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Topic Review
Animal Inflammatory Bowel Disease
In the development of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), the gut microbiota has been established as a key factor. Recently, metabolomics has become important for understanding the functional relevance of gut microbial changes in disease. Animal models for IBD enable the study of factors involved in disease development. However, results from animal studies may not represent the human situation. The aim of this study was to investigate whether results from metabolomics studies on animal models for IBD were similar to those from studies on IBD patients. Medline and Embase were searched for relevant studies up to May 2017. The Covidence systematic review software was used for study screening, and quality assessment was conducted for all included studies. Data showed a convergence of ~17% for metabolites differentiated between IBD and controls in human and animal studies with amino acids being the most differentiated metabolite subclass. The acute dextran sodium sulfate model appeared as a good model for analysis of systemic metabolites in IBD, but analytical platform, age, and biological sample type did not show clear correlations with any significant metabolites. In conclusion, this systematic review highlights the variation in metabolomics results, and emphasizes the importance of expanding the applied detection methods to ensure greater coverage and convergence between the various different patient phenotypes and animal models of inflammatory bowel disease.
  • 747
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Caspase-11 Non-Canonical Inflammasome
Inflammation is a body’s protective mechanism to eliminate invading pathogens and cellular damaging signals. The inflammatory response consists of two main consecutive steps—a priming step preparing the inflammatory responses and a triggering step boosting the inflammatory responses. The main feature of the triggering step is the activation of the inflammasome, an intracellular multiprotein complex facilitating the inflammatory responses. The regulatory roles of ‘canonical’ inflammasomes in the inflammatory responses and diseases have been largely investigated, so far. New types of inflammasomes have been recently discovered and named as ‘non-canonical’ inflammasomes since their roles to induce inflammatory responses are similar to those of canonical inflammasomes, however, the stimulating ligands and the underlying mechanisms are different. Therefore, a growing number of studies have actively investigated the novel roles of non-canonical inflammasomes in inflammatory responses and diseases.
  • 744
  • 01 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Yeast β-Glucans as Fish Immunomodulators
Administration of immunostimulants in fish is a preventive method to combat infections. A wide variety of these biological molecules exist, among which one of the yeast wall compounds stands out for its different biological activities. The β-glucan that forms the structural part of yeast is capable of generating immune activity in fish by cell receptor recognition. The most frequently used β-glucans for the study of mechanisms of action are those of commercial origin, with doses recommended by the manufacturer. Nevertheless, their immune activity is inefficient in some fish species, and increasing the dose may show adverse effects, including immunosuppression. Conversely, experimental β-glucans from other yeast species show different activities, such as antibacterial, antioxidant, healing, and stress tolerance properties.
  • 743
  • 23 Sep 2022
Topic Review
The Viral Agents of BRDC
Bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC) is a multifactorial disease of cattle which presents as bacterial and viral pneumonia. The causative agents of BRDC work in synergy to suppress the host immune response and increase the colonisation of the lower respiratory tracts by pathogenic bacteria. Environmental stress and/or viral infection predispose cattle to secondary bacterial infections via suppression of key innate and adaptive immune mechanisms. This allows bacteria to descend the respiratory tract unchallenged. BRDC is the costliest disease among feedlot cattle, and whilst vaccines exist for individual pathogens, there is still a lack of evidence for the efficacy of these vaccines and uncertainty surrounding the optimum timing of delivery. 
  • 743
  • 14 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Circulating Tumor Cells in Metastatic Cascade
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are a heterogeneous population of tumor cells that have shed from a tumor into the lymphatics and vasculature, ultimately disseminating into blood circulation. Circulating tumor cells are a key player in cancer metastasis, a multi-step and complex process that involves (1) local invasion of primary tumor cells into adjacent tissue; (2) intravasation (trans-endothelial migration into nearby blood vessels); (3) circulation (transient travel and survival in the circulatory system as CTCs); (4) extravasation; (5) colonization. To successfully metastasize, CTCs must evade immune surveillance at every step once they leave the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. On the other hand, immune cells can promote or inhibit tumorigenesis, depending on the cell type and context.
  • 741
  • 04 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Dendritic Cell Extracellular Vesicles
Dendritic cells have a central role in starting and regulating immune functions in anticancer responses. The crosstalk of dendritic cells with tumors and other immune cell subsets is partly mediated by extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted by both cell types and is multidirectional. In the case of dendritic cell EVs, the presence of stimulatory molecules and their ability to promote tumor antigen-specific responses, have raised interest in their uses as therapeutics vehicles.
  • 740
  • 17 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Antibodies induced by Glycosphingolipids
Glycosphingolipids containing very-long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) regulate several immune responses, such as cytokine production, immune signaling, and antibody induction. Here, we report that immunization with glycosphingolipids containing-VLCFAs can efficiently induce the production of anti-glycan antibodies by B cells.
  • 739
  • 30 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Vaccines, Microbiota and Immunonutrition
Vaccination represents one of the most crucial achievements in the history of medicine, a turning point in the fight against infectious diseases. A key factor in modulating the immune system, both in its adaptive and innate components, is the microbiota. While microbiota can be modulated in different ways (i.e., antibiotics, probiotics, prebiotics), an effective and somewhat obvious mechanism is via nutrition. The science of nutrients and their therapeutic application is called immunonutrition, and it is increasingly being considered in several conditions.
  • 735
  • 08 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Cytokine Receptors Involved in Antimycobacterial Immune Response
Cytokine receptors are membrane-bound or soluble glycoproteins that serve as cytokine docking sites and inductors of a signaling cascade inside the cells. They are involved in the initiation of intracellular signaling that regulates a diverse range of biological functions including metabolism control, neural stem cell activation, inflammatory responses as well as blood cell and immune cell development and growth. The classification of cytokine receptor families is based on the structural homology of the extracellular cytokine binding domains and common intracellular signaling mechanisms. The main families include type I cytokine receptors, type II cytokine receptors, chemokine receptors, the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family, the transforming growth factor (TGF)-β receptor family, the immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily, and the interleukin (IL)-17 receptor family.
  • 735
  • 01 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Role of Langerhans Cells in Skin Inflammation
Langerhans cells (LCs) constitute a cellular immune network across the epidermis. Because they are located at the skin barrier, they are considered immune sentinels of the skin. These antigen-presenting cells are capable of migrating to skin draining lymph nodes to prime adaptive immune cells, namely T- and B-lymphocytes, which will ultimately lead to a broad range of immune responses.  LCs have been shown to possess important roles in the anti-cancer immune responses.
  • 735
  • 26 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Adipokines
Adipokines are adipose tissue-derived factors not only playing an important role in metabolism but also influencing other central processes of the body, such as inflammation.
  • 732
  • 03 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Mast Cells in Allergy/Inflammation Regulation
It is well known that mast cells (MCs) initiate type I allergic reactions and inflammation in a quick response to the various stimulants, including—but not limited to—allergens, pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). MCs highly express receptors of these ligands and proteases (e.g., tryptase, chymase) and cytokines (TNF), and other granular components (e.g., histamine and serotonin) and aggravate the allergic reaction and inflammation. On the other hand, accumulated evidence has revealed that MCs also possess immune-regulatory functions, suppressing chronic inflammation and allergic reactions on some occasions. IL-2 and IL-10 released from MCs inhibit excessive immune responses. 
  • 732
  • 12 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Inflammation in Neonatal Encephalopathy
Neuroinflammation caused by hypoxia or hypoxic ischemia during the perinatal period contributes to increased risk for neurological deficits and long-term disabilities in children. Inflammation induced by injury results in activation of the resident and peripheral immune cells and production of cytokines.
  • 731
  • 20 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Fungal Beta-Glucans
The importance of a well-functioning and balanced immune system has become more apparent in recent decades. Various elements have however not yet been uncovered as shown, for example, in the uncertainty on immune system responses to COVID-19. Fungal beta-glucans are bioactive molecules with immunomodulating properties.
  • 729
  • 01 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Small heat shock proteins: Structure and subcellular localization
Heat-shock proteins (HSPs) are molecular chaperones participating primarily in protein folding preventing protein degradation and subsequent cellular distress.
  • 726
  • 20 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Peptide-Based Vaccines for Breast Cancer
Breast cancer (BC) is the main type of cancer in women and the second most frequent cancer worldwide. The conventional treatment includes surgery, chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, and immunotherapy. This immunotherapy is based on administering monoclonal therapeutic antibodies (passive) or vaccines (active) with therapeutic purposes. Tumor antigens are classified as tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) and tumor-specific antigens (TSA). New TAAs were proposed for the formulation of peptide-based vaccines, including MUC-1 (mucin-1), FRα (folate receptor alpha), members of the MAGE A family (melanoma-associated antigen), and EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor).
  • 726
  • 26 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Extracellular Vesicle-Based Therapeutics against SARS-CoV-2
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) , comprising a variety of nano-scale vesicles ranging from 50 to 1000 nm in size, are released from all types of cells carrying a variety of lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids in a more protective manner than un-enveloped circulating biomolecules such as antibodies and cytokines from cellular DNases, RNases, proteases, and other degrading materials, due to the presence of the lipid bilayer membrane. EVs contribute to the dissemination and persistence of genetic material and proteins of SARS-CoV-2 due to the similarity in the entrance, budding, and mechanisms of biogenesis during infection. 
  • 726
  • 12 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Inflammation Markers in CKD
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is one of the major health problems of the modern age. It represents an important public health challenge with an ever-lasting rising prevalence, which reached almost 700 million by the year 2017. Therefore, it is very important to identify patients at risk for CKD development and discover risk factors that cause the progression of the disease. Several studies have tackled this conundrum in recent years, novel markers have been identified, and new insights into the pathogenesis of CKD have been gained. This review summarizes the evidence on markers of inflammation and their role in the development and progression of CKD. It will focus primarily on cytokines, chemokines, and cell adhesion molecules. Nevertheless, further large, multicenter studies are needed to establish the role of these markers and confirm possible treatment options in everyday clinical practice. 
  • 725
  • 14 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Microglia and Astrocytes Dysfunction in Parkinson’s Disease
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease, with symptoms such as tremor, bradykinesia with rigidity, and depression appearing in the late stage of life. The key hallmark of PD is the loss or death of dopaminergic neurons in the region substantia nigra pars compacta. Neuroinflammation plays a key role in the etiology of PD, and the contribution of immunity-related events spurred the researchers to identify anti-inflammatory agents for the treatment of PD. Microglia and astrocyte dysregulation has been reported in PD. Patients with PD develop neural toxicity, inflammation, and inclusion bodies due to activated microglia and a-synuclein–induced astrocyte conversion into A1 astrocytes. 
  • 724
  • 13 Apr 2023
Topic Review
HIV mRNA Vaccine Platforms
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic introduced the world to a new type of vaccine based on mRNA encapsulated in lipid nanoparticles (LNPs). Instead of delivering antigenic proteins directly, an mRNA-based vaccine relies on the host’s cells to manufacture protein immunogens which, in turn, are targets for antibody and cytotoxic T cell responses. mRNA-based vaccines have been the subject of research for over three decades as a platform to protect against or treat a variety of cancers, amyloidosis and infectious diseases. In this review, we discuss mRNA-based approaches for the generation of prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines to HIV. We examine the special immunological hurdles for a vaccine to elicit broadly neutralizing antibodies and effective T cell responses to HIV. Lastly, we outline an mRNA-based HIV vaccination strategy based on the immunobiology of broadly neutralizing antibody development.
  • 721
  • 25 Jun 2021
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