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Topic Review
Insulin and Insulin-like Growth Factor Signaling Pathway
Manganese (Mn) is an essential trace element, but insufficient or excessive bodily amounts can induce neurotoxicity. Mn can directly increase neuronal insulin and activate insulin-like growth factor (IGF) receptors. As an important cofactor, Mn regulates signaling pathways involved in various enzymes. The IGF signaling pathway plays a protective role in the neurotoxicity of Mn, reducing apoptosis in neurons and motor deficits by regulating its downstream protein kinase B (Akt), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR).
  • 575
  • 28 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Exosomal miRNAs in Breast Cancer
MiRNAs are a group of noncoding ribonucleic acid (RNA) with 20–25 nucleotides which always regulate the post-transcriptional level of gene expression negatively. It has been well recognized that miRNAs are involved in the diagnosis, initiation, progression, prognosis, and response to treatment of breast cancer. Compared with free ones, the exosomal miRNAs are more stable since the phospholipid bilayer surrounding exosomes can protect them from being degraded by nuclease in the body fluids.
  • 574
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Epigenetics and Non-Coding RNAs in Multiple Myeloma
Multiple myeloma (MM) accounts for about 10% of hematological malignancies. It is a plasma cell malignancy that originates from the post-germinal lymphoid B-cell lineage, and is characterized by an uncontrolled clonal growth of plasma cells. The discovery of non-coding RNAs as key actors in multiple myeloma has broadened the molecular landscape of this disease, together with classical epigenetic factors such as methylation and acetylation. microRNAs and long non-coding RNAs comprise the majority of the described non-coding RNAs dysregulated in multiple myeloma, while circular RNAs are recently emerging as promising molecular targets. 
  • 573
  • 31 May 2022
Topic Review
Gangliosides and Sodium-Potassium ATPase Activity
Gangliosides, amphiphilic glycosphingolipids, tend to associate laterally with other membrane constituents and undergo extensive interactions with membrane proteins in cis or trans configurations. Studies of human diseases resulting from mutations in the ganglioside biosynthesis pathway and research on transgenic mice with the same mutations implicate gangliosides in the pathogenesis of epilepsy. Gangliosides are reported to affect the activity of the Na+/K+-ATPase, the ubiquitously expressed plasma membrane pump responsible for the stabilization of the resting membrane potential by hyperpolarization, firing up the action potential and ion homeostasis.
  • 569
  • 12 Jul 2022
Topic Review
MiRNAs and Their Role in Venous Thromboembolic Complications
Venous thromboembolic complications (VTCs), which include deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE), have remained a pressing problem in modern clinical medicine for a long time. Despite the already wide arsenal of modern methods for diagnosing and treating this disease, VTCs rank third in the structure of causes of death among all cardiovascular diseases, behind myocardial infarction (MI) and ischemic stroke (IS). Numerous studies have confirmed the importance of understanding the molecular processes of VTCs for effective therapy and diagnosis. Significant progress has been made in VTC research, where the relative contribution of microRNAs (miRNAs) in the mechanism of thrombus formation and their consideration as therapeutic targets have been well studied.
  • 569
  • 10 Nov 2023
Topic Review
MiR-345 and Pancreatic Cancer
miRNAs, small non-coding RNAs, have been recently identified as key players regulating cancer pathogenesis. Dysregulated miRNAs are associated with molecular pathways involved in tumor development, metastasis, and chemoresistance in Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), as well as other cancers. 
  • 569
  • 10 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Hypoxia in Chronic Kidney Disease
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) affects 10% of the population. Fibrosis is the hallmark of CKD, which is marked by the deposit of extracellular matrix (ECM). This response is the final outcome of an unbalanced reaction to inflammation and wound healing and can be induced by a variety of insults, including hypoxia. Vascular damage results in an impaired tissue oxygen supply, inducing immune cell infiltration, tubule injury and the activation of ECM-secreting myofibroblasts. In turn, tubulointerstitial fibrosis development worsens oxygen diffusion. Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) is the primary transcriptional regulator of hypoxia-associated responses, such as oxidative stress and metabolic reprogramming, triggering a proinflammatory and profibrotic landscape.
  • 568
  • 29 Dec 2023
Topic Review
LncRNA Functional Screening in Organismal Development
Controversy continues over the functional prevalence of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) despite their being widely investigated in all kinds of cells and organisms. In animals, lncRNAs have aroused general interest from exponentially increasing transcriptomic repertoires reporting their highly tissue-specific and developmentally dynamic expression, and more importantly, from growing experimental evidence supporting their functionality in facilitating organogenesis and individual fitness.
  • 567
  • 06 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Role of Leukocytes in Prostate Cancer
Prostate cancer (PCa) remains a significant global health concern, being a major cause of cancer morbidity and mortality worldwide. Furthermore, profound understanding of the disease is needed. Prostate inflammation caused by external or genetic factors is a central player in prostate carcinogenesis.
  • 563
  • 07 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Tumor Microenvironment Features and in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) has a prominent desmoplastic stromal microenvironment that includes a dense extracellular matrix together with a series of activated cell types, hypoxia, and an acidic extracellular pH. 
  • 559
  • 25 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Pathophysiology of Secondary Acute Myeloid Leukemia
Secondary acute myeloid leukemia (sAML) is a heterogeneous malignant hematopoietic disease that arises either from an antecedent hematologic disorder (AHD) including myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN), aplastic anemia (AA), or as a result of exposure to genotoxic chemotherapeutic agents or radiotherapy (therapy related AML, tAML). sAML is diagnosed when the number of blasts is ≥20% in the bone marrow or peripheral blood, and it is characterized by poor prognosis, resistance to therapy and low overall survival rate. 
  • 559
  • 15 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma (MPM)
Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is an aggressive tumor mainly associated with asbestos exposure and is characterized by a very difficult pharmacological approach. Therefore, it is crucial to better understand the molecular mechanisms involved in MPM development and metastasis, in an attempt to open new scenarios that are useful in the identification of predictive markers and to improve the pharmacological approach against this aggressive cancer.
  • 557
  • 22 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Enigmatic Role of GIGANTEA in Plant Biology
GIGANTEA (GI) is a conserved nuclear protein crucial for orchestrating the clock-associated feedback loop in the circadian system by integrating light input, modulating gating mechanisms, and regulating circadian clock resetting. It serves as a core component which transmits blue light signals for circadian rhythm resetting and overseeing floral initiation. Beyond circadian functions, GI influences various aspects of plant development (chlorophyll accumulation, hypocotyl elongation, stomatal opening, and anthocyanin metabolism). GI has also been implicated to play a pivotal role in response to stresses such as freezing, thermomorphogenic stresses, salinity, drought, and osmotic stresses. Positioned at the hub of complex genetic networks, GI interacts with hormonal signaling pathways like abscisic acid (ABA), gibberellin (GA), salicylic acid (SA), and brassinosteroids (BRs) at multiple regulatory levels. This intricate interplay enables GI to balance stress responses, promoting growth and flowering, and optimize plant productivity.
  • 557
  • 26 Jan 2024
Topic Review
MiRNAs Expression Modulates Osteogenesis in Response to Nutrition
Epigenetic mechanisms may influence gene activity at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. Among the most studied epigenetic modifications, there are changes in the expression profile of microRNAs (miRNAs or miRs). Furthermore, it is already known that diet along with exercise, can modulate the expression of endogenous miRNAs and prevent or delay the development of some metabolic diseases such as bone disorders, confirming the importance of epigenetics in bone regeneration. In addition, some foods contain miRNAs that after ingestion can influence the various biological processes. The bone tissue is metabolically active and it is constantly remodelling in response to different stimuli. MiRNAs expression together with specific transcription factors control the differentiation of the mesenchymal cells from which the osteogenic line cells originate. 
  • 555
  • 11 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Proteins Modifying Extracellular Matrix of Echinoderms
The extracellular matrix (ECM), the most important innovation in the evolution of Metazoa, made it possible to form and maintain multicellularity. In extant animals, connective tissue performs a wide variety of functions, from conducting cell–cell signals to creating support structures. In echinoderms, the ECM constitutes a substantial portion of tissue. Its composition, structure, and renewal play an important role in the physiology of these animals.
  • 552
  • 02 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Immunometabolism of Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells in Oncology
The field of immunometabolism seeks to decipher the complex interplay between the immune system and the associated metabolic pathways. The role of small molecules that can target specific metabolic pathways and subsequently alter the immune landscape provides a desirable platform for new therapeutic interventions. Immunotherapeutic targeting of suppressive cell populations, such as myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC), by small molecules has shown promise in pathologies such as cancer and support testing of similar host-directed therapeutic approaches in MDSC-inducing conditions such as tuberculosis (TB). MDSC exhibit a remarkable ability to suppress T-cell responses in those with TB disease. In tumors, MDSC exhibit considerable plasticity and can undergo metabolic reprogramming from glycolysis to fatty acid oxidation (FAO) and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) to facilitate their immunosuppressive functions.
  • 549
  • 31 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Action of lncRNAs Mediated by RBPs in NSCLC
LncRNAs can alter gene expression and/or its functions by acting as miRNA spongers, via a direct interaction of lncRNAs with mRNAs or binding to RNA-binding proteins (RBPs). RBPs were shown to regulate mRNA expression and stability at the post-transcriptional level. RBPs combine a flexible structure with a versatile RNA-binding domain. These properties allow RBPs to engage in highly dynamic interactions both with other proteins as well as with coding and non-coding RNAs, leading to ribonucleoprotein complexes (RNPs) being formed. RNPs regulate RNA splicing, polyadenylation, stability, localization, translation, and degradation. In non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), lncRNAs can regulate the levels and stability of target mRNAs by binding RBPs to form RNP complexes, as was demonstrated in a number of examples.
  • 548
  • 06 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Proteome of Extracellular Vesicles in Breast Cancer
Breast cancer (BC) accounts for the highest incidence of tumor-related mortality among women worldwide, justifying the growing search for molecular tools for the early diagnosis and follow-up of BC patients under treatment. Circulating extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membranous nanocompartments produced by all human cells, including tumor cells. 
  • 546
  • 04 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Redox-Related Proteins in Melanoma Progression
Melanoma is the most aggressive type of skin cancer. Despite the available therapies, the minimum residual disease is still refractory. Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS and RNS) play a dual role in melanoma, where redox imbalance is involved from initiation to metastasis and resistance. Redox proteins modulate the disease by controlling ROS/RNS levels in immune response, proliferation, invasion, and relapse. Chemotherapeutics such as BRAF and MEK inhibitors promote oxidative stress, but high ROS/RNS amounts with a robust antioxidant system allow cells to be adaptive and cooperate to non-toxic levels. These proteins could act as biomarkers and possible targets. By understanding the complex mechanisms involved in adaptation and searching for new targets to make cells more susceptible to treatment, the disease might be overcome. 
  • 544
  • 07 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Circulating microRNAs as Liquid Biopsy
Circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) as liquid biopsy proposes a prospect of noninvasive sampling of breast cancer (BC) patient that allows for more personalized management of cancer with the possibility of complementing and supporting clinical assessment in early detection, classification of molecular subtypes and monitoring of recurrence and metastatic spread.
  • 544
  • 14 Dec 2022
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