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Topic Review
Wrinkle
A wrinkle, also known as a rhytide, is a fold, ridge or crease in the skin or on fabric. Skin wrinkles typically appear as a result of aging processes such as glycation, habitual sleeping positions, loss of body mass, or temporarily, as the result of prolonged immersion in water. Age wrinkling in the skin is promoted by habitual facial expressions, aging, sun damage, smoking, poor hydration, and various other factors.
  • 1.1K
  • 01 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Fresh Fruit Bunch Ripeness Evaluation Methods
There are two types of methods to analyse the ripeness of fresh fruit bunches (FFBs), destructive methods and nondestructive methods. The destructive methods require physical contact in ways that affect the integrity of the FFBs and severely reduce the amount of oil that can be extracted from the tested FFBs. Meanwhile, the nondestructive techniques can involve noncontact features that are either visual or nonvisual. Nonvisual methods include using physicochemical, electrical, magnetic, and electromagnetic properties to determine fruit maturity such as fluorescence sensor, microwave sensor, inductive sensor, and thermal sensor. However, most nondestructive methods are visual, in which the selected sensor can evaluate through the morphology, colour, and other physical characteristics of the fruit to identify their maturity stages through the analysis of specific modalities such as colour vision, light detection and ranging, spectral image, and near-infrared spectroscopy.
  • 1.1K
  • 20 Jan 2023
Topic Review
The Human Virome
Members of the virome may collaborate with the human host to retain mutualistic functions in preserving human health. Although a person’s virome can alter over time, viral presence in a person can be extremely stable. Since viruses are present in the environment all the time, it is easy to imagine where the members of the changeable virome originate.
  • 1.1K
  • 28 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Western Diet, Insulin/IGF-I Signaling Pathway and Metabolic Syndrome
The metabolic syndrome is a cluster of overlapping conditions resulting in an increased incidence of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. In the last few decades, prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in the Western world has reached epidemic proportions and this is likely due to alterations in diet and the environment as well as decreased physical activity. The Western diet and lifestyle (Westernization) plays an important etiological role in the pathogenesis of the metabolic syndrome  by exerting negative effects on activity of the insulin–insulin-like growth factor-I (insulin–IGF-I) system. Interventions that normalize/reduce activity of the insulin–IGF-I system may play a key role in the prevention and treatment of the metabolic syndrome. For successful prevention, limitation, and treatment of the metabolic syndrome, the focus should be primarily on changing our diets and lifestyle in accordance with our genetic make-up, formed in adaptation to Paleolithic diets and lifestyles during a period of several million years of human evolution.
  • 1.1K
  • 03 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Potential Bioenergy Supply in Jordan
Jordan is considered to be a semi-desert and steppe area, especially in southern and eastern lands, known as the Jordanian steppe or Badia. Bioenergy has all of the characteristics required to meet the difficulties associated with the increasing use of carbon fuels whereas massively minimizing greenhouse gase (GHG) emissions.
  • 1.1K
  • 04 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Probiotics and Prebiotics Concepts
Probiotics are microorganisms which, if taken in sufficient quantities, contribute positively to the health of the host and are the focus of both scientific studies and commercial companies. 
  • 1.1K
  • 06 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Increased Crop Genetic Diversity in the Fields
Crop genetic diversity is the most important factor for a long-term sustainable production system. Breeding and production strategies for developing and growing uniform and homogenous varieties have created many problems. Such populations are static and very sensitive to unpredictable stresses.
  • 1.1K
  • 09 May 2023
Topic Review
Cybersecurity for AI Systems
Advances in Artificial Intelligence (AI) technology have contributed to the enhancement of cybersecurity capabilities of traditional systems with applications that include detection of intrusion, malware, code vulnerabilities and anomalies. However, these systems with embedded machine learning models have opened themselves to a new set of vulnerabilities, commonly known as AI attacks.
  • 1.1K
  • 16 May 2023
Topic Review
Threats to Aquatic Stage of Amphibian Life Cycle
The aquatic stage of biphasic amphibians typically represents a phase of rapid growth and development. For many amphibians the aquatic life cycle starts when females deposit gelatinous eggs in the water, which are externally fertilized by a male during amplexus. After a period of development, the embryos hatch and enter the larval stage.
  • 1.1K
  • 18 May 2023
Topic Review
Multiple Sclerosis in Dental Considerations
Multiple sclerosis is a chronic demyelinating disorder that primarily affects the myeline covering of neurons of the central nervous system. 
  • 1.1K
  • 12 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Achieving Healthy City Development in Ghana
A growing number of proposals, policies, projects, practices, and methodologies have been undertaken globally to achieve social, economic, and environmental sustainability in urban areas. This is due to the recent appreciation of human capital development, healthy living standards, and the benefits of safeguarding the ecosystem against eminent threats of pollution. The Local Government Act 2016 (Act 936) of Ghana places the District Assemblies (DAs) at the forefront of planning, executing, and managing policies concerning the districts (i.e., cities, and towns). 
  • 1.1K
  • 09 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Łukaszyk-Karmowski Metric
The Łukaszyk–Karmowski metric (LK-metric) defines a distance between two random variables or vectors. LK-metric is not a metric, as it does not satisfy the identity of indiscernibles ontological axiom of the metric; for the same random variables, its value is greater than zero, provided they are not both degenerate.
  • 1.1K
  • 27 Aug 2026
Topic Review
Anthrax Toxin Detection
       Bacillus anthracis is a Gram-positive spore-forming bacterium, considered one of the most potent and critical bioterrorist agents. It is still as important to quickly diagnose this disease, a rapid diagnosis improving the effective management of the patient. Significant progress has been made in the detection of toxins produced by Bacillus anthracis. These toxins appear as early targets for diagnosis, predictive tools for host survival, and they help to monitor the efficiency of treatment.
  • 1.1K
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Circulating Tumor Cells
Many different therapies are applied to fight tumor disease. Blood-based biosources, like circulating tumor cells (CTCs), offer the opportunity to monitor the healing progression and the real-time response to the therapy. 
  • 1.1K
  • 11 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Ovarian Rejuvenation
Along with the global modernization, the number of advance aged women with diminished ovarian reserve tends to increase. Platelets-rich-plasma has been recently implemented to reproductive treatment for ovarian rejuvenation. Although several studies suggested that intraovarian injection PRP resulted in live births in poor prognostic infertile patients, the current understanding of the autologous PRP activities in the ovaries, as well as the long-term effectiveness of this approach are at an incipient stage. The extension of this novel intervention in clinical practice requires more serious evaluations with better designed studies.
  • 1.1K
  • 19 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Diagnosis of Lynch Syndrome
International guidelines for the diagnosis of Lynch syndrome (LS) recommend molecular screening of colorectal cancers (CRCs) to identify patients for germline mismatch repair (MMR) gene testing.
  • 1.1K
  • 15 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Air Mercury Monitoring
The GMOS (Global Mercury Observation System) project has the overall goal to develop a coordinated observing system to monitor mercury on a global scale. We present the long-term (2011 – 2020) air mercury monitoring data obtained at the Listvyanka station located at a shore of Lake Baikal, Siberia. The long-term monitoring shows obvious seasonal variation of the background mercury concentration in air, which increases in the cold and decreases in the warm season. The short-term anomalies are associated with the wind carrying the air from the industrial areas where several big coal-fired power plants are located. A positive correlation between the mercury, SO2 and NO2 concentrations is observed both in the short-term variations and in the monthly average concentrations. The analysis of forward and backward trajectories obtained with the HYSPLIT model demonstrates revealing of the mercury emissions sources. During the cruise of 2018, the continuous air mercury survey over Lake Baikal covered 1800 km. The average mercury concentration over Baikal is notably less in comparison with the average value obtained at the onshore Listvyanka station during the same days of cruise. That can lead to the conclusion that Baikal is a significant sink of the atmospheric mercury.
  • 1.1K
  • 15 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Corema album Berries
Corema album (L.) D. Don is a dioecious perennial shrub of the Ericaceae family, endemic of the Iberian Peninsula Atlantic coastal dunes. It is a branched bush, that can reach up to 1 m, with a spherical (5–8 mm diameter) and white acidic edible berries (Portuguese white crowberries, Atlantic pearls, beachberries or “camarinhas” in Portuguese). 
  • 1.1K
  • 17 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Gene Amplification
Oncogene amplification is closely linked to the pathogenesis of a broad spectrum of human malignant tumors. The amplified genes localize either to the extrachromosomal circular DNA, which has been referred to as cytogenetically visible double minutes (DMs), or submicroscopic episome, or to the chromosomal homogeneously staining region (HSR). The extrachromosomal circle from a chromosome arm can initiate gene amplification, resulting in the formation of DMs or HSR, if it had a sequence element required for replication initiation (the replication initiation region/matrix attachment region; the IR/MAR), under a genetic background that permits gene amplification.
  • 1.1K
  • 12 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Sensitive Caregiver
Sensitive caregiver–child interactions appear fundamental throughout childhood, supporting infants’ wellbeing and development not only in a familial context but in professional caregiving as well.
  • 1.1K
  • 24 Nov 2021
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