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Topic Review
Cardiac Adiposity and Arrhythmias
Increased cardiac fat depots are metabolically active tissues having a pronounced pro-inflammatory nature. Increasing evidence supports a potential role of cardiac adiposity as a determinant of the substrate of atrial fibrillation and ventricular arrhythmias. The underlying mechanism appears to be multifactorial with local inflammation, fibrosis, adipocyte infiltration, electrical remodeling, autonomic nervous system modulation, oxidative stress and gene expression playing interrelating roles. Current imaging modalities, such as echocardiography, computed to-mography and cardiac magnetic resonance, have provided valuable insight into the relationship between cardiac adiposity and arrhythmogenesis, in order to better understand the pathophysi-ology and improve risk prediction of the patients, over the presence of obesity and traditional risk factors.
  • 1.1K
  • 05 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Plant-based Diets
Dietary patterns based on the regular consumption of fruits and vegetables have been licensed by various national nutritional guidelines in many countries for their health-promoting effects. Such patterns, indeed, result in being rich in specific components, such as fiber, minerals, vitamins and antioxidants, whose beneficial effects on human health have been widely reported. 
  • 1.1K
  • 07 May 2021
Topic Review
Structural Batteries
Structural power composites are a new class of materials/structural configurations capable of storing electric energy and, at the same time, carrying mechanical loads. They stand out as a possible solution to the demands of the modern transportation system of more efficient and eco-friendly vehicles.
  • 1.1K
  • 16 May 2021
Topic Review
Polymer-Based Nanovaccines
Polymer-based particles have found application as vaccine platforms and vaccine adjuvants due to their ability to prevent antigen degradation and clearance, coupled with enhanced uptake by professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Polymeric nanoparticles have been applied in vaccine delivery, showing significant adjuvant effects as they can easily be taken up by APCs. In other words, polymer-based systems offer a lot of advantages, including versatility and flexibility in the design process, the ability to incorporate a range of immunomodulators/antigens, mimicking infection in different ways, and acting as a depot, thereby persisting long enough to generate adaptive immune responses. 
  • 1.1K
  • 03 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) is a multifunctional Th1 cytokine and one of the most important inflammatory cytokines.
  • 1.1K
  • 22 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Time Series Analysis
With the advent of the digital computer, time series analysis has gained wide attention and is being applied to many fields of science. In this survey entry, many traditional and recent techniques for time series analysis and change detection are reviewed, including spectral and wavelet analyses with their advantages and weaknesses. The main focus of the survey is the analysis of unevenly sampled or unequally spaced time series.
  • 1.1K
  • 07 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Visceral Leishmaniasis
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is one of the clinical forms of leishmaniasis, caused mainly by the intracellular protozoan Leishmania donovani or Leishmania infantum.
  • 1.1K
  • 09 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Autologous Fat Injection Laryngoplasty for Unilateral Vocal Palsy
Unilateral vocal palsy (UVFP) affects the voice and swallowing function and could be treated by various materials to achieve improved mucosal wave and better closure during phonation. Injection laryngoplasty is considered an exemplary method for these patients and could be injected as early as possible. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis for the subjective and objective outcomes of autologous fat injection laryngoplasty (AFIL) and assessed the effects for patients with UVFP. 
  • 1.1K
  • 08 Nov 2021
Topic Review Video
Iron-Homeostasis in Beta-Cells
Iron is a central role in a variety of essential cellular functions as oxygen transport and exchange, being the metal component of many intracellular enzymes. Its ability to react with oxygen also makes it a toxic compound, able to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) that can damage DNA, phospholipids and proteins. It is therefore of utmost importance, for both the cells and the organisms, to maintain iron homeostasis, ensuring iron supply and preventing accumulation of iron excess.
  • 1.1K
  • 09 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Multi-Element Imaging of the 1.4Ga Authigenic Siderite Crystal
The Al- and Fe-enriched zone in the core of siderite crystal might be an iron-bearing nucleus, and the formation of rim structure was related to the transition from a closed crystallization environment to a semi-closed growth environment. These results, combined with carbon isotope evidence from the siderites and surrounding shales, suggest that vigorous dissimilatory iron reduction that can provide Fe2+ and HCO3− to the pore water is a key factor to form the siderite-dominated Xiamaling IF.
  • 1.1K
  • 21 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Applications of Light Wavelength Conversion Materials in Agriculture
As new fluorescent materials, light wavelength conversion materials (light conversion agents) have attracted increasing attention from scientific researchers and agricultural materials companies due to their potential advantages in efficiently utilizing solar energy and increasing crop yield. According to the material properties, the light conversion agents can be divided into fluorescent dyes, organic rare-earth complexes, and inorganic rare-earth complexes. The current researches indicates that the fluorescent dyes have relatively high production costs, poor light stability, difficult degradation processes, and easily cause pollution to the ecological environment. The organic rare-earth complexes have short luminescence times, high production costs, and suffer from rapid decreases in luminescence intensity. Compared with fluorescent dyes and organic rare-earth complexes, although rare-earth inorganic complexes have high luminous efficiency, stable chemical properties, and better spectral matching performance, the existing inorganic light conversion agents have relatively poor dispersibility in agricultural films. 
  • 1.1K
  • 07 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Metformin in Breast Cancer
Metformin is a widely prescribed oral antidiabetic medication. This biguanide is considered a first-line drug for the management of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer and the leading cause of cancer-related death among women worldwide. Type 2 diabetes–associated metabolic traits such as hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, inflammation, oxidative stress, and obesity are well-known risk factors for breast cancer.
  • 1.1K
  • 21 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Drug Targeting and Nanomedicine
Drug targeting and nanomedicine are different strategies for improving the delivery of drugs to their target. Several antibodies, immuno-drug conjugates and nanomedicines are already approved and used in clinics, demonstrating the potential of such approaches, including the examples of the DNA- and RNA-based vaccines against COVID-19 infections. Nevertheless, targeting remains a major challenge in drug delivery and different aspects of how these objects are processed at organism and cell level still remain unclear, hampering the further development of efficient targeted drugs.
  • 1.1K
  • 23 Mar 2022
Topic Review
The Bone Strain Index
Bone strain Index (BSI) is an innovative index of bone strength that provides information about skeletal resistance to loads not considered by existing indexes (Bone Mineral Density, BMD. Trabecular Bone Score, TBS. Hip Structural Analysis, HSA. Hip Axis Length, HAL), and, thus, improves the predictability of fragility fractures in osteoporotic patients. This improved predictability of fracture facilitates the possibility of timely intervention with appropriate therapies to reduce the risk of fracture.
  • 1.1K
  • 27 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Prolonged Mechanical Ventilation: Outcomes and Management
Prolonged mechanical ventilation (PMV) is defined as successful extubation after more than three spontaneous breathing trials or taking more than 14 days. The pathophysiology of PMV includes the presence of an abnormal respiratory drive or ventilator-induced diaphragm dysfunction. Numerous studies have demonstrated that ventilator-induced diaphragm dysfunction is related to increases in in-hospital deaths, nosocomial pneumonia, oxidative stress, lung tissue hypoxia, ventilator dependence, and costs.
  • 1.1K
  • 24 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Victims of Cyberbullying during COVID-19
In Chile, during the COVID-19 pandemic, reports of cyberbullying victimization increased for adolescents and younger adults. Cyber-victims—adolescents and young adults alike—are at greater risk for mental health problems such as depression as a result of this negative type of aggression. Cyberbullying victimization has negative consequences for mental health across ages. In Chile, during the pandemic, there were increasing reports of this behavior, which is connected with mental health. Thus, the need for prevention programs in the school and other contexts is significant.
  • 1.1K
  • 27 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Rheumatoid Arthritis
Rheumatoid arthritis, a chronic autoimmune disease with complex etiology, is characterized by excessive proliferation of synovial cells, massive production of inflammatory cells and cartilage destruction. Studies have shown that mitochondrial dysfunction plays an important role in promoting the occurrence of RA. Mitochondria with normal structure and function are essential for the normal survival of chondrocytes and synovial cells. Once mitochondrial function is destroyed, it will affect the survival, activation and differentiation of immune cells and non-immune cells involved in the pathogenesis of RA, thus leading to the occurrence of RA.
  • 1.1K
  • 16 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Risk Perception of Air Pollution
The adverse health effects of exposure to air pollutants, notably to particulate matter (PM), are well-known, as well as the association with measured or estimated concentration levels. The role of perception can be relevant in exploring effects and pollution control actions.
  • 1.1K
  • 27 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Agri-Food Waste from Apple, Pear, and Sugar Beet
Endothelial damage is recognized as the initial step that precedes several cardiovascular diseases (CVD), such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, and coronary artery disease. It has been demonstrated that the best treatment for CVD is prevention, and, in the frame of a healthy lifestyle, the consumption of vegetables, rich in bioactive molecules, appears effective at reducing the risk of CVD. In this context, the large amount of agri-food industry waste, considered a global problem due to its environmental and economic impact, represents an unexplored source of bioactive compounds. The waste matrices of apple, pear, and sugar beet crops can represent promising starting material for producing “upcycled” products with functional applications, such as the prevention of endothelial dysfunction linked to cardiovascular diseases.
  • 1.1K
  • 22 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Signal Peptide-CUB-EGF Domain-Containing Protein in Cancer
Signal peptide, CUB, and EGF-like domain-containing proteins (SCUBE) are secretory cell surface glycoproteins that play key roles in the developmental process. SCUBE proteins participate in the progression of several diseases, including cancer, and are recognized for their oncogenic and tumor suppressor functions depending on the cellular context. SCUBE proteins promote cancer cell proliferation, angiogenesis, invasion, or metastasis, stemness or self-renewal, and drug resistance. The association of SCUBE with other proteins alters the expression of signaling pathways, including Hedgehog, Notch, TGF-β/Smad2/3, and β-catenin. Further, SCUBE proteins function as potential prognostic and diagnostic biomarkers for breast cancer, renal cell carcinoma, endometrial carcinoma, and nasopharyngeal carcinoma.
  • 1.1K
  • 28 Sep 2022
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