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Topic Review
Syncope Management
Syncope is a highly prevalent clinical condition characterized by a rapid, complete, and brief loss of consciousness, followed by full recovery caused by cerebral hypoperfusion. This symptom carries significance, as its potential underlying causes may involve the heart, blood pressure, or brain, leading to a spectrum of consequences, from sudden death to compromised quality of life. Various factors contribute to syncope, and adhering to a precise diagnostic pathway can enhance diagnostic accuracy and treatment effectiveness.
  • 1.2K
  • 01 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Outflow Tract Valves of the Vertebrate Heart
The anatomical elements that in humans guard the unidirectional blood flow from the cardiac ventricles to the aortic and pulmonary arteries are the arterial (semilunar) valves. The valve that prevents blood backflow from the aorta to the left ventricle is the aortic valve, while that which performs this function between the pulmonary artery and the right ventricle is the pulmonary or pulmonic valve. The main medical interest in arterial valves is that their congenital malformations and diseases over a lifetime are clinically relevant. Although both valves are subject to similar complications, those affecting the aortic valve cause the most severe effects.
  • 1.2K
  • 04 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Statin Residual Cardiovascular Disease Risk
Several randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled trials (RCTs) have demonstrated that low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) lowering by using statins, including high-doses of strong statins, reduced the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, among the eight RCTs which investigated the effect of statins vs. placebos on the development of CVD, 56–79% of patients had the residual CVD risk after the trials. In three RCTs which investigated the effect of a high dose vs. a usual dose of statins on the development of CVD, 78–87% of patients in the high-dose statin arms still had the CVD residual risk after the trials. An analysis of the characteristics of patients in the RCTs suggests that elevated triglyceride (TG) and reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), the existence of obesity/insulin resistance, and diabetes may be important metabolic factors which determine the statin residual CVD risk. 
  • 1.2K
  • 06 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Blood Culture-Negative Infective Endocarditis by Mycoplasma hominis
Mycoplasma hominis is a habitual colonizing microorganism of the lower genital tract but can exceptionally be the causal agent of blood culture-negative infective endocarditis (IE). 
  • 1.2K
  • 21 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Anticoagulation in Atrial Fibrillation Cardioversion
Atrial fibrillation (AF) patient care encompasses different possible management strategies which are classified as rhythm-control therapies, aimed at restoring and maintaining the sinus rhythm, and rate-control therapies, aimed at ensuring an appropriate control of heart rate during AF.
  • 1.2K
  • 12 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Coronary Artery Disease
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a significant cause of illness and death amongst women. The pathophysiology, manifestations, and outcomes of Cardiovascular disease (CVD) and CAD differ between sexes. These sex differences remain under-recognized.
  • 1.2K
  • 01 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiac Hepatopathy
Cardiac hepatopathy refers to acute or chronic liver damage caused by cardiac dysfunction in the absence of any other possible causative reasons of liver injury. There is a large number of evidence of the fact that cardiac hepatopathy is associated with poor clinical outcomes in patients with acute or actually decompensated heart failure (HF). 
  • 1.2K
  • 23 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Patients with Bicuspid Aortopathy and Aortic Dilatation
Bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) is the most frequent congenital cardiac disease. Alteration of ascending aorta diameter is a consequence of shear stress alterations due to haemodynamic abnormalities developed from inadequate valve cusp coaptation.
  • 1.2K
  • 25 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Nanodiagnosis and Nanotreatment of CVDs
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the world’s leading cause of mortality and represent a large contributor to the costs of medical care. Although tremendous progress has been made for the diagnosis of CVDs, there is an important need for more effective early diagnosis and the design of novel diagnostic methods. The diagnosis of CVDs generally relies on signs and symptoms depending on molecular imaging (MI) or on CVD-associated biomarkers. For early-stage CVDs, however, the reliability, specificity, and accuracy of the analysis is still problematic. Because of their unique chemical and physical properties, nanomaterial systems have been recognized as potential candidates to enhance the functional use of diagnostic instruments. Nanomaterials such as gold nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, quantum dots, lipids, and polymeric nanoparticles represent novel sources to target CVDs. The special properties of nanomaterials including surface energy and topographies actively enhance the cellular response within CVDs. The availability of newly advanced techniques in nanomaterial science opens new avenues for the targeting of CVDs. 
  • 1.2K
  • 13 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Selected Plant-Derived Polyphenols for Peripheral Artery Disease
The purpose herein is to take into account the mechanisms that lead to endothelium dysfunction, such as the glycoxidation process and the production of advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs) that result in protein misfolding, and to suggest plant-derived polyphenols that could be useful in peripheral artery disease, PAD. Thus, five polyphenols are considered, baicalein, curcumin, mangiferin, quercetin and resveratrol, reviewing the literature in PubMed. The key molecular mechanisms and preclinical and clinical studies of each selected compound are examined. Furthermore, the safety profiles of the polyphenols are outlined, together with the unwanted effects reported in humans, also by searching the WHO database (VigiBase).
  • 1.2K
  • 28 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Restenosis
Restenosis is defined as the reduction in lumen size of an artery after intra-arterial intervention.
  • 1.2K
  • 05 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Coronary No-Reflow after Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention
Coronary no-reflow (CNR) is a frequent phenomenon that develops in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) following reperfusion therapy. CNR is highly dynamic, develops gradually (over hours) and persists for days to weeks after reperfusion. Microvascular obstruction (MVO) developing as a consequence of myocardial ischemia, distal embolization and reperfusion-related injury is the main pathophysiological mechanism of CNR. The frequency of CNR or MVO after primary PCI differs widely depending on the sensitivity of the tools used for diagnosis and timing of examination. Coronary angiography is readily available and most convenient to diagnose CNR but it is highly conservative and underestimates the true frequency of CNR. Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging is the most sensitive method to diagnose MVO and CNR that provides information on the presence, localization and extent of MVO. CMR imaging detects intramyocardial hemorrhage and accurately estimates the infarct size. MVO and CNR markedly negate the benefits of reperfusion therapy and contribute to poor clinical outcomes including adverse remodeling of left ventricle, worsening or new congestive heart failure and reduced survival.
  • 1.2K
  • 01 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Sudden Death Risk in Repaired Tetralogy of Fallot
Although substantial progress has been made to prevent sudden cardiac death in repaired tetralogy of Fallot patients, ventricular arrhythmia and sudden death continue to be major causes of morbidity and mortality in these patients. Greater survival in contemporary cohorts has been attributed to enhanced surgical techniques, more effective management of heart failure, and increased efforts in risk stratification and management of ventricular arrhythmias.
  • 1.2K
  • 05 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Inflammation and Specialized Pro-Resolving Mediators in Atherosclerosis
Atherosclerosis, a disease of the arteries set off initially by fat deposition, is a major cause of life-threatening cardiovascular events. It was long thought to be a passive process caused by the accumulation of cholesterol within the lumen of arteries resulting in ischemia and an eventual complete blockage. Arteries are composed of endothelial cells (EC), elastin, collagen, and smooth muscle cells. ECs line the lumen of vessels and are subject to physical demands, such as shear stress, imposed by the flow of blood. Such stressors fluctuate and vary through the length of the artery, owing to the rheological properties of the blood and vulnerable areas of the arteries, such as branching points. Atherosclerosis is now known to be an active chronic inflammatory disease. Recently inflammation resolution has garnered great interest, as studies showed that it is active concerted effort by a class of specialized molecules termed SPMs, which led to look at treating that inflammation by enhancing its resolution.
  • 1.2K
  • 18 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Hypertension and Arrhythmias
Because of demographic aging, the prevalence of arterial hypertension (HTN) and cardiac arrhythmias, namely atrial fibrillation (AF), is progressively increasing. Not only are these clinical entities strongly connected, but, acting with a synergistic effect, their association may cause a worse clinical outcome in patients already at risk of ischemic and/or haemorrhagic stroke and, consequently, disability and death.
  • 1.1K
  • 25 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Bedside Ultrasound for Hemodynamic Monitoring in CICU
Thanks to the advances in medical therapy and assist devices, the management of patients hospitalized in cardiac intensive care unit (CICU) is becoming increasingly challenging. In fact, Patients in the cardiac intensive care unit are frequently characterized by dynamic and variable diseases, which may evolve into several clinical phenotypes based on underlying etiology and its complexity. Therefore, the use of noninvasive tools in order to provide a personalized approach to these patients, according to their phenotype, may help to optimize the therapeutic strategies towards the underlying etiology. Echocardiography is the most reliable and feasible bedside method to assess cardiac function repeatedly, assisting clinicians not only in characterizing hemodynamic disorders, but also in helping to guide interventions and monitor response to therapies. Beyond basic echocardiographic parameters, its application has been expanded with the introduction of new tools such as lung ultrasound (LUS), the Venous Excess UltraSound (VexUS) grading system, and the assessment of pulmonary hypertension, which is fundamental to guide oxygen therapy. 
  • 1.1K
  • 05 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Techniques to Assess the Size of KIV-2 CNV
Apolipoprotein(a) (apo(a)) is the protein component that defines lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)) particles and is encoded by the LPA gene. The apo(a) is extremely heterogeneous in size due to the copy number variation (CNV) in the kringle IV type-2 (KIV-2) domains. Lp(a) concentrations in the blood vary by more than a thousand-fold between individuals, ranging from less than 0.1 to more than 300 mg/dL, depending on the size of apo(a) that is encoded by the LPA gene. The KIV-2 copy number ranges from 1 to >40, and the CNV of KIV-2 shows a >95% heterozygosity in most populations. Screening patients for elevated Lp(a) is strongly encouraged as an effective tool to identify individuals requiring more aggressive lipid-lowering therapy to reduce the CVD risk. Lp(a) levels above 50 mg/dL are correlated with an increased risk for the development of CVD.
  • 1.1K
  • 13 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Atrial Fibrillation in the Structural Heart Disease Population
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmia encountered in clinical practice. Patients with structural heart disease (SHD) are at an increased risk of developing this arrhythmia and are particularly susceptible to the deleterious hemodynamic effects it carries. Catheter ablation (CA) has emerged as a valuable strategy for rhythm control and is currently part of the standard care for symptomatic relief in patients with AF. 
  • 1.1K
  • 27 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Structure and Role
The beneficial effects of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) polyunsaturated fatty acids (omega-3 PUFAs) are nowadays highlighted by a plethora of studies. They play a role in suppression of inflammation, gene expression, cellular membrane fluidity/permeability, immune functionality and intracellular/exocellular signaling.
  • 1.1K
  • 06 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Chronic Coronary Syndromes
Chronic coronary syndromes (CCS) are a widespread phenomenon associated with different clinical entities, mostly characterized by a stable and progressive process of atherosclerotic plaque formation. As symptoms among patients with CCS are often not uniform and atypical, diagnostic tests are needed to confirm the diagnosis and evaluate the risk of events.
  • 1.1K
  • 23 Dec 2020
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