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Topic Review
Nanoparticle- and Microparticle-Based Vaccines against Orbiviruses
Bluetongue virus (BTV) and African horse sickness virus (AHSV) are widespread arboviruses that cause important economic losses in the livestock and equine industries, respectively. In addition to these, another arthropod-transmitted orbivirus known as epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) entails a major threat as there is a conducive landscape that nurtures its emergence in non-endemic countries. To date, only vaccinations with live attenuated or inactivated vaccines permit the control of these three viral diseases, although important drawbacks, e.g., low safety profile and effectiveness, and lack of DIVA (differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals) properties, constrain their usage as prophylactic measures. Moreover, a substantial number of serotypes of BTV, AHSV and EHDV have been described, with poor induction of cross-protective immune responses among serotypes. In the context of next-generation vaccine development, antigen delivery systems based on nano- or microparticles have gathered significant attention. A diversity of technologies, such as virus-like particles or self-assembled protein complexes, have been implemented for vaccine design against these viruses.
  • 1.1K
  • 19 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Charging Infrastructure for Electric Vehicles
Concern about environmental problems, including the greenhouse effect, directly related to the gases produced by vehicles, has led governments and various organizations to promote standards on fuel use and gas emissions.
  • 1.1K
  • 31 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Examples of Xylem-Invading Viruses
Viruses are trailblazers in hijacking host systems for their own needs. Plant viruses have been shown to exploit alternative avenues of translocation within a host, including a challenging route through the xylem, to expand their niche and establish systemic spread, despite apparent host-imposed obstacles.
  • 1.1K
  • 08 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Whole Grain Bioactive Compounds and Skeletal Muscle Function
Skeletal muscle plays a primary role in metabolic health and physical performance. Conversely, skeletal muscle dysfunctions such as muscular dystrophy, atrophy and aging-related sarcopenia could lead to frailty, decreased independence and increased risk of hospitalization. Dietary intervention has become an effective approach to improving muscle health and function. Evidence shows that whole grains possess multiple health benefits compared with refined grains. Importantly, there is growing evidence demonstrating that bioactive substances derived from whole grains such as polyphenols, γ-oryzanol, β-sitosterol, betaine, octacosanol, alkylresorcinols and β-glucan could contribute to enhancing myogenesis, muscle mass and metabolic function. 
  • 1.1K
  • 29 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Power Soccer (Browser-based Game)
Power Soccer, also known as Power Challenge and PS, was a massively multiplayer online browser-based sports game, developed by the Swedish developer Power Challenge, the same company that develops ManagerZone (but PS focuses in the sports gameplay instead of management simulation). This game was a browser-based soccer simulator in which users could create a team and play against other users from all around the globe. Additional benefits were offered to those that purchased the Club Membership. Following a decline in interest from users in the game, it was announced that on May 16, 2016 Power Soccer would come to an end, encouraging users to join their sister game ManagerZone. The announcement was made months before the closure date, which led to many posts in the forums where some users even wanted to donate to keep the game afloat but to no avail, and in the early hours of May 16, 2016, the game closed.
  • 1.1K
  • 27 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Object 490
Object 490 "Poplar" was an experimental Soviet tank developed in the early 1980s. Two versions of the vehicle existed under the same project name, however the designs were radically different, with the second being one of the most unusual designs in the history of tank development. The vehicle was designed by Eugenie Morozov, who was the son of Alexander Alexandrovich Morozov. The project was cancelled in 1991 following the collapse of the USSR and Morozov's death.
  • 1.1K
  • 06 Oct 2022
Topic Review
CONFER
CONFER is one of the first computer conferencing systems. Highly sophisticated for its time, it was developed in 1975 at the University of Michigan by then graduate student Robert Parnes. The CONFER system continued to be a widely used communication tool until 1999. CONFER is the progenitor of the computer conferencing systems Caucus, PicoSpan, and YAPP.
  • 1.1K
  • 09 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Polymer-Based Thermally Conductive Materials by Fused Filament Fabrication
With the miniaturization and integration of electronic products, the heat dissipation efficiency of electronic equipment needs to be further improved. Notably, polymer materials are a choice for electronic equipment matrices because of their advantages of low cost and wide application availability. Intelligent electronic devices are currently being researched to meet people’s pursuit of a high-quality life through integration and miniaturization. In order to ensure product safety and operational efficiency, it is imperative to improve the thermal conductivity of electronic devices. Polymers are frequently used in preparing heat dissipation materials because of their low price, light weight, ease of processing, and wide applications.
  • 1.1K
  • 25 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Free Entropy
A thermodynamic free entropy is an entropic thermodynamic potential analogous to the free energy. Also known as a Massieu, Planck, or Massieu–Planck potentials (or functions), or (rarely) free information. In statistical mechanics, free entropies frequently appear as the logarithm of a partition function. The Onsager reciprocal relations in particular, are developed in terms of entropic potentials. In mathematics, free entropy means something quite different: it is a generalization of entropy defined in the subject of free probability. A free entropy is generated by a Legendre transformation of the entropy. The different potentials correspond to different constraints to which the system may be subjected.
  • 1.1K
  • 04 Nov 2022
Topic Review
rGO@TiO2 Photocatalyst for Degradation of Organic Pollutants
The availability of clean water is essential for humans wellbeing and the diverse biotic population in the environment. Menkind imposes a significant pressure on food supplies, natural resources, and other commodities. Large-scale anthropogenic activities, such as agriculture and industry, which are practiced to ensure population growth and survival, have caused several harmful environmental effects, including the discharge of pollutants into the aquatic environment. rGO-based TiO2 material is commonly used in light-driven photocatalysis of dyes in an aqueous medium. Because of exceptional properties, rGO-based oxide semiconductors promote electron separation, which results in boosting photo-driven reactions such as the degradation of carcinogenic dyes (e.g., methylene blue) and solar-fuel (hydrogen) production. Preparation of rGO-based TiO2 photocatalysts increases the specific surface area of the nanocomposite, consequently increasing the photocatalytic activity, which is why rGO-based semiconductor photocatalysts have been found to be promising in several applications. 
  • 1.1K
  • 29 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Gollin Figure Test
The Gollin figures test is a psychological test used to assess someone's visual perception. Subjects are shown pictures of common objects: namely five consecutive incomplete line drawings for each picture, from least to most complete, that the subjects need to mentally complete to identify the object drawn. On a retention test sometime later, however, subjects identify the image sooner than they did on the first test, indicating some form of memory for the image. Amnesiac subjects also show improvement on this test, even though they do not recall taking the test before.
  • 1.1K
  • 25 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Noise-Induced Hearing Loss
Noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) is the second most common cause of sensorineural hearing loss, after age-related hearing loss, and affects approximately 5% of the world’s population. NIHL is associated with substantial physical, mental, social, and economic impacts at the patient and societal levels. Stress and social isolation in patients’ workplace and personal lives contribute to quality-of-life decrements which may often go undetected. 
  • 1.1K
  • 11 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Artificial Intelligence-Assisted Ultrasound Scanning
Ultrasound (US) is a flexible imaging modality used globally as a first-line medical exam procedure in many different clinical cases. It benefits from the continued evolution of ultrasonic technologies and a well-established US-based digital health system. Nevertheless, its diagnostic performance still presents challenges due to the inherent characteristics of US imaging, such as manual operation and significant operator dependence. Artificial intelligence (AI) has proven to recognize complicated scan patterns and provide quantitative assessments for imaging data. 
  • 1.1K
  • 17 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Ferroptosis in Cancers and Leukemia
Ferroptosis is a mode of cell death regulated by iron-dependent lipid peroxidation. Grow- ing evidence suggests ferroptosis induction as a novel anti-cancer modality that could potentially overcome therapy resistance in cancers. The molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of ferroptosis are complex and highly dependent on context. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of its execution and protection machinery in each tumor type is necessary for the implementation of this unique cell death mode to target individual cancers. 
  • 1.1K
  • 04 May 2023
Topic Review
Biowaste for Electrodes in Energy Storage Applications
The common waste management methods which include direct dumping into water bodies, open-air combustion, and as land fillers are obsolete and are the major causes of environmental pollution. Conversion of biowastes into valuable materials aids proper waste management, and helps to attain a cleaner environment, in addition to the fact that wastes are turned into wealth. Biowastes are rich in carbon and can serve as excellent precursors for the synthesis of important carbon materials such as activated carbon, graphene, carbon nanotubes etc. 
  • 1.1K
  • 21 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Theoretical Consideration of Molecular Helicenes and Their Properties
Some theoretical studies of properties of helicenes are considered. It was shown that helicenes are promising molecules for use as components of various nanodevices, due to the continuous π-system having a helical topology. Peripheral modifications of the edges make it possible to change the properties of helicenes over a wide range. The transition to polymeric helicenes is also considered.
  • 1.1K
  • 14 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Diagnostic Evaluation of Pulmonary Hypertension
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a disorder involving a heterogeneous group of medical conditions encompassing several cardiopulmonary illnesses.
  • 1.1K
  • 05 Dec 2023
Topic Review
VNPs for Anti-Cancer Therapy
Naturally occurring viral nanomaterials have gained popularity owing to their biocompatible and biodegradable nature. Plant virus nanoparticles (VNPs) can be used as nanocarriers for a number of biomedical applications. Plant VNPs are inexpensive to produce, safe to administer and efficacious as treatments. Features which distinguish plant viruses from synthetic nanocarriers include stability, flexibility, diversity in shape and size for use in drug delivery and the nontoxic nature of plant viruses in humans. Cancer is one of the most common death causing disease worldwide and it is characterized by uncontrolled rapid cell division and differentiation. VNPs are an ideal choice to apply for cancer treatment owing to the enhanced permeation and retention (EPR) potential of cancer cells for these nanoparticles, whereas VNPs cannot penetrate through healthy tissues due to tightly packed endothelial cells.
  • 1.1K
  • 16 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Glomerular Autophagy in Diabew
Glomerular injury is a central feature of diabetic nephropathy. A growing body of evidence indicates a critical role of autophagy in maintaining podocyte integrity and renal function. This process is vital for highly differentiated post-mitotic cells, such as neurons and podocytes. Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors and dipeptidylpeptidase-4 (DPP4) inhibitors are promising antidiabetic agents introduced into clinical practice in the last decade. The effect of SGLT2 and DPP4 inhibition on glomerular autophagy has not been studied yet. This entry summarizes the study, which have demonstrated, that the SGLT2 inhibitor empagliflozin, the DPP4 inhibitor linagliptin, and a combination of these agents, could reactivate glomerular autophagy in db/db mice, a model of type 2 diabetes. The effect is associated with mitigation of renal hypertrophy, an improvement in glomerular morphology, including a decrease in the severity of podocytopathy, and a slowdown in the growth of albuminuria.
  • 1.1K
  • 03 May 2021
Topic Review
Remote Sensing in Coastal Areas
Coastal areas are regions of remarkable relevance for humans, providing essential components for social and economic development from the local to the national scale. To preserve the economic and ecological sustainability of the coastal environment, the scientific community has been pushing for the use of integrated observation systems aimed at monitoring such susceptible areas. Remote sensing data can complement traditional field measurements, ensuring almost continuous synoptic coverage with a good trade-off between spatial and temporal resolution, thus allowing for a timely characterization of coastal environment dynamics. In particular, the availability of a multi-temporal historical series of remote sensing data can provide useful information on the spatiotemporal variability of hydrological (sea surface currents, river runoff/discharge), biological (phytoplankton blooms, primary productivity) and physical (temperature, salinity, and turbidity) properties of coastal waters as well as on human-induced land cover mutations (deforestation, surface urban islands).  This Special Issue seeks to collect high-quality papers focused on satellite-based applications for monitoring coastal areas, continental shelves and estuarine ecosystems.
  • 1.1K
  • 29 Oct 2020
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