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Topic Review
Underwater Object Detection Using TC-YOLO with Attention Mechanisms
Underwater object detection is a key technology in the development of intelligent underwater vehicles. Object detection faces unique challenges in underwater applications: blurry underwater images; small and dense targets; and limited computational capacity available on the deployed platforms. TC-YOLO, is an image enhancement technique using an adaptive histogram equalization algorithm, and the optimal transport scheme for label assignment. 
  • 1.1K
  • 01 Apr 2024
Topic Review
Battery Fault Mechanism
The battery system, as the core energy storage device of new energy vehicles, faces increasing safety issues and threats. An accurate and robust fault diagnosis technique is crucial to guarantee the safe, reliable, and robust operation of lithium-ion batteries. However, in battery systems, various faults are difficult to diagnose and isolate due to their similar features and internal coupling relationships.
  • 1.1K
  • 04 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Oxidative Stress in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a grievous neurodegenerative disease whose survival is limited to only a few years. In spite of intensive research to discover the underlying mechanisms, the results are fairly inconclusive. Multiple hypotheses have been regarded, including genetic, molecular, and cellular processes. Notably, oxidative stress has been demonstrated to play a crucial role in ALS pathogenesis. In addition to already recognized and exhaustively studied genetic mutations involved in oxidative stress production, exposure to various environmental factors (e.g., electromagnetic fields, solvents, pesticides, heavy metals) has been suggested to enhance oxidative damage. 
  • 1.1K
  • 01 Sep 2022
Topic Review
ESA Round Robin Exercise
Motivated by the experience acquired in the ESA promoted Round Robin exercise aimed at comparing cloud detection algorithms for PROBA-V sensor, we investigate specific issues related to cloud detection when remotely sensed images comprise only a few spectral bands in the visible and near-infrared by considering a bunch of well-known classification methods. First, we demonstrate the feasibility of using a training dataset semi-automatically obtained from other accurate algorithms. In addition, we investigate the effect of ancillary information, e.g., surface type or climate, on accuracy. Then we compare the different classification methods using the same training dataset under different configurations. We also perform a consensus analysis aimed at estimating the degree of mutual agreement among classification methods in detecting Clear or Cloudy sky conditions. Results are also compared on a high-quality test dataset of 1350 reflectances and Clear/Cloudy corresponding labels prepared by ESA for the mentioned exercise.
  • 1.1K
  • 02 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Endothelial Dysfunction
Any damage to the endothelial cells leads to the interruption of the barrier, an increased permeability, and an inflow of molecules that generate inflammatory response. Pulmonary endothelium is able to generate bioactive molecules and/or to use compounds present in the cell to reduce the effects of toxic stimuli and restore its conditions. If the damage is particularly extensive, the endothelium cannot tackle it and its permeability undergoes some alterations. The pulmonary endothelial barrier is completely destroyed in the case of chronic lung damages. A typical example of chronic inflammation of the alveolus-capillary unit is represented by virus infections.
  • 1.1K
  • 18 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Clopidogrel Resistance
Clopidogrel resistance is a condition in which the drug clopidogrel is less effective than normal in people who are treated with it. Clopidogrel (also known as Plavix) is an antiplatelet drug, which means that it prevents blood cells called platelets from sticking together (aggregating) and forming blood clots. This drug is typically given to prevent blood clot formation in individuals with a history of stroke; heart attack; a blood clot in the deep veins of the arms or legs (deep vein thrombosis); or plaque buildup (atherosclerosis) in the blood vessels leading from the heart, which are opened by placement of a small thin tube (stent).
  • 1.1K
  • 31 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Skin Diseases in Donkeys/Mules
Equids are part of the history of many countries, including Brazil, where they were used in trade routes and expansion of the current states. Several skin diseases affect these animals; however, visibility is higher on horses than on donkeys and mules, which is linked to regional cultural and socioeconomic factors, even resulting in a decline of the world population of these animals. In this context, the objective of this study was to review which skin diseases have been reported in the scientific literature with emphasis on skin pathologies.
  • 1.1K
  • 15 Jan 2021
Topic Review
WWC Proteins
WWC proteins are known as components of the Hippo signaling pathway.
  • 1.1K
  • 02 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Hepatitis C Viral Replication Complex
HCV genomic RNA replication occurs in the replication organelles (RO) and is tightly linked to ER membrane alterations containing replication complexes (proteins NS3 to NS5B). The amplification of HCV genomic RNA could be regulated by the RO biogenesis, the viral RNA structure (i.e., cis-acting replication elements), and both viral and cellular proteins. Studies on HCV replication have led to the development of direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) targeting the replication complex.
  • 1.1K
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Sudden Cardiac Death
Sudden cardiac death (SCD) is the leading cause of cardiovascular mortality in patients with coronary artery disease without severe systolic dysfunction and in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. From a global health perspective, while risk may be lower, the absolute number of SCDs in patients with left ventricle ejection fraction >35% is higher than in those with severely reduced left ventricle ejection fraction (defined as ≤35%). Despite these observations and the high amount of available data, to date there are no clear recommendations to reduce the sudden cardiac death burden in the population with mid-range or preserved left ventricle ejection fraction. Ongoing improvements in risk stratification based on electrophysiological and imaging techniques point towards a more precise identification of patients who would benefit from ICD implantation, which is still an unmet need in this subset of patients.
  • 1.1K
  • 18 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Cow’s Milk Protein Allergy
Cow’s milk allergy (CMA) is one of the most common food allergies in infants, and its prevalence has increased over recent years. Understanding the diagnostic features of CMA is essential in order to manage patients with this disorder, guide the use of an elimination diet, and find the best moment to start an oral food challenge (OFC) and liberalize the diet. To date, no shared tolerance markers for the diagnosis of food allergy have been identified, and OFC remains the gold standard. Recently, oral immunotherapy (OIT) has emerged as a new therapeutic strategy and has changed the natural history of CMA. Before this, patients had to strictly avoid the food allergen, resulting in a decline in quality of life and subsequent nutritional, social, and psychological impairments. Thanks to the introduction of OIT, the passive approach involving rigid exclusion has changed to a proactive one. Both the heterogeneity in the diagnostic process among the studies and the variability of OIT data limit the comprehension of the real epidemiology of CMA, and, consequentially, its natural history. Therefore, well-planned randomized controlled trials are needed to standardize CMA diagnosis, prevention, and treatment strategies.
  • 1.1K
  • 11 May 2021
Topic Review
Probiotic Bacteria
Probiotic bacteria are widely accepted as therapeutic agents against inflammatory bowel diseases for their immunostimulating effects. 
  • 1.1K
  • 04 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Cancer Stem Cells in CRC
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) fuel tumor growth, metastasis and resistance to therapy in colorectal cancer (CRC). These cells therefore represent a promising target for the treatment of CRC. This review addresses the complexity of studying CSCs in CRC research and developing clinically effective treatments to enable CRC patients to achieve a short and long-term therapeutic response.
  • 1.1K
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Proteinopathy in Alzheimer’s Disease
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) result from normal daily cellular metabolism. Research conducted in the last two decades has clarified the role of ROS as secondary signaling molecules that regulate various biological and physiological processes, including proliferation, host defense, and gene expression. Furthermore, earlier reports have also indicated the role of ROS as a signal transduction mechanism.
  • 1.1K
  • 17 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Pediatric Dentistry
Pediatric dentistry is the branch of dentistry dealing with children's oral health through the education, promotion, prevention and care of oral pathologies. Oral health is an essential part of the overall health and wellbeing. Good oral health needs not only sound teeth and periodontium, but also the wellbeing of all structures of the mouth, jaw, oral, and peri-oral tissues. Most oral health conditions are largely preventable in children and can be treated in their early stages. Caries represent one of the most common non-communicable diseases and the most prevalent among oral diseases in childhood, despite being easily prevented. Factors contributing to oral diseases are an unhealthy diet (rich in fermentable sugars), inadequate oral hygiene, and low fluoride exposure.
  • 1.1K
  • 03 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Apps for Coronary Heart Disease
Mobile health applications (MHA) are discussed to contribute in overcoming this gap in treatment by fostering CHD management. First, MHA may support daily monitoring of activities and symptoms. Second, adherence to treatment and lifestyle changes can be increased by self-tracking, feedback, and reminder functions of MHA.
  • 1.1K
  • 28 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Balancing Photosynthesis through Cyclic Electron Flow
Cyclic Electron Flow （CEF）has evolved to divert electrons back to PETC to enhance H+ pumping to boost the proton motive force (PMF) across the thylakoid membranes to balance photosynthesis and, consequently, NADPH/ATP ratio.
  • 1.1K
  • 22 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Guidelines for Measuring Particulate Matter at Construction Sites
PM is a set of air pollutants consisting of solid or liquid particles. These particles are suspended in the atmosphere, but they can also be sedimented on surfaces. Despite a number of differences, PM is mainly classified by its aerodynamic diameter into three groups: (1) fine or breathable particles (PM2.5) with aerodynamic diameter up to 2.5 µm, (2) coarse or inhalable particles (PM10) with an aerodynamic diameter up to 10 µm, and (3) total suspended particles (TSP) that have a wide particle size range, typically with an equivalent aerodynamic cutting diameter of 100 µm.
  • 1.1K
  • 19 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Isolation, Characterization, and Molecular Detection of Porcine Sapelovirus
Porcine sapelovirus (PSV) is an important emerging pathogen associated with a wide variety of diseases in swine, including acute diarrhoea, respiratory distress, skin lesions, severe neurological disorders, and reproductive failure. 
  • 1.1K
  • 18 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Cell Cycle Arrest and Apoptosis in Glioblastoma
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) account for 49% of all primary malignant central nervous system tumorsand stand for the most malignant part of the clinical spectrum. The current established therapy consists of a gross total resection when safely feasible, followed by adjuvant radio-, chemo-, or radiochemotherapy and application of tumor treating fields (TTF). Nevertheless, prognosis is still poor, and overall survival after completion of these therapies averages less than 2 years.
  • 1.1K
  • 28 Mar 2022
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