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Topic Review
Bacterial Cellulose-Based Polymer Nanocomposites
Bacterial cellulose (BC) is one of the most popular environmentally friendly materials with unique structural and physicochemical properties for obtaining various functional materials for a wide range of applications. In this regard, the literature reporting on bacterial nanocellulose has increased exponentially. Extensive investigations aim at promoting the manufacturing of BC-based nanocomposites with other components such as nanoparticles, polymers, and biomolecules, and that will enable to develop of a wide range of materials with advanced and novel functionalities.
  • 1.2K
  • 18 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Sandwich Composites
Structural sandwich composites have been widely used in many engineering fields, and this trend is expected to continue due to their superior mechanical properties, thermal insulation and acoustic damping. However, to further improve their mechanical properties, literature reports significant benefits obtained with nano-reinforcements. In this context, nanoclays are the most popular nano-reinforcements for polymeric nanocomposites, due to their relatively high ion exchange capacity, high aspect ratio and economic advantages. In order to stablish a systematic understanding for application in design procedures, this work intends to summarize all studies available in the open literature about this topic.
  • 1.2K
  • 28 Oct 2020
Topic Review
HMGB1-Mediated Neuroinflammatory Responses
Brain injuries are devastating conditions, representing a global cause of mortality and morbidity, with no effective treatment to date. Increased evidence supports the role of neuroinflammation in driving several forms of brain injuries. High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) protein is a pro-inflammatory-like cytokine with an initiator role in neuroinflammation that has been implicated in Traumatic brain injury (TBI) as well as in early brain injury (EBI) after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Herein, we discuss the implication of HMGB1-induced neuroinflammatory responses in these brain injuries, mediated through binding to the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE), toll-like receptor4 (TLR4) and other inflammatory mediators. Moreover, we provide evidence on the biomarker potential of HMGB1 and the significance of its nucleocytoplasmic translocation during brain injuries along with the promising neuroprotective effects observed upon HMGB1 inhibition/neutralization in TBI and EBI induced by SAH. Overall, this review addresses the current advances on neuroinflammation driven by HMGB1 in brain injuries indicating a future treatment opportunity that may overcome current therapeutic gaps.
  • 1.2K
  • 23 Jul 2020
Topic Review
Plant Extracts for Cachexia
A natural product is a chemical compound or substance produced by a living organism—that is, found in nature. Sequela is a result or condition that follows from a disease or illness Cachexia is a condition that causes extreme weight loss and muscle wasting. It is a symptom of many chronic conditions, such as cancer, chronic renal failure, HIV, and multiple sclerosis.
  • 1.2K
  • 16 Sep 2020
Topic Review
Transcriptional Spatial Profiling
Transcriptional spatial profiling enables characterization of the cancer immune profile by providing quantitative gene expression data that retains critical spatial information. It encompasses both well-known technologies such as in-situ hybridization and digital spatial profiling as well as emerging technologies such as Visium Spatial Gene Expression Solution. These technologies may be used to identify and subsequently block the source of tumour heterogeneity that underlies treatment resistance, disease progression and cancer relapse. By combining sequencing data with spatial information, transcriptional spatial profiling technologies hold great promise in uncovering novel biomarkers, potential drug targets and pathogenic mechanisms. 
  • 1.2K
  • 22 Sep 2020
Topic Review
PET for Microenvironment-Targeted Therapy
 Quantitative parameters of FDG-PET, such as SUV and TLG have been used to evaluate therapeutic response. Recent advancement in anti-cancer therapeutics showed that tumor response to molecular-targeted drugs and immune-checkpoint inhibitors is different from conventional chemotherapy in terms of temporal metabolic alteration and morphological change after the course of effective therapy. Metabolic changes and temporal enlargement due to immune cell infiltration seen after immune-checkpoint inhibitors, such as anti-programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) and anti-programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) antibodies facilitated the modification of conventional Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumor and FDG-PET response evaluation criteria. Tumor microenvironment including cancer stem cells (CSCs) that is thought to be a root cause of tumor heterogeneity; is considered a target of novel and effective therapy.   Accumulation of FDG reflects glucose metabolism of both cancer cells and immunologically competent cells in the tumor microenvironment. Immunological reaction to the therapy differs among patients according to the individual immune function. Considering the heterogeneity of tumor tissue and individual variation in tumor response to immunotherapy, radiomics approach combines quantitative image features with deep learning algorithm have the potentials to improve response assessment in more personalized treatment.   Stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1)/C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4)-targeted α-particle therapy has been introduced, because SDF-1/CXCR4 axis is known to increase epithelial-mesenchymal transition to facilitate invasion and metastasis, and regulate immune response by accelerating T cell proliferation as well as PD-1 and PD-L1 expression in cancer cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes, respectively. Prominent energy profile and biological effect of α-particles are promising as an alternative in targeted radionuclide therapy (TRT). Radiation dosimetry according to the theranostics approach will permit accurate TRT and artificial intelligence-based treatment decision making and precise response evaluation would be a precision nuclear medicine in the future.
  • 1.2K
  • 09 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Yersinia species and autophagy
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, Y. enterocolitica and Y. pestis are pathogenic bacteria capable of causing disease in humans by growing extracellularly in lymph nodes and during systemic infections. While the capacity of these bacteria to invade, replicate, and survive within host cells has been known for long, it is only in recent years that their intracellular stages have been explored in more detail. Current evidence suggests that pathogenic Yersinia are capable of activating autophagy in both phagocytic and epithelial cells, subverting autophagosome formation to create a niche supporting bacterial intracellular replication. In this review, we discuss recent results opening novel perspectives to the understanding of intimate host-pathogens interactions taking place during enteric yersiniosis and plague.
  • 1.2K
  • 07 Jan 2021
Topic Review
MUTYH Gene
The MUTYH gene is located on the short arm of chromosome 1 (1p34.1) and encodes instructions for the MYH glycosylase enzyme.
  • 1.2K
  • 02 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Human Coronaviruses
The ongoing pandemic of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), caused by the SARS-CoV-2 human coronavirus (HCoV), has brought the international scientific community before a state of emergency that needs to be addressed with intensive research for the discovery of pharmacological agents with antiviral activity. 
  • 1.2K
  • 23 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Transcription Factor AP4
AP4 is encoded by a Myc target gene and mediates cell fate decisions by regulating multiple processes, such as cell proliferation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, stemness, apoptosis, and cellular senescence.
  • 1.2K
  • 18 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Nitric Oxide for Dermal Application
Nitric oxide (NO•) is a free radical gas, produced in the human body to regulate physiological processes, including skin health. The lack of NO• is known to cause or worsen skin conditions, so an exogenous delivery through NO-donors can compensate its deficiency. This has been incorporated into natural, synthetic and semisynthetic polymeric matrices that have been evaluated for antimicrobial, wound healing and circulatory dermal applications.
  • 1.2K
  • 25 Apr 2021
Topic Review
PITRM1 in Neurodegeneration
Mounting evidence shows a link between mitochondrial dysfunction and neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer Disease. Increased oxidative stress, defective mitodynamics, and impaired oxidative phosphorylation leading to decreased ATP production, can determine synaptic dysfunction, apoptosis, and neurodegeneration. Furthermore, mitochondrial proteostasis and the protease-mediated quality control system, carrying out degradation of potentially toxic peptides and misfolded or damaged proteins inside mitochondria, are emerging as potential pathogenetic mechanisms. The enzyme pitrilysin metallopeptidase 1 (PITRM1) is a key player in these processes; it is responsible for degrading mitochondrial targeting sequences that are cleaved off from the imported precursor proteins and for digesting a mitochondrial fraction of amyloid beta (Aβ).
  • 1.2K
  • 05 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Clinical Considerations of Benzodiazepines
Benzodiazepines (BZDs) are among one of the most widely prescribed drug classes in the United States. BZDs are a class of psychoactive drugs known for their depressant effect on the central nervous system (CNS). They quickly diffuse through the blood–brain barrier to affect the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA and exert sedative effects. One of the debilitating side effects of BZDs is their addictive potential. The dependence on BZDs generally leads to withdrawal symptoms, requiring careful tapering of the medication when prescribed. Regular use of BZDs has been shown to cause severe, harmful psychological and physical dependence, leading to withdrawal symptoms similar to that of alcohol withdrawal.
  • 1.2K
  • 23 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Cytokine Storm in COVID-19
The concept of cytokine storm has been better elucidated and extended to the pathogenesis of many other conditions, such as sepsis, autoinflammatory disease, primary and secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, and multicentric Castleman disease. Moreover, cytokine storm has recently emerged as a key aspect in the novel Coronavirus disease 2019, as affected patients show high levels of several key pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1, IL-2, IL-6, TNF-α, IFN-γ, IP-10, GM-CSF, MCP-1, and IL-10, some of which also correlate with disease severity.
  • 1.2K
  • 26 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by a persistent pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity. ADHD impairments arise from irregularities primarily in dopamine (DA) and norepinephrine (NE) circuits within the prefrontal cortex.
  • 1.2K
  • 17 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Chrysoeriol7 against Brown Planthopper in Rice
Brown planthopper (BPH, Nilaparvata lugens Stal.) is the most damaging rice pest affecting stable rice yields worldwide. Currently, methods for controlling BPH include breeding a BPH‐resistant cultivar and using synthetic pesticides. Nevertheless, the continuous cultivation of resistant cultivars allows for the emergence of various resistant races, and the use of synthetic pesticides can induce environmental pollution as well as the emergence of unpredictable new pest species. As plants cannot migrate to other locations on their own to combat various stresses, the production of secondary metabolites allows plants to protect themselves from stress and tolerate their reproduction. Pesticides using natural products are currently being developed to prevent environmental pollution and ecosystem disturbance caused by synthetic pesticides. In this study, after BPH infection in rice, chrysoeriol7 (C7), a secondary metabolite that induces resistance against BPH, was assessed. After C7 treatment and BPH infection, relative expression levels of the flavonoid‐related genes were elevated, suggesting that in plants subjected to BPH, compounds related to flavonoids, among the secondary metabolites, play an important role in inducing resistance. The plant‐derived natural compound chrysoeriol7 can potentially thus be used to develop environmentally friendly pesticides. The suggested control of BPH can be effectively used to alleviate concerns regarding environmental pollution and to construct a relatively safe rice breeding environment.
  • 1.2K
  • 21 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Live Streaming E-Commerce
The prevalence of live streaming has driven a boom in e-commerce activities, namely live streaming e-commerce. This new e-commerce mode uses live streaming to engage customers on e-commerce platforms, where broadcasters leverage the new medium as a direct source for online sales. In typical live streaming e-commerce, the broadcaster can create and deliver real-time video to the customers. The broadcaster can engage potential audiences to join the live stream to consume the content. For example, the broadcasters can talk about the last beauty trend, introduce the product, and try on different items for the viewers. During the content consumption process, the viewers can also ask questions about the products, chat with the broadcaster and other viewers via text, and even send a virtual gift to their appreciated broadcasters.
  • 1.2K
  • 27 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Atypically Shaped Cardiomyocytes
Atypically shaped cardiomyocytes (ACMs) are found in cultures of the cardiomyocyte-removed fraction obtained from cardiac ventricles from neonatal to aged mice. ACMs are thought to be a subpopulation of cardiomyocytes or immature cardiomyocytes, most closely resembling cardiomyocytes due to their spontaneous beating, well-organized sarcomere and the expression of cardiac-specific proteins, including some fetal cardiac gene proteins.
  • 1.2K
  • 11 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Tourism Services in Uzbekistan
Uzbekistan is located on the crossroads of the ancient Silk Road, which has attracted thousands of traders and invaders throughout the centuries. Because of its strategic location, it was the center of events between Russia and Great Britain later referred to as the Great Game.  There are various reasons why tourists visit Uzbekistan. This region was the center of Islamic ideology, and the craddle of the first Renaissance that brought up scientists such as Avicenna, Al Khorezmi, Al Beruni and others. The legacy left by ancestors in terms of constructions and traditions is well preserved in ancient cities of Samarkand, Bukhara, and Khiva. The influence of various nations (arabs, mongols, russians) on the aborigens of Central Asia left its footprints on culture, architecture and social life. For the people who appreciate oriental arts and history Uzbekistan is a must-visit place. However, the range of tourism services is mainly focused on only historical sightseeing. Recreational tourism services are underdeveloped. High travel costs, tourism infrastructure problems, and lack of qualified personnel are main issues that pull back tourism development. 
  • 1.2K
  • 11 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Crystal and Electronic Structure of Perovskite Oxides
Perovskites have been proven to be the one of best cathodes for the solid oxide electrolyte cell (SOEC) devices, in particular, Co-based ones usually exhibit extremely high catalytic performances due to the multivalent properties of Co ions. Thorough understanding of the crystal and electronic structure of perovskite oxides are important.
  • 1.2K
  • 02 Nov 2022
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