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Topic Review
COVID-19 and Labour Force Gender Disparities
Historically, the participation of women in the labour force has been lower than that of men. The onset of the COVID-19 pandemic has widened this labour force participation gap.
  • 1.1K
  • 17 May 2022
Topic Review
MS-Based Metabolomic Workflows in Marine Natural Products Analysis
Marine natural products are considered one of the main sources of compounds for drug development. Starfish and sea cucumbers are potential sources of natural products of pharmaceutical interest. Among their metabolites, polar steroids, triterpene glycosides, and polar lipids have attracted a great deal of attention.
  • 1.1K
  • 20 May 2022
Topic Review
Spread of Viruses on Universities Campuses
Outdoor open spaces are important for sustainable universities because they accommodate outdoor activities and enhance the campus’s livability and vitality. The character of the outdoor space determines the quality of the campus.
  • 1.1K
  • 07 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Lateral Flow Assays Combat Antimicrobial Resistant
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is today universally recognised as a global threat because of the rapid emergence and dissemination of resistant bacteria and genes among humans, animals, and the environment on a global scale. AMR thus represents a heavy burden for healthcare systems all over the world. ESKAPE pathogens (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa et Enterobacter spp.) combined with antibiotic resistance have greatly increased the risk of morbidity and mortality, especially in ICU settings. Lateral flow assays (LFA) are inexpensive, rapid, and efficient tools that are easy to implement in the routine workflow of laboratories as new first-line tests against AMR with bacterial colonies, and in the near future directly with biological media.
  • 1.1K
  • 15 Aug 2022
Topic Review
SODAR
SODAR (SOnic Detection And Ranging), also written as sodar, is a meteorological instrument used as a wind profiler to measure the scattering of sound waves by atmospheric turbulence. SODAR systems are used to measure wind speed at various heights above the ground, and the thermodynamic structure of the lower layer of the atmosphere. Sodar systems are in fact nothing more than sonar systems used in the air rather than in water; more specifically, since they operate using the Doppler effect with a multi-beam configuration to determine wind speed, they are the exact in-air equivalent to a subclass of sonar systems known as acoustic Doppler current profilers. Other names used for sodar systems include sounder, echosounder and acoustic radar.
  • 1.1K
  • 29 Sep 2022
Topic Review
East Mountain Teaching
East Mountain Teaching (traditional Chinese: 東山法門; ; pinyin: Dōngshān Fǎmén; "East Mountain Dharma Gate") denotes the teachings of the Fourth Ancestor Dayi Daoxin, his student and heir the Fifth Ancestor Daman Hongren, and their students and lineage of Chan Buddhism. East Mountain Teaching gets its name from the East Mountain Temple on the "Twin Peaks" (Chinese: 雙峰) of Huangmei (modern Hubei). The East Mountain Temple was on the easternmost peak of the two. Its modern name is Wuzu Temple (Chinese: 五祖寺). The two most famous disciples of Hongren, Huineng and Yuquan Shenxiu, both continued the East Mountain teaching.
  • 1.1K
  • 27 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Trier Social Stress Test
The Trier social stress test (TSST) is a laboratory procedure used to reliably induce stress in human research participants. It is a combination of procedures that were previously known to induce stress, but previous procedures did not do so reliably. It was created in 1993 at the University of Trier by Clemens Kirschbaum and colleagues.
  • 1.1K
  • 07 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Genetic Improvement of Drought Tolerance in Conifers
The constant rise in the global temperature and unpredictable shifts in precipitation patterns are two of the main effects of climate change. Conifers originated more than 300 million years ago and currently dominate many temperate and boreal forests.
  • 1.1K
  • 09 Dec 2022
Topic Review
AIE Material Design Strategy Based on Functional Groups
The common fluorescent conjugated materials present weak or quenching luminescent phenomena in the solid or aggregate state (ACQ), which limits their applications in medicine and biology. Certain materials, named aggregation-induced emission (AIE) fluorescent materials, have exhibited strong luminescent properties in the aggregate state, which can overcome the ACQ phenomenon. Due to their intrinsic properties, the AIE materials have been successfully used in biolabeling, where they can not only detect the species of ions and their concentrations in organisms, but can also monitor the organisms’ physiological activity. In addition, these kinds of materials often present non-biological toxicity. Thus, AIE materials have become some of the most popular biofluorescent probe materials and are attracting more and more attention. 
  • 1.1K
  • 08 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Fish Vaccines
Vaccination studies in aquaculture systems are strategically associated with the economically and environmentally sustainable management of aquaculture production worldwide. Historically, most licensed fish vaccines have been developed as inactivated pathogens combined with adjuvants and provided via immersion or injection. In comparison, live vaccines can simulate a whole pathogenic illness and elicit a strong immune response, making them better suited for oral or immersion-based therapy methods to control diseases. Advanced approaches in vaccine development involve targeting specific pathogenic components, including the use of recombinant genes and proteins. Vaccines produced using these techniques, some of which are currently commercially available, appear to elicit and promote higher levels of immunity than conventional fish vaccines. These technological advancements are promising for developing sustainable production processes for commercially important aquatic species.
  • 1.1K
  • 25 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Endometrial Receptivity Array
Successful outcomes of in vitro fertilization (IVF) rely on both the formation of a chromosomally normal embryo and its implantation in a receptive endometrium. Pre-implantation genetic testing for aneuploidy (PGT-A) has been widely accepted as a tool to assess the viability of an embryo. In 2011, the endometrial receptivity array (ERA) was first published as a tool to determine when the endometrium is most receptive to an embryo, commonly referred to as the “window of implantation” (WOI). The ERA uses molecular arrays to assess proliferation and differentiation in the endometrium and screens for inflammatory markers. Unlike PGT-A, there has been dissent within the field concerning the efficacy of the ERA. 
  • 1.1K
  • 05 May 2023
Topic Review
Interactions between Entomopathogenic Fungi and Nematodes
Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) belonging to the genera Steinernema Travassos (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) and Heterorhabditis Poinar (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae) are obligate and lethal parasites of insects. Their infective juveniles (IJs), non-feeding and usually soil dwelling, hold in their foregut symbiotic bacteria that play an important and essential role in killing susceptible insects. Entomopathogenic fungi, mainly Ascomycetes, are regularly found infecting insects in the environment, especially in the soil. The species of the genera Metarhizium Sorokin, and Beauveria Vuill. are the best known entomopathogenic fungi. These organisms usually attach to the external body of insects by conidia adhering to the host’s cuticle. Under the right temperature and humidity conditions, these spores germinate, grow as hyphae, and colonize the insect’s body. After a few days (4–7), the insect is usually killed, especially by fungal toxins, and new spores are formed in or on the insect (sporulation), ready to be spread in the environment.
  • 1.1K
  • 14 Jun 2023
Topic Review
“Dual Carbon” Target of Energy Structure Optimization
Exploring the path of energy structure optimization to reduce carbon emissions and achieve a carbon peak has important policy implications for achieving the “Dual Carbon” target.
  • 1.1K
  • 20 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Grapevine Relevance and Grapevine in near East Origins
The origins of the main cultivar groups of Vitis vinifera, their relationships with wild grapevine populations, and the use of other Vitaceae are relevant issues for the improvement and conservation of Vitis diversity. Morphometric studies, domestication indices, multivariate analyses, and Bayesian hypothesis testing have been used. 
  • 1.1K
  • 28 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Deep Learning in Whole Slide Imaging for Cancer
The significant progress made in the field of cancer prognosis using whole slide images (WSIs) is encouraging, indicating a promising future for cancer diagnosis and management. The ability to accurately predict survival rates and recurrence risk using deep learning methods has significant implications for clinical practice and patient care. As more sophisticated models and techniques are developed, the potential to revolutionize the field of oncology is immense.
  • 1.1K
  • 02 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Flashing Phenomena in Pressure Hydrometallurgy
Pressure hydrometallurgy has attracted much attention for its characteristics, such as the high adaptability of raw materials and environmental friendliness. Flashing (flash boiling or flash evaporation) refers to the phase change phenomenon from liquid to gas triggered by depressurization, which is an important connection between high-pressure processes and atmospheric ones in pressure hydrometallurgy.
  • 1.1K
  • 18 Aug 2023
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Supporting Doctoral Students in Crisis
A doctoral student is one undertaking the highest level of university study, leading to a doctoral qualification (of which the traditional and most common form is the PhD), that typically requires they demonstrate a significant contribution to knowledge and their own preparedness to undertake independent research. Crisis in this entry is taken to be a time of great difficulty or a time when a difficult or important decision must be made. In the context of doctoral students, a crisis often brings a threat to the completion of the doctorate.
  • 1.1K
  • 19 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Blockchain and Energy Internet
Emergence of the Energy Internet (EI) demands restructuring of traditional electricity grids to integrate heterogeneous energy sources, distribution network management with grid intelligence and big data management. This paradigm shift is considered to be a breakthrough in the energy industry towards facilitating autonomous and decentralized grid operations while maximizing the utilization of Distributed Generation (DG). Blockchain has been identified as a disruptive technology enabler for the realization of EI to facilitate reliable, self-operated energy delivery. 
  • 1.1K
  • 12 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Integration of Security Practices in Agile Software Development
Software development must be based on more than just the experience and capabilities of your programmers and your team. The importance of obtaining a quality product lies in the risks that can be exploited by software vulnerabilities, which can jeopardize organizational assets, consumer confidence, operations, and a broad spectrum of applications. 
  • 1.1K
  • 03 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Dietary Fiber Sources
Feed fiber composition is usually considered as one of the factors that have an impact on digestive tract microbiota composition. The investigations on the level of fermentation and in-vitro digestibility of different fibers are not well understood. The aim of the current entry is to determine the effect of different fiber sources on intestinal nutrient digestibility, hindgut fermentation, and microbial community composition under in vitro or in vivo conditions. For example, cornstalk treatment displayed higher digestibility compared to alfalfa hay and rice straw. Similar results were observed with in-vitro digestibility using intestinal digesta. Firmicutes were the most abundant phyla, and Lactobacillus were the prominent genera in response to alfalfa compared to rice straw and cornstalk treatments. In simulated in-vitro digestion, corn stalk fiber improved dry matter digestibility, while rice straw fiber improved volatile fatty acid content and fermentation efficiency. Alfalfa fiber improved the thickness of deposited Firmicutes and Lactobacillus.
  • 1.1K
  • 30 Oct 2020
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