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Topic Review
Structure and Function of Sorting Nexin 27
SNX27 belongs to the sorting nexin (SNX) family of proteins that play a critical role in protein sorting and trafficking in the endocytosis pathway. This protein family is characterized by the presence of a Phox (PX) domain; however, SNX27 is unique in containing an additional PDZ (post-synaptic density 95/discs large/zonula occludens-1) domain.
  • 1.6K
  • 29 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Cisplatin
Cisplatin, also referred to as cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (II) (CDDP), is a widely used, Pt-based anti-cancer chemotherapeutic agent. This transition metal coordination complex has a square planar molecular geometry and presents as a solid, yellow powder at room temperature. CDDP is fairly insoluble in most substances; however, it can be dissolved in dimethylformamide, and is somewhat soluble in water, but most preferable in saline sodium. In solid form, CDDP is stable for about two years if stored at room temperature in dry conditions and light protected; however, it is known to convert slowly to its trans-form. The stability of CDDP in sodium chloride solution is dependent on the chloride ion concentration; it is more stable when suspended in normal saline (0.9% sodium chloride). Saline also provides a reno-protective function, increasing hydration and aiding in excretion of CDDP from the kidneys.
  • 1.6K
  • 14 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Fundamental Principles in Electromotive Enhanced Drug Administration
Local-regional administration of cytotoxic drugs is an important adjunct to systemic chemotherapy amongst cancer patients. It allows for targeted delivery of agents at high concentration to target sites while minimizing systemic side effects. Despite the pharmacokinetic advantages of the local–regional approach, drug transport into tumor nodules remains limited due to the biophysical properties of these tissues. Electromotive enhanced drug administration (EMDA) represents a potential solution to overcome challenges in local drug transport by applying electric currents. Through electrokinetic phenomena of electromigration, electroosmosis and electroporation, electric currents have been shown to improve drug penetration and distribution in a wide variety of clinical applications.
  • 1.6K
  • 26 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Aurora Kinases in Lung Cancer
Lung cancer has remained one of the major causes of death worldwide. Thus, a more effective treatment approach is essential such as the inhibition of specific cancer-promoting molecules. Aurora kinases regulate the process of mitosis - a process of cell division that is necessary for normal cell proliferation. However, dysfunction of these kinases can contribute to cancer formation. The aberrant expression of Aurora kinases in lung cancer points to their crucial role in lung carcinogenesis. Therefore, understanding the fundamental functions as well as the cellular localization of Aurora kinases may contribute to evaluate their precise oncogenic function that will may lead to better specific targeting of these cancer-related molecules.  
  • 1.6K
  • 07 Jul 2021
Topic Review
ACT Therapy for Solid Tumors
Adoptive cell therapy (ACT) with tumor-infiltrating T cells (TILs) has emerged as a promising therapy for the treatment of unresectable or metastatic solid tumors. One challenge to finding a universal anticancer treatment is the heterogeneity present between different tumors as a result of genetic instability associated with tumorigenesis. As the epitome of personalized medicine, TIL-ACT bypasses the issue of intertumoral heterogeneity by utilizing the patient’s existing antitumor immune response. Despite being one of the few therapies capable of inducing durable, complete tumor regression, many patients fail to respond. Recent research has focused on increasing therapeutic efficacy by refining various aspects of the TIL protocol, which includes the isolation, ex vivo expansion, and subsequent infusion of tumor specific lymphocytes.
  • 1.6K
  • 05 May 2021
Topic Review
The Short-Chain Fatty Acids
Through fermentation, the gut microbiota can produce several types of metabolites, including short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). SCFAs play an important role in maintaining epithelial barrier functions and intestinal homeostasis. 
  • 1.6K
  • 27 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Immunogenic Cell Death in Cancer
Cell death resistance is a key feature of tumor cells. One of the main anticancer therapies is increasing the susceptibility of cells to death. Cancer cells have developed a capability of tumor immune escape. Hence, restoring the immunogenicity of cancer cells can be suggested as an effective approach against cancer. Accumulating evidence proposes that several anticancer agents provoke the release of danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) that are determinants of immunogenicity and stimulate immunogenic cell death (ICD).
  • 1.6K
  • 25 Dec 2020
Topic Review
EphA2 Signaling in tumors
The Eph receptors represent the largest group among Receptor Tyrosine kinase (RTK) families. The Eph/ephrin signaling axis plays center stage during development, and the deep perturbation of signaling consequent to its dysregulation in cancer reveals the multiplicity and complexity underlying its function. In the last decades, they have emerged as key players in solid tumors, including colorectal cancer (CRC). EphA2 is involved in tumor progression and resistance to therapy.
  • 1.6K
  • 18 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Vimentin at the Heart of Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a reversible plethora of molecular events where epithelial cells gain the phenotype of mesenchymal cells to invade the surrounding tissues. EMT is a physiological event during embryogenesis (type I) but also happens during fibrosis (type II) and cancer metastasis (type III). It is a multifaceted phenomenon governed by the activation of genes associated with cell migration, extracellular matrix degradation, DNA repair, and angiogenesis. The cancer cells employ EMT to acquire the ability to migrate, resist therapeutic agents and escape immunity. One of the key biomarkers of EMT is vimentin, a type III intermediate filament that is normally expressed in mesenchymal cells but is upregulated during cancer metastasis. 
  • 1.6K
  • 22 Oct 2021
Topic Review
P53
While viewed as the “guardian of the genome”, the importance of the tumor suppressor p53 protein has increasingly gained ever more recognition in modulating additional modes of action related to cell death. Slowly but surely, its importance has evolved from a mutated genetic locus heavily implicated in a wide array of cancer types to modulating lysosomal-mediated cell death either directly or indirectly through the transcriptional regulation of the key signal transduction pathway intermediates involved in this. Taken with its ability to directly modulate mitochondrial outer-membrane permeabilization (and cell death) collectively highlights the complex role that this protein undertakes at the molecular level
  • 1.6K
  • 07 Dec 2020
Topic Review
EGFR Signaling Pathways in Glioma
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) amplification is a characteristic of the classical subtype of glioma.
  • 1.6K
  • 27 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Tetraspanin CD81
Tetraspanin CD81 plays major roles in cell-cell interactions and the regulation of cellular trafficking. This cholesterol-embarking transmembrane protein is a co-receptor for several viruses, including HCV, HIV-1 and Chikungunya virus, which exploits the large extracellular loop (EC2) for cell entry. CD81 is also an anticancer target implicated in cancer cell proliferation and mobility, and in tumor metastasis. 
  • 1.6K
  • 14 Apr 2023
Topic Review
CCL21/CCR7 in Breast Cancer
Breast cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide, predominantly caused by metastasis. It is generally accepted that the pattern of breast cancer metastasis is largely determined by the interaction between the chemokine receptors on cancer cells and the chemokines expressed at the sites of metastatic disease. Chemokine receptors belong to the G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) family that appear to be implicated in inflammatory diseases, tumor growth and metastasis. One of its members, C-C Chemokine receptor 7 (CCR7), binds chemokines CCL19 and CCL21, which are important for tissue homeostasis, immune surveillance and tumorigenesis. These receptors have been shown to induce the pathobiology of breast cancer due to their ability to induce cellular proliferation and migration upon the binding of the cognate chemokine receptors. The underlying signaling pathways and exact cellular interactions within this biological system are not fully understood and need further insights.
  • 1.6K
  • 25 May 2021
Topic Review
Cytokines
Cytokines are key molecules within the tumor microenvironment (TME) that can be used as biomarkers to predict the magnitude of anti-tumor immune responses. During immune monitoring, it has been customary to predict outcomes based on the abundance of a single cytokine, in particular IFN-γ or TGF-β, as a readout of ongoing anti-cancer immunity. However, individual cytokines within the TME can exhibit dual opposing roles. For example, both IFN-γ and TGF-β have been associated with pro- and anti-tumor functions. Moreover, cytokines originating from different cellular sources influence the crosstalk between CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, while the array of cytokines expressed by T cells is also instrumental in defining the mechanisms of action and efficacy of treatments. Thus, it becomes increasingly clear that a reliable readout of ongoing immunity within the TME will have to include more than the measurement of a single cytokine.
  • 1.6K
  • 05 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Genomics-Driven Precision Medicine in Pediatric Solid Tumors
The detection of genomic aberrations in cancers has yielded a wealth of information to discover oncogenic drivers or pathogenic variants that are relevant for the development of precise treatment strategies. Studies have shown promising outcomes in adult cancer patients with well characterized cancer genetic biomarkers.
  • 1.6K
  • 17 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Chemo-Immunotherapy in Cancer Treatment
Chemoimmunotherapy is an emerging treatment option for cancer that combines traditional chemotherapy with immunotherapy. This approach aims to increase the efficacy of cancer treatment by simultaneously targeting cancer cells through chemotherapy and boosting the immune system’s ability to fight cancer through immunotherapy.
  • 1.6K
  • 30 May 2023
Topic Review
Medicinal Plants with Anti-Leukemic Effects
Leukemia is a leukocyte cancer that is characterized by anarchic growth of immature immune cells in the bone marrow, blood and spleen. There are many forms of leukemia, and the best course of therapy and the chance of a patient’s survival depend on the type of leukemic disease. Different forms of drugs have been used to treat leukemia. Due to the adverse effects associated with such therapies and drug resistance, the search for safer and more effective drugs remains one of the most challenging areas of research. Thus, new therapeutic approaches are important to improving outcomes. Almost half of the drugs utilized nowadays in treating cancer are from natural products and their derivatives. Medicinal plants have proven to be an effective natural source of anti-leukemic drugs. The cytotoxicity and the mechanisms underlying the toxicity of these plants to leukemic cells and their isolated compounds were investigated.
  • 1.6K
  • 18 May 2021
Topic Review
Alpha-Ketoglutarate and 5-HMF
Clinical and pre-clinical studies of an anti-tumoral solution containing aKG, 5-HMF, N-acetyl-selenomethionine, and N-acetylmethionine for treating tumors showed, on one hand, good therapeutic efficacy during infusion therapy in prostate cancer patients by increasing the PSA doubling time; on the other hand, a reduction of tumoral mass was shown in lung cancer patients.
  • 1.6K
  • 19 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Extracellular matrix in tumor microenvironment
The tumor microenvironment (TME) has become the focus of interest in cancer research and treatment. It includes the extracellular matrix (ECM) and ECM-modifying enzymes that are secreted by cancer and neighboring cells. The ECM serves both to anchor the tumor cells embedded in it and as a means of communication between the various cellular and non-cellular components of the TME. The cells of the TME modify their surrounding cancer-characteristic ECM. This in turn provides feedback to them via cellular receptors, thereby regulating, together with cytokines and exosomes, differentiation processes as well as tumor progression and spread. Matrix remodeling is accomplished by altering the repertoire of ECM components and by biophysical changes in stiffness and tension caused by ECM-crosslinking and ECM-degrading enzymes, in particular matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). These can degrade ECM barriers or, by partial proteolysis, release soluble ECM fragments called matrikines, which influence cells inside and outside the TME.
  • 1.6K
  • 19 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Myokine Irisin in Cancer
Regular exercise/physical activity is beneficial for the health of an individual and lowers the risk of getting different diseases, including cancer. How exactly exercise results in these health benefits is not known. Recent studies suggest that the molecule irisin released by muscles into the blood stream after exercise may be responsible for these effects.
  • 1.6K
  • 17 Jun 2021
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