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Topic Review
Nanotechnology with Photo- and Radiotherapy for Colorectal Cancer
Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer worldwide. Despite recent advances in the treatment of this pathology, which include a personalized approach using radio- and chemotherapies in combination with advanced surgical techniques, it is imperative to enhance the performance of these treatments and decrease their detrimental side effects on patients’ health. Nanomedicine is likely the pathway towards solving this challenge by enhancing both the therapeutic and diagnostic capabilities. In particular, plasmonic nanoparticles show remarkable potential due to their dual therapeutic functionalities as photothermal therapy agents and as radiosensitizers in radiotherapy.
  • 549
  • 03 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Aptamers for Cancer Treatment
Ovarian cancer (OC) is the most common lethal gynecologic cause of death in women worldwide, with a high mortality rate and increasing incidence. Despite advancements in the treatment, most OC patients still die from their disease due to late-stage diagnosis, the lack of effective diagnostic methods, and relapses. Aptamers, synthetic, short single-stranded oligonucleotides, have emerged as promising anticancer therapeutics. Their ability to selectively bind to target molecules, including cancer-related proteins and receptors, has revolutionized drug discovery and biomarker identification. Aptamers offer unique insights into the molecular pathways involved in cancer development and progression. Moreover, they show immense potential as drug delivery systems, enabling targeted delivery of therapeutic agents to cancer cells while minimizing off-target effects and reducing systemic toxicity. In the context of OC, the integration of aptamers with non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) presents an opportunity for precise and efficient gene targeting. 
  • 549
  • 23 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Radiation-Associated Pelvic and Sacral Bone Sarcomas
Radiation-associated sarcoma of the pelvis and/or sacrum (RASB) is a rare but challenging disease process associated with a poor prognosis. POPS and RASB involving the pelvis and sacrum present challenging disease processes and their oncologic outcomes are similarly poor. However, the data presented here shows that perioperative and disease specific survival for patients with RASB is even worse than for patients with POPS. While surgery can result in a favorable curative outcome for a small subset of patients, surgical treatment is fraught with complications. As such, careful counseling is necessary to reach a patient-centered decision regarding the suitability and feasibility of proceeding with surgical treatment of these tumors.
  • 548
  • 16 May 2022
Topic Review
Immune Evasion in Head and Neck Carcinomas
Accumulation of mutations during clonal evolution in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs) results in immunologically active neo-epitopes. Successful tumors utilize mechanisms of neo-epitope cloaking and immune evasion. These represent progression events that may be therapeutically vulnerable.
  • 548
  • 13 Jan 2023
Topic Review
The History of HER2 Inhibitors
HER2 is highly expressed in a variety of malignant tumors and affects the prognosis of patients, making it a highly sensitive target for cancer therapy. Since the approval of the first HER2 inhibitor, trastuzumab, in 1998, HER2-targeted drugs have rapidly evolved. Currently, targeting HER2 drugs mainly include monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), and antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs). 
  • 548
  • 18 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are standard treatments for patients with lung cancer. PD-1/PD-L1 or CTLA4 antibodies are chosen as the first-line therapy, contributing to the long-term survival and tolerability. Unlike molecular targeting agents, such as gefitinib, lung cancer patients with a poor performance status (PS) display unsatisfactory clinical improvements after ICI treatment. 
  • 547
  • 23 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Kinase Inhibitors in the Treatment of Multiple Myeloma
Therapy for multiple myeloma (MM), a hematologic neoplasm of plasma cells, has undergone remarkable changes over the past 25 years. Small molecules (molecular weight of less than one kDa), together with newer immunotherapies that include monoclonal antibodies, antibody-drug conjugates, and most recently, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cells, have combined to double the disease’s five-year survival rate to over 50% during the past few decades. Despite these advances, the disease is still considered incurable, and its treatment continues to pose substantial challenges, since therapeutic refractoriness and patient relapse are exceedingly common.
  • 547
  • 10 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Cancer Cachexia and Dysregulated Phosphate Metabolism
A diet high in phosphorus fed to mice deficient in klotho, a cofactor that regulates phosphate metabolism, accelerates aging, sarcopenia, general organ atrophy, kyphosis, and osteoporosis. Similar effects are seen in phenotypes of mutant p53 mice that overexpress the p53 tumor suppressor gene. Although mutant p53 mice do not develop tumors compared to wild-type mice, mutant p53 mice have shorter mean lifespans. Furthermore, tumorigenesis is associated with the sequestration of excessive inorganic phosphate, and dangerous levels of phosphate are released into circulation during tumor lysis syndrome. In total, this evidence implies that tumorigenesis may be a compensatory mechanism that provides protective effects against systemic exposure to dysregulated phosphate metabolism and phosphate toxicity related to cachexia in cancer. 
  • 546
  • 14 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Surgery for Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are dislodged from the primary tumor into the bloodstream, travel within the bloodstream to distant organs, and finally extravasate and proliferate as epithelial metastatic deposits.  In surgery for malignancies, the surgical manipulation of tumors and tissues around the tumor may lead to the release of CTCs into the bloodstream. The non-touch isolation technique (NTIT) has been advocated to prevent the release of CTCs during surgery. The concept of NTIT is the prevention of intraoperative increment of CTCs from the primary tumor by the early blockade of outflow vessels, and ‘pulmonary vein (PV)-first lobectomy’ during surgery for non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) corresponds to this technique. 
  • 545
  • 16 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Theranostic Uses of the Heme Pathway in Neuro-Oncology
ALA PDT, first approved as a topical therapy to treat precancerous skin lesions in 1999, targets the heme pathway selectively in cancers. When provided with excess ALA, the fluorescent photosensitizer PpIX accumulates primarily in cancer tissue, and ALA PDD is used to identify bladder and brain cancers as a visual aid for surgical resection. ALA PDT has shown promising anecdotal clinical results in recurrent glioblastoma multiforme. ALA SDT represents a noninvasive way to activate ALA PDT and has the potential to achieve clinical success in the treatment of both intracranial and extracranial cancers. 
  • 545
  • 05 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Exosomes in the Regulation of NPC Immune Response
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a malignancy prevalent in Southeast Asia with the highest metastatic rate amongst other head and neck cancers. The absence of symptoms and unique anatomical positioning often result in late diagnosis, with resistance to chemo/radiotherapy further impacting its prognosis. Tumour-derived exosomes (TEX) have a significant impact on anti-tumour immunity. They can impede the function of immune cells such as T cells and dendritic cells (DCs), preventing them from being activated or inducing their dysfunction. Additionally, TEX can also stimulate the recruitment and production of immunosuppressive cells, such as regulatory T cells (Tregs) and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), further weakening the immune response against cancer.
  • 545
  • 28 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Different Concepts of Model of Tumour Microenvironment
With reference to cancer research, there can be ambiguity for what is meant by the word “model”. A review of different “models” of the tumour microenvironment is presented herein, as grouped by different definitions of the word into four categories: model organisms, in vitro models, mathematical models and computational models. 
  • 544
  • 17 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Long Non-Coding RNAs in Colorectal Cancer Microenvironment
Colorectal cancer (CRC), encompassing cancers of the colon and rectum, is one of the most prevalent malignancies worldwide and a leading cause of cancer-related death. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are RNA molecules that exceed 200 nucleotides in length and are characterized by their lack of classical protein-coding capacity. In CRC, lncRNAs are known to notably modulate fundamental cellular mechanisms and reciprocal interactions, thereby shaping the immune landscape of the TME.
  • 544
  • 08 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Phosphate Toxicity Associated with Tumorigenesis and Obesity
Phosphate toxicity, the accumulation of excess phosphate in the body from dysregulated phosphate metabolism, is associated with tumorigenesis. High levels of hormones that regulate phosphate metabolism, such as parathyroid hormone and fibroblast growth factor 23, are also associated with obesity, providing a potential link between obesity and phosphate toxicity. Increased dietary intake of inorganic phosphate is linked to excessive consumption of foods processed with phosphate additives, and consumption of ultra-processed foods is associated with an increase in the incidence of obesity.
  • 544
  • 14 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Nutrition, Gastrointestinal Peptides, and Endocannabinoids in Childhood Cancer
Childhood cancer is a rarely occurring disease. However, it is the second most frequent cause of death among children. It is estimated that each year cancer will be diagnosed in 400,000 children worldwide. The nutritional status at diagnosis is a prognostic indicator and influences the treatment tolerance. Both malnutrition and obesity increase the risk of mortality and complications during treatment. It is necessary to constantly search for new factors that impair the nutritional status. The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is a signaling system whose best-known function is regulating energy balance and food intake, but it also plays a role in pain control, embryogenesis, neurogenesis, learning, and the regulation of lipid and glucose metabolism. Its action is multidirectional, and its role is being discovered in an increasing number of diseases. 
  • 543
  • 20 May 2022
Topic Review
Microbiota on Clinical Outcomes and Chemotherapy Resistance
The dual role of the gut microbiota in the preservation of host health and in the development of different pathologies, cancer among them. Our gut microbiota is capable of producing metabolites that protect host homeostasis but can also produce molecules with deleterious effects, which, in turn, may trigger inflammation and carcinogenesis, and even affect immunotherapy.
  • 543
  • 30 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Peptide Receptor Radionuclide Therapy (PRRT): Innovations and Improvements
Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) are tumors originating from neuroendocrine cells distributed throughout the human body. With an increasing incidence over the past few decades, they represent a highly heterogeneous group of neoplasms, mostly expressing somatostatin receptors (SSTRs) on their cell surface. Peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) has emerged as a crucial strategy for treating advanced, unresectable neuroendocrine tumors by administering radiolabeled somatostatin analogs intravenously to target SSTRs. This article will focus on the multidisciplinary theranostic approach, treatment effectiveness (such as response rates and symptom relief), patient outcomes, toxicity profile of PRRT for NEN patients and results of the most significant studies.
  • 543
  • 10 Apr 2024
Topic Review
Long Non-Coding RNAs in Lung Cancer
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a class of RNA transcripts with a length greater than 200 nucleotides. Generally, lncRNAs are not capable of encoding proteins or peptides. LncRNAs exert diverse biological functions by regulating gene expressions and functions at transcriptional, translational, and post-translational levels. In the past decade, it has been demonstrated that the dysregulated lncRNA profile is widely involved in the pathogenesis of many diseases, including cancer, metabolic disorders, and cardiovascular diseases. In particular, lncRNAs have been revealed to play an important role in tumor growth and metastasis. Many lncRNAs have been shown to be potential biomarkers and targets for the diagnosis and treatment of cancers. 
  • 542
  • 23 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Micro-RNA in Cholangiocarcinoma
Bile-duct cancers (BDC) are a group of solid tumors arising from the biliary tree. Despite their classification as rare cancers, the incidence of BDC is increasing worldwide. Poor prognosis is a common feature of this type of cancer and is mainly determined by the following factors: late diagnosis, lack of effective therapeutic approaches, and resistance to conventional treatments. In the past few years, next-generation sequencing technologies has allowed us to study the genome, exome, and transcriptome of BDC deeper, revealing a previously underestimated class of RNA: the noncoding RNA (ncRNA). MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small ncRNAs that play an important regulatory role in gene expression. The aberrant expression of miRNAs and their pivotal role as oncogenes or tumor suppressors in biliary carcinogenesis has been widely described in BDC. Due to their ability to regulate multiple gene networks, miRNAs are involved in all cancer hallmarks, including sustaining proliferative signaling, evading growth suppressors, resisting cell death, enabling replicative immortality, inducing/accessing vasculature, activating invasion and metastasis, reprogramming cellular metabolism, and avoiding immune destruction. Their use as diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive biomarkers has been widely explored in several human cancers, including BDC. Furthermore, miRNA-based therapeutic strategies are currently the subject of numerous clinical trials that are providing evidence of their efficacy as potent anticancer agents.
  • 542
  • 24 May 2022
Topic Review
Pulmonary Carcinomas with Spindle and/or Giant Cell Features
Primary carcinomas of the lung are vastly represented by the conventional types of adenocarcinomas or squamous cell carcinomas. Spindle cell and/or giant cell carcinomas, although uncommon represent an important group of primary lung carcinomas.
  • 542
  • 22 Aug 2023
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