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Topic Review
Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy
Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy (SBRT) is reserved for head and neck cancer (HNC) patients who are not suitable candidates for conventional radiation therapy and should not be considered as a first line of treatment option and as a boost. 
  • 532
  • 23 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Metastatic Location Matters
The immune microenvironment varies between organs and is influenced by multiple factors, including exposure to external antigens, organ function, and anatomy. Thus, the TIME (tumour immune microenvironment) of metastases differs depending on hosting organs. This variation may account for the different responses to ICIs (immune checkpoint inhibitors) observed in patients with a similar primary tumour in different metastatic locations. Of the most frequent metastatic locations, the presence of secondary lesions in the liver appears to have the most detrimental impact on the prognosis of patients receiving ICIs.
  • 531
  • 10 May 2023
Topic Review
SRC-3 Has Multiple Roles in Breast Cancer Pathogenesis
Breast cancer (BCa) is the most frequently diagnosed malignant tumor in women and is also one of the leading causes of cancer-related death. Most breast tumors are hormone-dependent and estrogen signaling plays a critical role in promoting the survival and malignant behaviors of these cells. Estrogen signaling involves ligand-activated cytoplasmic estrogen receptors that translocate to the nucleus with various co-regulators, such as steroid receptor co-activator (SRC) family members, and bind to the promoters of target genes and regulate their expression. SRC-3 is a member of this family that interacts with, and enhances, the transcriptional activity of the ligand activated estrogen receptor. Although SRC-3 has important roles in normal homeostasis and developmental processes, it has been shown to be amplified and overexpressed in breast cancer and to promote malignancy.
  • 531
  • 09 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Cystic Fibrosis Gastrointestinal Cancers
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a genetic condition that affects the lungs, digestion, and other body systems. People with CF have a higher chance of developing certain types of cancer.  Gastrointestinal cancers encompass a range of malignancies affecting the digestive tract, including the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, colon, rectum, pancreas, and liver. Understanding the link between CF and gastrointestinal cancers is important for improving patient care, implementing appropriate surveillance and screening measures, and identifying potential therapeutic interventions.
  • 530
  • 06 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Oncogenic lncRNAs in Prostate Cancer, Osteosarcoma, and Metastasis
Prostate cancer (PC) is a common malignancy and is one of the leading causes of cancer-related death in men worldwide. Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common bone cancer, representing 20–40% of all bone malignancy cases. Cancer metastasis is a process by which malignant tumor cells detach from the primary tumor site via a cascade of processes and migrate to secondary sites through the blood circulation or lymphatic system to colonize and form secondary tumors. PC has a specific affinity to the bone based on the “seed and soil” theory; once PC reach the bone, it becomes incurable. Several studies have identified long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) as potential targets for cancer therapy or as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. The dysregulation of various lncRNAs has been found in various cancer types, including PC, OS, and metastasis.
  • 529
  • 15 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Bispecific Antibodies in Multiple Myeloma
Multiple myeloma, a cancer of the bone marrow, is the commonest cancer of adults in the Western World. Therapies have advanced dramatically in recent years, equating to improved survival and quality of life for patients, but those with resistant disease still have less favourable outcomes. Bispecific antibodies represent a new treatment option for patients with myeloma. These antibodies activate the patient’s own T-cells to kill their tumour cells and have shown impressive results in relapsed refractory myeloma.
  • 529
  • 31 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Genistein’s Effects in Preclinical Models of Cervical Cancer
Cervical cancer is the fourth most commonly diagnosed cancer among women worldwide. While treatments exist to stop growth of cervical cancer in humans, they are often associated with major side effects and the development of resistance to therapy. Traditionally, plant-derived compounds have been used to treat many ailments, including cancer. The search for novel plant-derived chemicals is important, as they can potentially provide effective treatment with less severe side effects and importantly overcome drug resistance. Genistein and its analogues have been shown to decrease survival and proliferation as well as induce cell death in cell culture models of cervical cancer and reduce tumor volume in a mouse model. 
  • 529
  • 27 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Three-Dimensional In Vitro Cell Models of HNSCC
Researchers have been trying to answer the demand of clinical oncologists to create an ideal preclinical model of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) that is accessible, reproducible, and relevant. Over the past, the development of cellular technologies has naturally allowed people to move from primitive short-lived primary 2D cell cultures to complex patient-derived 3D models that reproduce the cellular composition, architecture, mutational, or viral load of native tumor tissue. Depending on the tasks and capabilities, a scientific laboratory can choose from several types of models: primary cell cultures, immortalized cell lines, spheroids or heterospheroids, tissue engineering models, bioprinted models, organoids, tumor explants, and histocultures. HNSCC in vitro models make it possible to screen agents with potential antitumor activity, study the contribution of the tumor microenvironment to its progression and metastasis, determine the prognostic significance of individual biomarkers (including using genetic engineering methods), study the effect of viral infection on the pathogenesis of the disease, and adjust treatment tactics for a specific patient or groups of patients. 
  • 528
  • 20 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Patient-Derived Xenografts
Patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) have defined the field of translational cancer research, becoming one of the most-used tools in early drug development. The process of establishing cancer models in mice has turned out to be challenging, since little research focuses on evaluating which factors impact engraftment success. 
  • 528
  • 04 Dec 2023
Topic Review
PARP and Immuno-Checkpoint Inhibitors in Epithelial Ovarian Cancer
Ovarian cancer is one of the most common gynecologic cancers and has the highest mortality rate of any other cancer of the female reproductive system. Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) accounts for approximately 90% of all ovarian malignancies. The standard therapeutic strategy includes cytoreductive surgery accompanied by pre- or postoperative platinum-based chemotherapy. Nevertheless, up to 80% of the patients relapse within the following 12–18 months from the completion of the treatment and then receive first-line chemotherapy depending on platinum sensitivity. Mutations in BRCA1/2 genes are the most significant molecular aberrations in EOC and serve as prognostic and predictive biomarkers. Poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) inhibitors exploit defects in the DNA repair pathway through synthetic lethality. They have also been shown to trap PARP1 and PARP2 on DNA, leading to PARP-DNA complexes. Olaparib, rucaparib, and niraparib have all obtained Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and/or the European Medicine Agency (EMA) approval for the treatment of EOC in different settings. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) have improved the survival of several cancers and are under evaluation in EOC. However, despite the success of immunotherapy in other malignancies, the use of antibodies inhibiting the immune checkpoint programmed cell death (PD-1) or its ligand (PD-L1) obtained modest results in EOC so far, with median response rates of up to 10%. As such, ICI have not yet been approved for the treatment of EOC. We herein provided a comprehensive insight into the most recent progress in synthetic lethality PARP inhibitors, along with the mechanisms of resistance. We also summarised data regarding the role of immune checkpoint inhibitors, the use of vaccination therapy, and adoptive immunotherapy in treating epithelial ovarian cancer.
  • 522
  • 27 Sep 2023
Topic Review
HIV-Associated Cancer Biomarkers
Biomarkers are classified based on certain parameters such as functions and characteristics such as Type 0, Type I and Type II.
  • 521
  • 15 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Role of Personalized Chemotherapy to Prevent Kidney Damage
The onco-nephrology field has acquired a relevant role in internal medicine due to the growing number of cases of renal dysfunction that have been observed in cancer patients. This clinical complication can be induced by the tumor itself (for example, due to obstructive phenomena affecting the excretory tract or by neoplastic dissemination) or by chemotherapy, as it is potentially nephrotoxic.
  • 519
  • 05 May 2023
Topic Review
Retinoids Delivery Systems in Cancer
Retinoids are a class of natural and synthetic compounds derived from vitamin A. They are involved in several biological processes like embryogenesis, reproduction, vision, growth, inflammation, differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis. In light of their important functions, retinoids have been widely investigated for their therapeutic applications. Thus far, their use for the treatment of several types of cancer and skin disorders has been reported. However, these therapeutic agents present several limitations for their widespread clinical translatability, i.e., poor solubility and chemical instability in water, sensitivity to light, heat, and oxygen, and low bioavailability. These characteristics result in internalization into target cells and tissues only at low concentration and, consequently, at an unsatisfactory therapeutic dose.
  • 519
  • 16 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Automated Blood Vessel Detection in Cancer
The analysis of the microvasculature and the assessment of angiogenesis have significant prognostic value in various diseases, including cancer. The search for invasion into the blood and lymphatic vessels and the assessment of angiogenesis are important aspects of oncological diagnosis. These features determine the prognosis and aggressiveness of the tumor. Traditional manual evaluation methods are time consuming and subject to inter-observer variability. Blood vessel detection is a perfect task for artificial intelligence, which is capable of rapid analyzing thousands of tissue structures in whole slide images.
  • 519
  • 16 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Epithelioid Haemangioendothelioma
Epithelioid haemangioendothelioma (EHE) is an ultra-rare malignant vascular tumour with a prevalence of 1 per 1,000,000. It develops from endothelial cells, which are the cells that line all blood vessels in the body. Therefore, it typically expresses endothelial cell markers. It can also be identified through analysis of the genes. Two genes, WWTR1 and CAMTA1, are broken and fused together in 90% of cases. Alternatively, in approximately 10% of cases, the genes that are broken and fused together are YAP1 and TFE3. 
  • 518
  • 16 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Estrogen Receptor-β Isoforms and Coactivators in Breast Cancer
Nuclear receptor coregulators are the principal regulators of Estrogen Receptor (ER)-mediated transcription. ERβ, an ER subtype first identified in 1996, is associated with poor outcomes in breast cancer (BCa) subtypes, and the coexpression of the ERβ1 isoform and AIB-1 and TIF-2 coactivators in BCa-associated myofibroblasts was associated with high-grade BCa. Thus, this research aimed to identify additional coactivators that are involved in the progression of ERβ-expressing BCa. ERβ isoforms, coactivators, and prognostic markers were tested using standard immunohistochemistry. AIB-1, TIF-2, NF-kB, p-c-Jun, and/or cyclin D1 were differentially correlated with ERβ isoform expression in the BCa subtypes and subgroups
  • 517
  • 13 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Heat Shock Factor 1 Inhibition as Anti-Cancer Strategy
Heat shock factor 1 (HSF1) is a transcription factor crucial for cellular stress responses. HSF1 activates heat shock proteins (HSPs) in response to proteotoxic stress, aiding in protein folding and maintaining proteostasis. HSF1 is often overexpressed in various cancer cells, fueling malignancy and indicating a poor prognosis. The mechanisms behind HSF1-induced tumorigenesis are complex and cancer type-dependent. Targeting HSF1 presents a novel cancer treatment strategy.
  • 517
  • 23 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Specificity Proteins and Cancer
The specificity protein (Sp) transcription factors (TFs) Sp1, Sp2, Sp3 and Sp4 exhibit structural and functional similarities in cancer cells and extensive studies of Sp1 show that it is a negative prognostic factor for patients with multiple tumor types.
  • 516
  • 23 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Breast Cancer with Brain Metastasis
Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed malignancy worldwide and the leading cause of cancer-related death among women. Brain metastases are a primary contributor to mortality, as they often go undetected until late stages due to their dormant nature. Moreover, the clinical management of brain metastases is complicated by the relevant issue of blood-brain barrier penetration.
  • 516
  • 31 May 2023
Topic Review
Tumorigenesis and Tumor Microenvironment in Pancreatic Cancer
Pancreatic cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Unfortunately, therapeutic gains in the treatment of other cancers have not successfully translated to pancreatic cancer treatments. Management of pancreatic cancer is difficult due to the lack of effective therapies and the rapid development of drug resistance. In addition, various cell types in the tumor microenvironment exert immunosuppressive effects that worsen prognosis.
  • 515
  • 12 Oct 2022
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