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Topic Review
Wnt Signaling and Aging of the Gastrointestinal Tract
Wnt signaling plays an essential role in aging of the gastrointestinal tract. Aberration of Wnt signaling seen in aged animals has been shown to affect regenerative capacity and differentiation of intestinal stem cells and promote aging-related deterioration. Similarly, abnormal Wnt signaling was observed in the aged stomach. Specifically, enhanced Wnt signaling in organoids established from the stomachs of aged mice induced the expression of Tbx3, a transcription factor that suppress cellular senescence, and led to augmented cellular proliferation. The enhanced Wnt signaling was due to suppressed Dkk3, a Wnt inhibitor, in aged gastric organoids. With respect to the role of TBX3 in humans, expression of TBX3 in human gastric tissues exhibited positive correlation with patients' age whereas that of DKK3 showed negative correlation with patients' age. In addition, TBX3 expression was also confirmed in gastric cancer tissues but not in normal gastric mucosae. These findings indicated that this DKK3-Wnt-TBX3 pathway may contribute to aging-related gastric carcinogenesis.
  • 1.1K
  • 25 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Spectroelectrochemistry
Spectroelectrochemistry (SEC) is a set of multi-response analytical techniques in which complementary chemical information (electrochemical and spectroscopic) is obtained in a single experiment. Spectroelectrochemistry provides a whole vision of the phenomena that take place in the electrode process. The first spectroelectrochemical experiment was carried out by Theodore Kuwana, PhD, in 1964. The main objective of spectroelectrochemical experiments is to obtain simultaneous, time-resolved and in-situ electrochemical and spectroscopic information on reactions taking place on the electrode surface. The base of the technique consist in studying the interaction of a beam of electromagnetic radiation with the compounds involved in these reactions. The changes of the optical and electrical signal allow us to understand the evolution of the electrode process. The techniques on which the spectroelectrochemistry is based are: Spectroelectrochemistry provides molecular, thermodynamic and kinetic information of reagents, products and/or intermediates involved in the electron transfer process.
  • 1.1K
  • 11 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Bedside Ultrasound for Hemodynamic Monitoring in CICU
Thanks to the advances in medical therapy and assist devices, the management of patients hospitalized in cardiac intensive care unit (CICU) is becoming increasingly challenging. In fact, Patients in the cardiac intensive care unit are frequently characterized by dynamic and variable diseases, which may evolve into several clinical phenotypes based on underlying etiology and its complexity. Therefore, the use of noninvasive tools in order to provide a personalized approach to these patients, according to their phenotype, may help to optimize the therapeutic strategies towards the underlying etiology. Echocardiography is the most reliable and feasible bedside method to assess cardiac function repeatedly, assisting clinicians not only in characterizing hemodynamic disorders, but also in helping to guide interventions and monitor response to therapies. Beyond basic echocardiographic parameters, its application has been expanded with the introduction of new tools such as lung ultrasound (LUS), the Venous Excess UltraSound (VexUS) grading system, and the assessment of pulmonary hypertension, which is fundamental to guide oxygen therapy. 
  • 1.1K
  • 05 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Ocular Surface Squamous Neoplasia
Ocular surface squamous neoplasia (OSSN) encompasses a broad spectrum of neoplastic changes involving the squamous epithelium of the conjunctiva, cornea and limbus ranging from mild dysplasia, intraepithelial neoplasia (carcinoma in situ) to squamous cell carcinoma (SCC).
  • 1.1K
  • 11 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Deep Learning Techniques in Fault Diagnosis and Prognosis
The fault diagnosis and prognosis (FDP) technique based on data-driven machine learning (ML) methods recognizes or learns the health features of the system from historical data, and tries to discover and mine the information hidden in the data, so that it can accurately analyze and predict future system behavior without precisely knowing the forward physical model.
  • 1.1K
  • 06 Feb 2023
Topic Review
The Blessed Union of Glycobiology and Immunology
The fields of cancer glycobiology and glycobiology of infectious diseases provide crucial information concerning the cell surface glycoconjugates, as they play an important role in immunosurveillance during the development and establishment of certain pathologies. Furthermore, screening for atypical glycophenotypes culminates in the construction and modulation of an innate and adaptive immune response, mainly because glycans are biological structures that are very well conserved by evolution and are naturally heterogeneous, and end up acting as carriers of biological information that are decoded by families of proteins known as lectins. The effects of the structural recognition of glycans by these receptors, present mainly in cells of the immune system, are paramount in defining the immune responses. Therefore, those receptors are subjected to subversion of the host response against certain pathologies, being involved in the persistence of infections and tumors resistant to chemotherapy and increased metastatic potential.
  • 1.1K
  • 07 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria
Antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) is a growing global health threat, leading to the search for alternative strategies to combat bacterial infections. Phytochemicals, which are naturally occurring compounds found in plants, have shown potential as antimicrobial agents. The use of nanotechnology combined with antibacterial phytochemicals could help achieve greater antibacterial capacity against ARB by providing improved mechanical, physicochemical, biopharmaceutical, bioavailability, morphological or release properties.
  • 1.1K
  • 21 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Neutrophil Extracellular Traps and NLRP3 Inflammasome
Atherosclerosis is the formation of plaque within arteries due to overt assemblage of fats, cholesterol and fibrous material causing a blockage of the free flow of blood leading to ischemia. It is harshly impinging on health statistics worldwide because of being principal cause of high morbidity and mortality for several diseases including rheumatological, heart and brain disorders. Atherosclerosis is perpetuated by pro-inflammatory and exacerbated by pro-coagulatory mediators. Besides several other pathways, the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) and the activation of the NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome contribute significantly to the initiation and propagation of atherosclerotic plaque for its worst outcomes.
  • 1.1K
  • 27 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Ontogeny of Central Nervous System Border-Associated Macrophages
Being immune privileged, the central nervous system (CNS) is populated by unique parenchymal and non-parenchymal tissue-resident macrophages, namely, microglia and border-associated macrophages (BAMs), respectively. BAMs are found in the choroid plexus, meningeal and perivascular spaces, playing critical roles in maintaining CNS homeostasis while being phenotypically and functionally distinct from microglial cells. Although the ontogeny of microglia has been largely determined, BAMs need comparable scrutiny as they have been discovered and have not been thoroughly explored. Shedding light on the molecular cues and drivers orchestrating BAM generation is essential for delineating their cellular identity. BAMs are receiving more attention since they are gradually incorporated into neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory disease evaluations. Understanding the ontogeny of BAMs and their involvement in CNS diseases paves the way for targeted therapeutic strategies and precision medicine.
  • 1.1K
  • 17 May 2023
Topic Review
Sources and Health Effects of Indoor Air Pollution
Indoor air pollution can be treated with techniques such as chemical purification, ventilation, isolation, and removing pollutions by plants (phytoremediation). Indoor air pollution can be treated with techniques such as chemical purification, ventilation, isolation, and removing pollutions by plants (phytoremediation).
  • 1.1K
  • 08 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Great Video Abstract
In today's information-rich landscape, the art of scientific communication is evolving, with video abstracts emerging as a dynamic tool. This comprehensive guide explores the power of video abstracts to engage a diverse audience. It dissects key components, including narration, visuals, music, structure, and accessibility. Practical tips, examples, and case studies highlight best practices. Researchers are encouraged to plan, practice, and promote their video abstracts while considering legal and ethical considerations. By mastering this skill, scientists can bridge the gap between their research and a global audience, advancing knowledge dissemination and fostering scientific understanding.
  • 1.1K
  • 15 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Phytoremediation for Arsenic-Contaminated Gold Mine Waste
Arsenic (As)-contaminated gold mine waste is a global problem and poses a significant risk to the ecosystem and community (e.g., carcinogenic, toxicity). Research is investigating environmentally sustainable techniques to remediate As-rich mine waste. Biological techniques involving plants (phytoremediation) and soil amendments have been studied to bioaccumulate As from soil (phytoextraction) or stabilise As in the rhizosphere (phytostabilisation). 
  • 1.1K
  • 12 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Energy Efficiency of Induction Motor Drives
Despite activities to introduce low-carbon energy sources worldwide, the share of conventional facilities burning organic fuels remains high. One approach to address this problem is to look for solutions to reduce energy consumption. There are various research projects in the area of energy efficiency that lead to diverse results—such as models, methodologies, new data and theories. On the other hand, induction motor drives are becoming a major consumer of electric power because of their wide range of applications. 
  • 1.1K
  • 26 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Snake Venom Neurotoxins Targeting Voltage-Gated Potassium Channels
The venom derived from various sources of snakes represents a vast collection of predominantly protein-based toxins that exhibit a wide range of biological actions, including but not limited to inflammation, pain, cytotoxicity, cardiotoxicity, and neurotoxicity. The venom of a particular snake species is composed of several toxins, while the venoms of around 600 venomous snake species collectively encompass a substantial reservoir of pharmacologically intriguing compounds. Findings have demonstrated the potential application of neurotoxins derived from snake venom in selectively targeting voltage-gated potassium channels (Kv). These neurotoxins include bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (BPTI)-Kunitz polypeptides, phospholipas A2 (PLA2) neurotoxins, cysteine-rich secretory proteins (CRISPs), serine proteases (SVSPs), and various others.
  • 1.1K
  • 22 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Spatial Planning and Energy Efficiency in Urban Form
As the urban population grows, so does their energy consumption, making efficiency critical to mitigate emissions and resource use. Thus, spatial and transport planning must include energy efficiency and their strategies, as these are vital to urban sustainability. In this sense, compactness has been shown to have many positive aspects that serendipitously go much in line with Jacobs’ ideas. The urban environment is expected to host a growing number of dwellers in the coming decades, and compact urbanism is one possible solution to keep energy consumption under control while providing all the benefits of proximity.
  • 1.1K
  • 01 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Anastasios Lymperopoulos
My laboratory for the Study of Neurohormonal Control of the Circulation studies the molecular pharmacology, physiology, and biology of the G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that regulate cardiac function and systemic circulation in general. Particular emphasis is given to autonomic nervous system`s (specifically adrenergic) receptors and to angiotensin II receptors. The general focus is on studying mechanisms underlying abnormal signaling/function of these GPCRs that contribute to heart failure pathophysiology, aiming at discovering and validating novel molecular targets for cardiovascular disease therapy. Our lab`s studies also include novel molecular effects of beta-blockers and angiotensin receptor blockers, two very important drug classes acting through cardiovascular adrenergic and angiotensin receptors, respectively.
  • 1.1K
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Singlet Oxygen in Plants
In a recent review published in Int. J. Mol. Sci. (https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21093237), we summarize the current understanding of the sites and mechanisms of production of singlet oxygen (1O2) in the plant body, and of emerging physiological roles of 1O2 production in plants. We consider well-characterized mechanisms of 1O2 generation in chloroplast grana cores and novel data on 1O2 formation at grana margins. We discuss signal functions of 1O2 in acclimation to excess light, in chloroplast quality control and in the initiation of programmed cell death (PCD), as well as the less clear roles of stress-related 1O2 production in roots. We argue that infiltration of 1O2-specific membrane-impermeable fluorescent probes in the apoplast provides a useful comparative approach to estimate levels of 1O2 formation in chloroplasts. We present a preliminary overview of cellular mechanisms and signaling pathways leading to 1O2-triggered PCD in plants.
  • 1.1K
  • 02 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Suprabasin
Among the ~22,000 human genes, very few remain that have unknown functions. One such ex-ample is suprabasin (SBSN). Originally described as a component of the cornified envelope, the function of stratified epithelia-expressed SBSN is unknown. Both the lack of knowledge about the gene role under physiological conditions and the emerging link of SBSN to various human diseas-es, including cancer, attract research interest. The association of SBSN expression with poor prognosis of patients suffering from oesophageal carcinoma, glioblastoma multiforme, and myel-odysplastic syndromes suggests that SBSN may play a role in human tumourigenesis. Three SBSN isoforms code for the secreted proteins with putative function as signalling molecules, yet with poorly described effects.
  • 1.1K
  • 03 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Therapy for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), also known as Lou Gehrig’s disease, is a progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by the selective loss of motor neurons in the spinal cord and motor cortex. Muscle weakness and degradation at 2–5 years after the onset of symptoms can result in fatal muscle dystrophy, paralysis, and death. Most ALS cases (90–95%) occur sporadically with no clearly related risk factors, while approximately 5–10% of ALS cases are considered to be hereditary, attributed to various mutations in specific genes.
  • 1.1K
  • 19 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Toxicity of Ageratina adenophora on Animals
Ageratina adenophora is one of the major invasive weeds that causes instability of the ecosystem. Research has reported that A. adenophora produces allelochemicals that inhibit the growth and development of food crops, and also contain some toxic compounds that cause toxicity to animals that consume it.
  • 1.1K
  • 15 Nov 2021
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