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Topic Review
CTCs in Gastric Cancer
With over 1 million incidence cases and more than 780,000 deaths in 2018, gastric cancer (GC) was ranked as the 5th most common cancer and the 3rd leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. Though several biomarkers, including carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), cancer antigen 19-9 (CA19-9), and cancer antigen 72-4 (CA72-4), have been identified, their diagnostic accuracies were modest. Circulating tumor cells (CTCs), cells derived from tumors and present in body fluids, have recently emerged as promising biomarkers, diagnostically and prognostically, of cancers, including GC. In this review, we present the landscape of CTCs from migration, to the presence in circulation, biologic properties, and morphologic heterogeneities. We evaluated clinical implications of CTCs in GC patients, including diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic management, as well as their application in immunotherapy.
  • 1.2K
  • 04 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Evolution of Extracellular Vesicles’ Knowledge
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a family of particles/vesicles present in blood and body fluids, composed of phospholipid bilayers that carry a variety of molecules that can mediate cell communication, modulating crucial cell processes such as homeostasis, induction/dampening of inflammation, and promotion of repair. Since their discovery in 1946, the scientific interest on EVs has increased exponentially promoting promising studies on their possible roles in health and disease.
  • 1.2K
  • 24 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Heteroelement Analogues of Benzoxaborole
Heteroelement analogues of benzoxaboroles constitute an interesting class of boracyclic compounds and may offer the opportunity for various applications while retaining high stability arising from the presence of a strong B-O bond in the ring structure. The replacement of a carbon atom in the boracycle or an adjacent benzene ring with a heteroatom may result in a significant change of structural behaviour. Moreover,  physicochemical properties, including solubility, lipophilicity, hydrolytic stability, boron Lewis acidity, and others, can be modified. The aim of this review is to highlight several emerging groups of boracyclic systems which comprise various heteroelement atoms such as another boron, silicon, tin, nitrogen, phosphorus, and iodine. The information on synthesis and properties of such systems is complemented by presentation of their practical potential encompassing especially organic synthesis and catalysis as as medicinal chemistry. 
  • 1.2K
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE-5) Inhibitors as Emergent Environmental Contaminants
Erectile dysfunction (ED) is an increasing disorder [16], affects 25 to 35 million men over 18 years in Europe. Pharmaceuticals used to reduce this disorder act as phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE-5) inhibitors, a family of enzymes typically active in cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) degradation. The inhibition of PDE-5 results in the intracellular accumulation of cGMP, which plays a central role in signal transduction and regulates several physiological responses.
  • 1.2K
  • 26 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Role of MSCs-Sourced Secretome in Liver Regeneration
Liver fibrosis is a wound healing response that degenerates, and is characterized by excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) components that form scar tissue. Liver transplantation is often needed as a course of treatment for patients in critical conditions, but limitations associated with transplantation prompted the continuous search for alternative therapeutic strategies. Cell therapy with stem cells has emerged as an attractive option in order to stimulate tissue regeneration and liver repair. Transplanted mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) could trans-differentiate into hepatocyte-like cells and, moreover, show anti-fibrotic and immunomodulatory effects.
  • 1.2K
  • 14 Dec 2021
Topic Review
The Crab Nebula in Gamma-Rays
The Crab nebula is one of the best studied objects in the sky, second only to the Sun. It is the remnant of a supernova explosion occurred in A. D. 1054, and it represents the prototype of an entire class of supernova remnants: Pulsar Wind Nebulae. It consists of two different bright non-thermal sources — the pulsar and the nebula. Both objects have played a key role in the development of high-energy astrophysics. Thanks to their bright emission at all wavelengths, they have been observed by virtually all new astronomical instruments and have been at the origin of a wealth of important scientific discoveries.
  • 1.2K
  • 13 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Underwater Soft Robotics
Underwater exploration, much like space exploration, has been at the frontier of science and engineering ventures. Some of the early robotic systems sent by humans to explore marine life are known as remotely operated vehicles (ROVs).  ROVs are underwater robots, manually operated by a pilot, using tethered communication. Soft robots made from compliant materials can achieve shrinking and bending motion that allow them to navigate within narrow areas. The ability of soft robots to deform, change their shapes, exhibit infinite degrees of freedom, and perform complex motion, makes them a suitable candidate for the basis of biological emulation, especially that of underwater creatures, which are one of the sources of biomimetic inspiration for robotic and engineering systems.
  • 1.2K
  • 09 Feb 2022
Topic Review
CYP21A2 Deficiency
Deficiency of 21-hydroxylase enzyme (CYP21A2) represents 90% of cases in congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), an autosomal recessive disease caused by defects in cortisol biosynthesis. Computational prediction and functional studies are often the only way to classify variants to understand the links to disease-causing effects.
  • 1.2K
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Wastewater Treatment by Microalgae through Biosorption
Bacteria naturally present in wastewater contribute to nutrient removal. The analysis here are promising for the potential environmentally friendly application of C. vulgaris in the development of an integrated biorefinery in sugar beet processing plants for improved and cost-effective wastewater treatment. It could also be considered particularly important for a multifaceted approach to managing the environmental sustainability of wastewater bioremediation.
  • 1.2K
  • 15 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Silk Fibroin-Based Therapeutics
Silk fibroin, the fibrous structural-protein component in silk, has emerged as a promising treatment for these impaired processes by promoting functional tissue regeneration. Silk fibroin’s dynamic properties allow for customizable nanoarchitectures, which can be tailored for effectively treating several wound healing impairments. Different forms of silk fibroin include nanoparticles, biosensors, tissue scaffolds, wound dressings, and novel drug-delivery systems. Silk fibroin can be combined with other biomaterials, such as chitosan or microRNA-bound cerium oxide nanoparticles (CNP), to have a synergistic effect on improving impaired wound healing.
  • 1.2K
  • 01 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Metabolic Stress and Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Ataxia-Telangiectasia
The ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) protein kinase is, as the name implies, mutated in the human genetic disorder ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T). This protein has its “finger in many pies”, being responsible for the phosphorylation of many thousands of proteins in different signaling pathways in its role in protecting the cell against a variety of different forms of stress that threaten to perturb cellular homeostasis. 
  • 1.2K
  • 20 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Milk Whey Hydrolysates as High Value-Added Natural Polymers
There are two types of milk whey obtained from cheese manufacture: sweet and acid. It retains around 55% of the nutrients of the milk. Milk whey is considered as a waste, creating a critical pollution problem, because 9 L of whey are produced from every 10 L of milk. Some treatments such as hydrolysis by chemical, fermentation process, enzymatic action, and green technologies (ultrasound and thermal treatment) are successful in obtaining peptides from protein whey. Milk whey peptides possess excellent functional properties such as antihypertensive, antiviral, anticancer, immunity, and antioxidant, with benefits in the cardiovascular, digestive, endocrine, immune, and nervous system.
  • 1.2K
  • 27 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Isatin-Based Scaffolds
Isatin, chemically an indole-1H-2,3-dione, is recognised as one of the most attractive therapeutic fragments in drug design and development. The template has turned out to be exceptionally useful for developing new anticancer scaffolds, as evidenced by the increasing number of isatin-based molecules which are either in clinical use or in trials. Apart from its promising antiproliferative properties, isatin has shown potential in treating Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) not only as a parent core, but also by attenuating the activities of various pharmacophores.
  • 1.2K
  • 06 May 2022
Topic Review
Sunflower Crop Rotation's Biophysical Impact on Agricultural Fields
Crop rotation is an important determining factor of crop productivity. Sustainable agriculture requires correct rules of crop rotation. Failure to comply with these rules can lead to deterioration of soil biochemical characteristics and land degradation.
  • 1.2K
  • 02 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Spectral Reconstruction Methods for Remote Sensing Images
Spectral reconstruction of remote sensing images mainly focused on RGB or multispectral to hyperspectral. Spectral reconstruction methods can be divided into two branches: prior-driven and data-driven methods. Earlier researchers adopted the sparse dictionary method. With the development of deep learning, owing to its excellent feature extraction and reconstruction capabilities, more and more researchers are adopting deep learning methods to gradually replace the traditional sparse dictionary approach.
  • 1.2K
  • 20 Jul 2022
Topic Review
List of Aviation, Aerospace and Aeronautical Abbreviations
This is a list of aviation, aerospace, aeronautical and avionics abbreviations.
  • 1.2K
  • 08 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Relevant Horse Traits and Behaviour
The horse’s role throughout history, first as a meat animal and then a working animal, initially established their place as a “tool” to meet human needs. Horses are large animals with quick reactions. They are neophobic and claustrophobic, and remain acutely aware of their surroundings. 
  • 1.2K
  • 09 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Si-Compatible Nanostructured Photodetectors
Latest advances in the field of nanostructured photodetectors are considered, stating the types and materials, and highlighting the features of operation. Special attention is paid to the group-IV material photodetectors, including Ge, Si, Sn, and their solid solutions. Among the various designs, photodetectors with quantum wells, quantum dots, and quantum wires are highlighted. Such nanostructures have a number of unique properties, that made them striking to scientists’ attention and device applications. Nanostructures with quantum wells (QW) and quantum dots (QD) are very widely used to create photodetectors in the visible and infrared ranges. At the same time, for various applications, various semiconductor material systems are used that most fully satisfy the specific requirements for device structures: III–V (GaAs, AlGaAs, etc.), II–VI (CdHgTe), IV–IV (GeSi, GeSn, GeSiSn), and others.
  • 1.2K
  • 01 Feb 2023
Topic Review
AI-Enabled Models for Parkinson’s Disease Diagnosis
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a devastating neurological disease that cannot be identified with traditional plasma experiments, necessitating the development of a faster, less expensive diagnostic instrument. Due to the difficulty of quantifying PD in the past, doctors have tended to focus on some signs while ignoring others, primarily relying on an intuitive assessment scale because of the disease’s characteristics, which include loss of motor control and speech that can be utilized to detect and diagnose this disease. It is an illness that impacts both motion and non-motion functions. It takes years to develop and has a wide range of clinical symptoms and prognoses. 
  • 1.2K
  • 15 May 2023
Topic Review
Characteristics and Extraction Capacity of Deep Eutectic Solvents
A renewed understanding of eco-friendly principles is moving the industrial sector toward a shift in the utilization of less harmful solvents as a main strategy to improve manufacturing. Green analytical chemistry (GAC) has definitely paved the way for this transition by presenting green solvents to a larger audience. Among the most promising, surely DESs (deep eutectic solvents), NaDESs (natural deep eutectic solvents), HDESs (hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents), and HNaDESs (hydrophobic natural deep eutectic solvents), with their unique features, manifest a wide-range of applications, including their use as a means for the extraction of small bioactive compounds.
  • 1.2K
  • 22 Feb 2024
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