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Topic Review
Telehealth and Screening in Glaucoma
Telehealth has become a viable option for glaucoma screening and glaucoma monitoring due to advances in technology. The ability to measure intraocular pressure without an anesthetic and to take optic nerve photographs without pharmacologic pupillary dilation using portable equipment have allowed glaucoma screening programs to generate enough data for assessment. At home, patients can perform visual acuity testing, web-based visual field testing, rebound tonometry, and video visits with the physician to monitor for glaucomatous progression.
  • 717
  • 10 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Application of Electrophysiology in Non-Macular Inherited Retinal Dystrophies
Inherited retinal dystrophies encompass a diverse group of disorders affecting the structure and function of the retina, leading to progressive visual impairment and, in severe cases, blindness. Electrophysiology testing has emerged as a valuable tool in assessing and diagnosing those conditions, offering insights into the function of different parts of the visual pathway from retina to visual cortex and aiding in disease classification. The different applications and limitations of electrophysiology techniques, including multifocal electroretinogram (mfERG), full-field ERG (ffERG), electrooculogram (EOG), pattern electroretinogram (PERG), and visual evoked potential (VEP), in the diagnosis and management of these distinctive phenotypes are discussed.
  • 715
  • 27 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Extracellular Matrix Components of Idiopathic Epiretinal Membranes
Idiopathic epiretinal membranes (iERMs) are fibrocellular sheets of tissue that develop at the vitreoretinal interface. The iERMs consist of cells and an extracellular matrix (ECM) formed by a complex array of structural proteins and a large number of proteins that regulate cell–matrix interaction, matrix deposition and remodelling. Many components of the ECM tend to produce a layered pattern that can influence the tractional properties of the membranes. 
  • 713
  • 01 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Drug-Eluting Contact Lens Technologies
Due to an ageing population and climate change, the number of ophthalmic patients will increase, overwhelming healthcare systems and likely leading to under-treatment of chronic eye diseases. Since drops are the mainstay of therapy, clinicians have long emphasised the unmet need for ocular drug delivery. Alternative methods, i.e., with better compliance, stability and longevity of drug delivery, would be preferred. Drug-loaded contact lenses are among the most promising and are a real step toward dropless ocular therapy, potentially leading to a transformation in clinical ophthalmic practice.
  • 712
  • 13 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Nutrition and Digital Eye Strain
Digital eye strain is a complex, multifactorial condition that can be caused by excessive screen time exposure to various electronic devices such as smartphones, tablets, e-readers, and computers.
  • 706
  • 18 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Long Non-Coding RNAs in Proliferative Retinal Diseases
Retinopathy refers to disorders that affect the retina of the eye, which are frequently caused by damage to the retina’s vascular system. This causes leakage, proliferation, or overgrowth of blood vessels through the retina, which can lead to retinal detachment or breakdown, resulting in vision loss and, in rare cases, blindness. LncRNAs are becoming essential regulators of several critical biological pathways. 
  • 706
  • 29 May 2023
Topic Review
Cell-Based Therapies for Glaucoma
Glaucoma is clinically characterized by elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) that leads to retinal ganglion cell (RGC) and optic nerve damage, and eventually blindness if left untreated. Even in normal pressure glaucoma patients, a reduction of IOP is currently the only effective way to prevent blindness, by either increasing aqueous humor outflow or decreasing aqueous humor production. The trabecular meshwork (TM) and the adjacent Schlemm’s canal inner wall play a key role in regulating IOP by providing resistance when aqueous humor drains through the tissue.
  • 705
  • 23 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Keratoconus Disease
Keratoconus is the most common primary corneal ectasia characterized by progressive focal thinning. Patients experience increased irregular astigmatism, decreased visual acuity and corneal sensitivity. Corneal collagen crosslinking (CXL), a minimally invasive procedure, is effective in halting disease progression.
  • 703
  • 08 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Pharmacotherapy and Nutritional Supplements for Neovascular Eye Diseases
Medicinal products contain well-defined compounds with proven pharmacological effects, typically used for established diseases, while dietary supplements are often employed for prevention or as adjunct treatments. However, drug–supplement interactions can affect treatment efficacy, and distinctions between the two are not always clear. For example, melatonin functions as a nutraceutical at low doses but as a psychotropic drug at higher doses. Emerging evidence supports the role of dietary supplements in managing proliferative retinopathies, a leading cause of vision loss in the elderly. Tailored nutraceutical use may help slow disease progression and enhance pharmaceutical efficacy, offering potential benefits on a case-by-case basis.
  • 695
  • 01 Apr 2025
Topic Review
Approaches for Myopia Management
Different kinds of therapies (optical, pharmaceutical, environmental, or behavioral) have been researched to prevent or postpone the beginning of myopia and to decrease its progression in order to minimize the associated ocular diseases connected to myopia. Regarding environmental approaches, several meta-analyses have shown that spending more time outside is associated with a lower incidence of myopia.
  • 690
  • 18 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Diabetic Retinopathy
Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) is one of the most important microvascular complications of diabetes mellitus, which can lead to blindness in severe cases. Mitochondria are energy-producing organelles in eukaryotic cells, which participate in metabolism and signal transduction, and regulate cell growth, differentiation, aging, and death. Metabolic changes of retinal cells and epigenetic changes of mitochondria-related genes under high glucose can lead to mitochondrial dysfunction and induce mitochondrial pathway apoptosis. In addition, mitophagy and mitochondrial dynamics also change adaptively. These mechanisms may be related to the occurrence and progression of DR, and also provide valuable clues for the prevention and treatment of DR. 
  • 689
  • 29 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Assessment of Orbital Compartment Pressure
The orbit is a closed compartment defined by the orbital bones and the orbital septum. Some diseases of the orbit and the optic nerve are associated with an increased orbital compartment pressure (OCP), e.g., retrobulbar hemorrhage or thyroid eye disease. Assessment of the indirect clinical markers of elevated OCP is relatively easy, fast, inexpensive, and hence widely available. Furthermore, these surrogates appear to relatively reliably indicate elevated OCP in orbital compartment syndrome. Thus, assessing these clinical findings will continue to be part of the management of orbital diseases. In many cases, these indirect clinical findings allow for diagnosis and therapeutic decision making sufficiently reliably without the need for further testing. In cases of suspected orbital compartment syndrome with potential vision loss, the indication for surgical intervention should be made at a low threshold. 
  • 682
  • 27 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Corneal Models
The human eye is a specialized organ with a complex anatomy and physiology, because it is characterized by different cell types with specific physiological functions. Given the complexity of the eye, ocular tissues are finely organized and orchestrated. In the last few years, many in vitro models have been developed in order to meet the 3Rs principle (Replacement, Reduction and Refinement) for eye toxicity testing.
  • 677
  • 20 Dec 2021
Topic Review
The Pharmacological Approaches in NTG Therapy
Normal tension glaucoma (NTG) is defined as a subtype of primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) in which the intraocular pressure (IOP) values are constantly within the statistically normal range without treatment and represents approximately the 30–40% of all glaucomatous cases. NTG first recognized as a clinical entity by von Graefe in 1857, is a subtype of primary glaucoma characterized by open-angle and IOP values constantly within the statistically normal range without treatment.
  • 673
  • 01 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Treatment Strategies for Anti-VEGF Resistance in neovascular AMD
Despite extensive use of intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) biologics for over a decade, neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) or choroidal neovascularization (CNV) continues to be a major cause of irreversible vision loss in developed countries. Many nAMD patients demonstrate persistent disease activity or experience declining responses over time despite anti-VEGF treatment. The underlying mechanisms of anti-VEGF resistance are poorly understood, and no effective treatment strategies are available to date. Emerging strong evidence from animal models and clinical studies supports the roles of neovascular remodeling and arteriolar CNV formation in anti-VEGF resistance. Cholesterol dysregulation, inflammation, and ensuing macrophage activation are critically involved in arteriolar CNV formation and anti-VEGF resistance. Combination therapy by neutralizing VEGF and enhancing cholesterol removal from macrophages is a promising strategy to combat anti-VEGF resistance in CNV.
  • 668
  • 18 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Corticosteroids for the Management of Diabetic Macular Edema
Diabetic macular edema (DME) is a common complication of diabetes mellitus and a leading cause of visual impairment worldwide. It is defined as the diabetes-related accumulation of fluid, proteins, and lipids, with retinal thickening, within the macular area. DME affects a significant proportion of individuals with diabetes, with the prevalence increasing with disease duration and severity. Corticosteroids (CSs) are a group of hormones produced by the adrenal cortex.
  • 663
  • 05 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Glaucoma Following Cataract Surgery
Glaucoma is a common and sight-threatening complication of pediatric cataract surgery Reported incidence varies due to variability in study designs and length of follow-up.. Consistent and repli-cable risk factors for developing glaucoma following cataract surgery (GFCS) are early age at the time of surgery, microcornea, and additional surgical interventions. 
  • 660
  • 02 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Pathogenesis and Risk Factors of Osteoarthritis
Knee osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease and the most common reason for knee joint replacements in the US, with 4.7 million individuals having undergone surgery in 2010 with an associated cost of USD 29,488 Per surgery. The high prevalence of knee OA manifests in enormous societal and personal expenses and urges to prevent OA progression to avoid surgery.
  • 654
  • 13 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Posterior Polar Annular Choroidal Dystrophy
Posterior polar annular choroidal dystrophy (PPACD) is a rare ocular disorder and presents as symmetric degeneration of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and the underlying choriocapillaris, encircling the retinal vascular arcades and optic disc. This condition distinctively preserves the foveal region, optic disc, and the outermost regions of the retina. Despite its distinct clinical presentation, due to the infrequency of its occurrence and the limited number of reported cases, the pathophysiology, and the genetic foundations of PPACD are still largely uncharted.
  • 651
  • 29 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Myo/Nog Cells in the Lens
Myo/Nog cells, discovered by their expression of the skeletal muscle specific transcription factor MyoD, bone morphogenetic protein inhibitor Noggin, and brain specific angiogenesis inhibitor 1, are integrated into the eye during early stages of embryonic development. While their release of Noggin is critical normal eye morphogenesis, wounding may stimulate Myo/Nog cells to form contractile myofibroblasts that cause secondary cataracts and retinal detachment.
  • 640
  • 17 Jul 2023
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