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Pardo-Moreno, T.; Mohamed-Mohamed, H.; Suleiman-Martos, S.; Ramos-Rodriguez, J.J.; Rivas-Dominguez, A.; Melguizo-Rodríguez, L.; Gómez-Urquiza, J.L.; Bermudez-Pulgarin, B.; Garcia-Morales, V. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Serum Lipid Level Association. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/44628 (accessed on 19 April 2024).
Pardo-Moreno T, Mohamed-Mohamed H, Suleiman-Martos S, Ramos-Rodriguez JJ, Rivas-Dominguez A, Melguizo-Rodríguez L, et al. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Serum Lipid Level Association. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/44628. Accessed April 19, 2024.
Pardo-Moreno, Teresa, Himan Mohamed-Mohamed, Sami Suleiman-Martos, Juan José Ramos-Rodriguez, Antonio Rivas-Dominguez, Lucía Melguizo-Rodríguez, José L. Gómez-Urquiza, Beatriz Bermudez-Pulgarin, Victoria Garcia-Morales. "Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Serum Lipid Level Association" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/44628 (accessed April 19, 2024).
Pardo-Moreno, T., Mohamed-Mohamed, H., Suleiman-Martos, S., Ramos-Rodriguez, J.J., Rivas-Dominguez, A., Melguizo-Rodríguez, L., Gómez-Urquiza, J.L., Bermudez-Pulgarin, B., & Garcia-Morales, V. (2023, May 22). Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Serum Lipid Level Association. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/44628
Pardo-Moreno, Teresa, et al. "Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Serum Lipid Level Association." Encyclopedia. Web. 22 May, 2023.
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Serum Lipid Level Association
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This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper 10.3390/ijms24108675

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease with unknown etiology. Many metabolic alterations occur during ALS progress and can be used as a method of pre-diagnostic and early diagnosis. Dyslipidemia is one of the physiological changes observed in numerous ALS patients.

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis lipids meta-analysis cholesterol

1. Included Studies and Lipid Levels in Control Cohort and ALS Patients

The basic data collection from the systematic review is shown in Table 1. As previously mentioned, 19 studies were selected in total. The selected articles were published between 1989 and 2022 (Table 1 and Table 2). There was demographic variety in the studies selected (European, American, and Asiatic). In some studies, the control population was not used (D/N). The type of article and the study are detailed in Table 1 and Table 2. The average ages of the control population and the ALS patients at the beginning of the disease did not show differences (58.7 and 59.6 years old, respectively). Most patients had non-bulbar (or spinal) symptom onset (71.1%), in comparison with the percentage of patients with bulbar symptom onset (28.9%). BMI was compared in order to more reliably compare the blood lipid levels between the control population and the ALS patients. Thus, the possible relationship between elevated serum lipid levels and the degree of obesity was eliminated. The average BMI was within the normal range and did not show a difference between the two populations (24.8 in the healthy population and 24.5 in the ALS patients) (Table 2).
Table 1. Characteristics of studies included in the systematic review. N/D: not available value.
        Cohorte
Author Year Location Article Type N
Control		 N ALS
Ingre et al. [1] 2020 Sweden Clinical trial N/D 99
Mariosa et al. [2] 2017 Sweden Prospective cohort study N/D 623
Bjornevik et al. [3] 2021 USA Randomized controlled trials 275 547
Chelstowka et al. [4] 2021 Poland Clinical studies N/D 203
Dorst et al. [5] 2011 Germany Clinical trial N/D 488
Ikeda et al. [6] 2012 Japan Clinical trial 92 92
Won Yang et al. [7] 2013 Korea Clinical trial 99 54.14
Mandrioli et al. [8] 2017 Italy Clinical studies: retrospective cohort study N/D 275
Dupuis et al. [9] 2008 France Randomized controlled trials: retrospective cohort study 286 369
Huang et al. [10] 2014 China Clinical studies 400 413
Ahmed et al. [11] 2018 Australia Clinical studies 32 37
Dedic et al. [12] 2013 Serbia Randomized controlled trials: retrospective cohort study N/D 82
Nakamura et al. [13] 2022 Japan Clinical studies: retrospective cohort study N/D 78
Thompson et al. [14] 2021 UK Longitudinal clinical studies: prospective population cohort 502,409 343
Chio et al. [15] 2009 Italy Clinical studies 658 658
Nakatsuji et al. [16] 2017 Japan Clinical trial 483 55
Ballantyne et al. [17] 1989 USA Prospective, randomized clinical trial N/D 39
Wuolikainen et al. [18] 2014 USA Clinical trial 40 52
Sutedja et al. [19] 2015 The Netherlands Randomized controlled trials 2100 303
Table 2. Basic data of studies included in the systematic review. N/D: not available value.
          Site of Symptom Onset BMI
Author Year Location Age Control Age ALS Bulbar Nonbulbar Control ALS
Ingree et al. [1] 2020 Sweden N/D 65.7 38 61 N/D 24.38
Mariosa et al. [2] 2017 Sweden N/D 67 N/D N/D N/D N/D
Bjornevik et al. [3] 2021 USA 64.6 69.4 N/D N/D 26.9 26.2
Chelstowka et al. [4] 2021 Poland N/D 56 N/D N/D N/D 24.6
Dorst et al. [5] 2011 Germany N/D 57.6 89 398 N/D 25.4
Ikeda et al. [6] 2012 Japan 59.2 58.8 10 82 22.8 22.6
Won Yang et al. [7] 2013 Korea 52.5 54.1 N/D N/D N/D N/D
Mandrioli et al. [8] 2017 Italy N/D 65.2 83 30.2 N/D 24.5
Dupuis et al. [9] 2008 France N/D 57.5 92.2 276.7 N/D 24.6
Huang et al. [10] 2014 China 51.4 51.8 N/D N/D 21.5 21
Ahmed et al. [11] 2018 Australia 64.7 55.9 9 28 24.9 25.7
Dedic et al. [12] 2013 Serbia N/D 53.7 30 52 N/D 26.7
Nakamura et al. [13] 2022 Japan N/D 71 26 52 N/D 21.7
Thompson et al. [14] 2021 UK 58 62 N/D N/D 26.7 27.2
Chio et al. [15] 2009 Italy 62.7 62.9 201 457 24.8 25.1
Nakatsuji et al. [16] 2017 Japan 53.2 51.1 N/D N/D 24.2 22.7
Ballantyne et al. [17] 1989 USA N/D 50 N/D N/D N/D N/D
Wuolikainen et al. [18] 2014 USA 61.7 58.7 N/D N/D 25.3 23.8
Sutedja et al. [19] 2015 The Netherlands 59 64 90 205 26 25
      58.7 ± 1.5 59.6 ± 1.3 28.9% 71.1% 24.8 ± 0.6 24.5 ± 0.5
In addition, the serum lipid levels were analyzed in the healthy population and the ALS patients in each of the studies selected (Table 3). The TC, LDL, HDL, and TG levels (mmol L−1) were extracted and converted from each of the manuscripts. Only studies showing lipid levels in mg·dL−1 or mmol L−1 were used in the comparison between both populations. So, 1 article was excluded in order to compare the serum lipid levels between the healthy population and ALS patients due to the lack of data in the manuscript. The data shown in Table 3 were used to perform the mean and standard error calculations in each population. No significant differences were obtained in any of the lipid levels (TC: p = 0.760; LDL: p = 0.598; HDL: p = 0.792; TG: p = 0.654) between the control cohort and the ALS patients. Nevertheless, an upward trend was observed in the ALS lipid levels (TC: 5.35 ± 0.2 mmol L−1; LDL: 3.15 ± 0.1 mmol L−1; HDL: 1.38 ± 0.1 mmol L−1 and TG: 2.45 ± 0.2 mmol L−1) compared with those of the healthy population (TC: 5.18 ± 0.3 mmol L−1; LDL: 3.08 ± 0.2 mmol L−1; HDL: 1.41 ± 0.1 mmol L−1 and TG: 2.33 ± 0.3 mmol L−1). These results could support the hyperlipidemia serum in ALS disease described by other authors. The mean survival data were extracted from each article and are shown in Table 3. The mean survival value was 31.28 months (~2.6 years) from the diagnosis of the disease. This value is relatively low because diagnosis of the disease is performed when advanced symptoms appear. The results presented in the table show that there is no relationship between increased lipid levels and a high survival rate.
Ijms 24 08675 g001 550
Figure 1. Flow diagram of document selection process.
Table 3. Serum lipid (TC, LDL, HDL, and TG in mg·dL−1) levels in control population and ALS patients. Mean values are shown in the last row; the values represent the mean and standard error. The Student’s t-test was performed. N/D: not available value.
  Total Cholesterol (mmol·L−1) Low-Density Protein (mmol·L−1) High-Density
Protein (mmol·L−1)		 Triglycerides (mmol·L−1)  
Author TC
Control		 TC ALS Patients LDL
Control		 LDL ALS Patients HDL Control HDL ALS
Patients		 TG
Control		 TG ALS Patients Mean
Survival (Months)
Ingre et al. [1] N/D 5.46 N/D 3.14 N/D 1.64 N/D 1.54 13.72
Mariosa et al. [2] N/D 5.48 3.59 3.69 N/D 1.52 N/D N/D 12.00
Chelstowka et al. [4] N/D 5.37 N/D 3.28 N/D 1.34 N/D 3.50 19.92
Dorst et al. [5] 4.70 6.00 4.91 3.87 N/D 1.29 1.40 1.77 51.00
Ikeda et al. [6] 5.33 5.47 3.21 3.34 1.49 1.49 3.06 3.30 23.70
Won Yang et al. [7] 5.11 4.87 3.11 2.99 1.20 1.22 4.04 3.28 N/D
Mandrioli et al. [8] N/D 5.12 N/D 3.36 N/D 1.29 N/D 2.59 N/D
Dupuis et al. [9] 2.10 2.50 1.20 1.60 0.60 0.60 1.30 1.30 N/D
Huang et al. [10] 5.31 5.24 2.81 2.80 1.36 1.20 3.14 3.30 21.80
Ahmed et al. [11] 5.51 6.60 N/D N/D 1.90 1.50 1.00 1.90 20.40
Dedic et al. [12] N/D 5.80 N/D 2.95 N/D 1.37 N/D 1.87 50.52
Nakamura et al. [13] N/D N/D N/D 2.97 N/D 1.63 N/D 2.82 N/D
Thompson et al. [14] 5.65 5.64 3.52 3.54 1.40 1.30 1.48 1.67 14.63
Chio et al. [15] 5.38 5.46 3.25 3.33 1.54 1.53 3.05 2.98 N/D
Nakatsuji et al. [16] 5.56 5.30 N/D N/D 1.45 1.54 3.66 3.76 85.20
Ballantyne et al. [17] N/D 5.26 N/D 3.05 N/D 1.02 N/D 2.65 N/D
Wuolikainen et al. [18] 5.80 6.00 3.20 3.40 1.75 1.85 1.25 1.10 N/D
Sutedja et al. [19] 5.85 5.50 3.90 3.20 1.45 1.55 N/D N/D N/D
  5.18 ± 0.3 5.35 ± 0.2 3.08 ± 0.2 3.15 ± 0.1 1.41 ± 0.1 1.38 ± 0.1 2.33 ± 0.3 2.45 ± 0.2 31.28 ± 7.46

2. Characteristics of Studies Included in Meta-Analysis

Only four studies were included for meta-analysis because they showed correlating data between the ALS-FRS level and the blood lipid levels. The data collected from the manuscripts used for meta-analysis had different origins: two studies were conducted in Japan, one in China, and one in Australia. The years of publication were between 2012 and 2018. In total, the entire sample comprised 597 ALS patients. According to the size of the cohort and the country of publication, 24.6% of the patients were Japanese, 69.2% were Chinese, and the remaining 6.19% were Australian.

3. Clinical Data

The ALS-FR score values were used to determine the initial disease progression. The ALS-FRS mean score was 36.6 ± 2.8 at the beginning of the disease. Life span was 37.8 ± 7.9 months (~3.15 years) after ALS was diagnosed. To strengthen the meta-analysis study and exclude the possibility that the differences obtained were due to changes in baseline lipid levels, researchers analyzed whether there was a significant difference in the TC and TG values between the control and the ALS subjects. The mean TC (Control: 208.7 ± 1.7 mg·dL−1 and 206.2 ± 1.5 mg·dL−1; p = 0.566) and TG (Control: 120.3 ± 4.2 mg·dL−1 and 147.6 ± 7.4 mg·dL−1; p = 0.159) levels were not statistically significant in the ALS patients compared to those of the control group. These data are represented in Table 4 and Table 5. However, an interesting increase in TG levels, but not in TC levels, was observed in the ALS patients when compared with those of the control population.
Table 4. Basic data of studies included in meta-analysis. * Last row values represent the mean and standard error and total bulbar and non-bulbar symptoms onset. N/D: not available value.
Author Location Participants (ALS/Control) Age (Years)
(ALS/Control)		 Symptom Onset (Bulbar/Nonbulbar) BMI
(ALS/Control)
Ikeda et al., 2012 [6] Japan 92/92 58.8/59.2 10/82 22.6/22.8
Huang et al., 2015 [10] China 413/400 51.8/51.4 N/D 21/21.5
Ahmed et al., 2018 [11] Australia 37/32 55.9/64.7 9/28 25.7/24.9
Nakatsuji et al., 2017 [16] Japan 55/483 51.1/53.2 N/D 22.7/24.2
      * 54.4 ± 0.9/57.1 ± 1.5 19/110
Table 5. Characteristics of studies included in meta-analysis. Last row values represent the mean and standard error and total bulbar and non-bulbar symptoms onset. N/D: not available value.
  Total Cholesterol (mmol·L−1) Triglycerides (mmol·L−1)  
Author TC Control TC ALS TG Control TG ALS ALS-FRS
Ikeda et al., 2012 [6] 5.33 5.47 3.06 3.30 40.3
Huang et al., 2015 [10] 5.31 5.24 3.14 3.30 31.2
Ahmed et al., 2018 [11] 5.51 6.60 1.00 1.90 38.5
Nakatsuji et al., 2017 [16] 5.56 5.3 3.66 3.76 N/D
  5.42 ± 0.1 5.65 ± 0.3 2.71 ± 0.5 3.06 ± 0.4 36.6 ± 2.8

4. Meta-Analysis for ALS-FRS Score and Lipid Levels

Four random-effect meta-analyses were performed. The basic data are shown in Table 4. Each meta-analysis analyzed the correlation between the TG, LDL, HDL, and TC levels and ALS progression (ALS-FRS score). The data are shown in Table 5. Three studies were used to correlate the TC and TG levels with the ALS-FRS scores. Moreover, two of them were used to perform the meta-analysis of the HDL and LDL levels with the ALS-FRS score.
The estimated meta-analytical correlation of the ALS-FRS value with TG was r = −0.13 (95% CI −0.35, 0.10. p > 0.05; n = 505) (Figure 2); with LDL, it was r = −0.26 (95% CI 0.64, 0.23. p > 0.05; n = 129) (Figure 3); with HDL, it was r = 0.17 (95% CI −0.19, 0.49. p < 0.05; n = 468) (Figure 4); and, finally, with TC, it was r = −0.20 (95% CI −0.59, 0.27. p > 0.05) (n = 560 ALS patients) (Figure 5). I2 was higher than 50%, reflecting a high degree of heterogeneity in all the meta-analyses.
Ijms 24 08675 g002 550
Figure 2. Forest plot of serum TG in ALS patients and ALS-FRS score [10][11][16].
Ijms 24 08675 g003 550
Figure 3. Forest plot of serum LDL in ALS patients and ALS-FRS score [6][11].
Ijms 24 08675 g004 550
Figure 4. Forest plot of serum HDL in ALS patients and ALS-FRS score [10][16].
Ijms 24 08675 g005 550
Figure 5. Forest plot of serum TC in ALS patients and ALS-FRS score [6][10][16].
No study was eliminated after the sensitivity analysis, and the value of the Egger test showed that there was no publication bias. As one of the main parameters used in the meta-analysis was the ALS-FRS scale, the size of the control cohort (healthy individuals) was not considered for the meta-analysis study.

References

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Subjects: Endocrinology & Metabolism; Neurosciences
Contributors MDPI registered users' name will be linked to their SciProfiles pages. To register with us, please refer to https://encyclopedia.pub/register :
Teresa Pardo-Moreno
,
Himan Mohamed-Mohamed
,
Sami Suleiman-Martos
,
Juan José Ramos-Rodriguez
,
Antonio Rivas-Dominguez
,
Lucía Melguizo-Rodríguez
,
José L. Gómez-Urquiza
,
Beatriz Bermudez-Pulgarin
,
Victoria Garcia-Morales
View Times: 227
Revisions: 2 times (View History)
Update Date: 24 May 2023
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