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Topic Review
MiR-345 and Pancreatic Cancer
miRNAs, small non-coding RNAs, have been recently identified as key players regulating cancer pathogenesis. Dysregulated miRNAs are associated with molecular pathways involved in tumor development, metastasis, and chemoresistance in Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), as well as other cancers. 
  • 563
  • 10 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Role of miR-124 in Cancer
MicroRNA-124 (miR-124) is a small non-coding RNA that regulates gene expression and is abundantly expressed in the brain and immune system. Dysregulated expression of miR-124 is associated with several cancer types, making it a potential therapeutic target in oncology.
  • 562
  • 19 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Gangliosides and Sodium-Potassium ATPase Activity
Gangliosides, amphiphilic glycosphingolipids, tend to associate laterally with other membrane constituents and undergo extensive interactions with membrane proteins in cis or trans configurations. Studies of human diseases resulting from mutations in the ganglioside biosynthesis pathway and research on transgenic mice with the same mutations implicate gangliosides in the pathogenesis of epilepsy. Gangliosides are reported to affect the activity of the Na+/K+-ATPase, the ubiquitously expressed plasma membrane pump responsible for the stabilization of the resting membrane potential by hyperpolarization, firing up the action potential and ion homeostasis.
  • 561
  • 12 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Role of Leukocytes in Prostate Cancer
Prostate cancer (PCa) remains a significant global health concern, being a major cause of cancer morbidity and mortality worldwide. Furthermore, profound understanding of the disease is needed. Prostate inflammation caused by external or genetic factors is a central player in prostate carcinogenesis.
  • 560
  • 07 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Hypoxia in Chronic Kidney Disease
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) affects 10% of the population. Fibrosis is the hallmark of CKD, which is marked by the deposit of extracellular matrix (ECM). This response is the final outcome of an unbalanced reaction to inflammation and wound healing and can be induced by a variety of insults, including hypoxia. Vascular damage results in an impaired tissue oxygen supply, inducing immune cell infiltration, tubule injury and the activation of ECM-secreting myofibroblasts. In turn, tubulointerstitial fibrosis development worsens oxygen diffusion. Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) is the primary transcriptional regulator of hypoxia-associated responses, such as oxidative stress and metabolic reprogramming, triggering a proinflammatory and profibrotic landscape.
  • 560
  • 29 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Tumor Microenvironment Features and in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) has a prominent desmoplastic stromal microenvironment that includes a dense extracellular matrix together with a series of activated cell types, hypoxia, and an acidic extracellular pH. 
  • 557
  • 25 Feb 2022
Topic Review
LncRNA Functional Screening in Organismal Development
Controversy continues over the functional prevalence of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) despite their being widely investigated in all kinds of cells and organisms. In animals, lncRNAs have aroused general interest from exponentially increasing transcriptomic repertoires reporting their highly tissue-specific and developmentally dynamic expression, and more importantly, from growing experimental evidence supporting their functionality in facilitating organogenesis and individual fitness.
  • 556
  • 06 Jul 2023
Topic Review
MiRNAs Expression Modulates Osteogenesis in Response to Nutrition
Epigenetic mechanisms may influence gene activity at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. Among the most studied epigenetic modifications, there are changes in the expression profile of microRNAs (miRNAs or miRs). Furthermore, it is already known that diet along with exercise, can modulate the expression of endogenous miRNAs and prevent or delay the development of some metabolic diseases such as bone disorders, confirming the importance of epigenetics in bone regeneration. In addition, some foods contain miRNAs that after ingestion can influence the various biological processes. The bone tissue is metabolically active and it is constantly remodelling in response to different stimuli. MiRNAs expression together with specific transcription factors control the differentiation of the mesenchymal cells from which the osteogenic line cells originate. 
  • 553
  • 11 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma (MPM)
Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is an aggressive tumor mainly associated with asbestos exposure and is characterized by a very difficult pharmacological approach. Therefore, it is crucial to better understand the molecular mechanisms involved in MPM development and metastasis, in an attempt to open new scenarios that are useful in the identification of predictive markers and to improve the pharmacological approach against this aggressive cancer.
  • 551
  • 22 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Estrogen Signaling in Breast Cancer
Estrogens, belonging to a group of steroid compounds, play an important role in both physiological and disease processes, mainly by interacting with estrogen receptors (ERs). Abnormal ER signaling may result in various cancers, including breast cancer (BC), one of the most often diagnosed cancers in women globally, and a second cause of female cancer-related death.
  • 551
  • 16 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Enigmatic Role of GIGANTEA in Plant Biology
GIGANTEA (GI) is a conserved nuclear protein crucial for orchestrating the clock-associated feedback loop in the circadian system by integrating light input, modulating gating mechanisms, and regulating circadian clock resetting. It serves as a core component which transmits blue light signals for circadian rhythm resetting and overseeing floral initiation. Beyond circadian functions, GI influences various aspects of plant development (chlorophyll accumulation, hypocotyl elongation, stomatal opening, and anthocyanin metabolism). GI has also been implicated to play a pivotal role in response to stresses such as freezing, thermomorphogenic stresses, salinity, drought, and osmotic stresses. Positioned at the hub of complex genetic networks, GI interacts with hormonal signaling pathways like abscisic acid (ABA), gibberellin (GA), salicylic acid (SA), and brassinosteroids (BRs) at multiple regulatory levels. This intricate interplay enables GI to balance stress responses, promoting growth and flowering, and optimize plant productivity.
  • 550
  • 26 Jan 2024
Topic Review
MiRNAs and Their Role in Venous Thromboembolic Complications
Venous thromboembolic complications (VTCs), which include deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE), have remained a pressing problem in modern clinical medicine for a long time. Despite the already wide arsenal of modern methods for diagnosing and treating this disease, VTCs rank third in the structure of causes of death among all cardiovascular diseases, behind myocardial infarction (MI) and ischemic stroke (IS). Numerous studies have confirmed the importance of understanding the molecular processes of VTCs for effective therapy and diagnosis. Significant progress has been made in VTC research, where the relative contribution of microRNAs (miRNAs) in the mechanism of thrombus formation and their consideration as therapeutic targets have been well studied.
  • 549
  • 10 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Proteins Modifying Extracellular Matrix of Echinoderms
The extracellular matrix (ECM), the most important innovation in the evolution of Metazoa, made it possible to form and maintain multicellularity. In extant animals, connective tissue performs a wide variety of functions, from conducting cell–cell signals to creating support structures. In echinoderms, the ECM constitutes a substantial portion of tissue. Its composition, structure, and renewal play an important role in the physiology of these animals.
  • 546
  • 02 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Pathophysiology of Secondary Acute Myeloid Leukemia
Secondary acute myeloid leukemia (sAML) is a heterogeneous malignant hematopoietic disease that arises either from an antecedent hematologic disorder (AHD) including myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN), aplastic anemia (AA), or as a result of exposure to genotoxic chemotherapeutic agents or radiotherapy (therapy related AML, tAML). sAML is diagnosed when the number of blasts is ≥20% in the bone marrow or peripheral blood, and it is characterized by poor prognosis, resistance to therapy and low overall survival rate. 
  • 546
  • 15 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Sigma Receptors in Iron/Heme Homeostasis and Ferroptosis
Sigma receptors are non-opiate/non-phencyclidine receptors that bind progesterone and/or heme and also several unrelated xenobiotics/chemicals. They reside in the plasma membrane and in the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, and nucleus. The biology/pharmacology of these proteins focused primarily on their role in neuronal functions in the brain/retina. However, there have been developments in the field with the discovery of unexpected roles for these proteins in iron/heme homeostasis. Sigma receptor 1 (S1R) regulates the oxidative stress-related transcription factor NRF2 and protects against ferroptosis, an iron-induced cell death process. Sigma receptor 2 (S2R), which is structurally unrelated to S1R, complexes with progesterone receptor membrane components PGRMC1 and PGRMC2. S2R, PGRMC1, and PGRMC2, either independently or as protein–protein complexes, elicit a multitude of effects with a profound influence on iron/heme homeostasis. This includes the regulation of the secretion of the iron-regulatory hormone hepcidin, the modulation of the activity of mitochondrial ferrochelatase, which catalyzes iron incorporation into protoporphyrin IX to form heme, chaperoning heme to specific hemoproteins thereby influencing their biological activity and stability, and protection against ferroptosis.
  • 542
  • 19 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Direct Interaction between Sphingolipids and SNAREs
The fusion of membranes is a central part of the physiological processes involving the intracellular transport and maturation of vesicles and the final release of their contents, such as neurotransmitters and hormones, by exocytosis. Traditionally lipids have been regarded as structural elements playing a relatively minor role in the molecular mechanisms of exocytosis whereas proteins such as SNAREs (soluble N-ethylmaleimide sensitive factor attachment protein receptors) are thought to be the central elements that generate the specificity and force needed for overcoming the repulsion of the negative charges within lipid bilayers that oppose fusion. The effect of sphingosine and synthetic derivatives on the heterologous and homologous fusion of organelles can be considered as a new mechanism of action of sphingolipids influencing important physiological processes, which could underlie therapeutic uses of sphingosine derived lipids in the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders and cancers of neuronal origin such neuroblastoma. 
  • 538
  • 15 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Circulating microRNAs as Liquid Biopsy
Circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) as liquid biopsy proposes a prospect of noninvasive sampling of breast cancer (BC) patient that allows for more personalized management of cancer with the possibility of complementing and supporting clinical assessment in early detection, classification of molecular subtypes and monitoring of recurrence and metastatic spread.
  • 538
  • 14 Dec 2022
Topic Review
TGF-β Signaling Pathways in Diabetic Retinopathy
Diabetic retinopathy (DR), a prevalent complication of diabetes mellitus affecting a significant portion of the global population, has long been viewed primarily as a microvascular disorder. However, emerging evidence suggests that it should be redefined as a neurovascular disease with multifaceted pathogenesis rooted in oxidative stress and advanced glycation end products. The transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling family has emerged as a major contributor to DR pathogenesis due to its pivotal role in retinal vascular homeostasis, endothelial cell barrier function, and pericyte differentiation. 
  • 538
  • 14 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Proteome of Extracellular Vesicles in Breast Cancer
Breast cancer (BC) accounts for the highest incidence of tumor-related mortality among women worldwide, justifying the growing search for molecular tools for the early diagnosis and follow-up of BC patients under treatment. Circulating extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membranous nanocompartments produced by all human cells, including tumor cells. 
  • 537
  • 04 Sep 2023
Topic Review
The Roles of MicroRNAs in Obesity
Obesity has become a global epidemic, contributing to the development of numerous chronic diseases, including diabetes, chronic kidney disease (CKD) and cardiovascular disorders. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as key regulators in various biological processes, including metabolism, inflammation, and tissue remodeling, making them pivotal players in obesity-related pathologies. 
  • 537
  • 24 Oct 2023
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