer (TC), the most frequent malignancy of the endocrine system, has recorded an increasing incidence in the last decades. The etiology of TC remains at least partly unknown and, among modifiable risk factors, the gut microbiota and dietary nutrients (vitamins, essential microelements, polyphenols, probiotics) have been recognized to not only influence thyroid function, but exert critical effects on TC development and progression. Recent discoveries on the existence of tumor microbiota also in the TC microenvironment provide further evidence for the essential role of tumor microorganisms in TC etiology and severity, as well as acting as prognostic markers and as a potential target of adjuvant care in the treatment of TC patients.
  • 626
  • 03 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Litter Size Reduction Model: Short- and Long-Term Effects
Litter size reduction model is an interesting model to learn the late impact of early overnutrition. The variable “litter size” must be taken into account in the development of any experimental ome with animals, regardless of the outcome to be investigated. Care must be taken to extrapolate the outcomes of this model to human beings, since mothers usually have one baby per pregnancy.
  • 623
  • 18 May 2022
Topic Review
Thyroid Antibodies in Autoimmune Thyroid Disease Diagnosis
Autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) refers to a spectrum of various diseases, with two extremes of clinical presentation, hypothyroidism (Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT) and hyperthyroidism (Graves–Basedow disease (GBD)). Both conditions are characterized by presenting a cellular and humoral autoimmune reaction, with an increase in the synthesis and secretion of antibodies directed toward various thyroid antigens, together with a phenomenon of thyrocyte necrosis and apoptosis (in HT) and a persistent thyrotropin-receptor stimulation (in GBD). The diagnosis of both entities is based on clinical, laboratory, and imaging findings. 
  • 621
  • 25 Aug 2023
Topic Review
The Pleiotropic Potential of BDNF beyond Neurons
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) represents one of the most widely studied neurotrophins because of the many mechanisms in which it is involved. Among these, a growing body of evidence indicates BDNF as a pleiotropic signaling molecule and unveils non-negligible implications in the regulation of energy balance. In the hypothalamus, BDNF and its receptor are extensively expressed, in those regions where peripheral signals, associated with feeding and metabolism, are integrated to elaborate anorexigenic and orexigenic effects. Thus, BDNF coordinates adaptive responses to fluctuations in energy intake and expenditure, connecting the central nervous system with peripheral tissues, including muscle, liver, and adipose tissue in a complex operational network.
  • 619
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Serum Lipid Level Association
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease with unknown etiology. Many metabolic alterations occur during ALS progress and can be used as a method of pre-diagnostic and early diagnosis. Dyslipidemia is one of the physiological changes observed in numerous ALS patients.
  • 619
  • 24 May 2023
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