Your browser does not fully support modern features. Please upgrade for a smoother experience.
Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort by:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Topic Review
Cybersecurity in ICT Supply Chains
According to the US National Institute for Standards and Technology (NIST), cyber resilience is defined as “the ability to anticipate, withstand, recover from, and adapt to adverse conditions, stresses, attacks, or compromises on systems that include cyber resources”. The specific demands of supply chains built upon large and complex IoT systems, make it a must to design a coordinated framework for cyber resilience provisioning, intended to guarantee trusted supply chains of ICT systems, built upon distributed, dynamic, potentially insecure, and heterogeneous ICT infrastructures. Today, the resilience of ICT systems is premium, and every ICT system is expected to implement at least a set of basic mechanisms to prevent, resist, and recover from any type of disruption in a timely manner, thus minimizing the impact on service quality and user experience. Particularly in complex ICT supply chain scenarios, the ICT implementation of physical supply chains, serving multiple actors in finance, manufacturing, healthcare, and many other sectors, not only individual parts of the supply chain need to be secured and reliably provisioned, but also the end-to-end process of securing the ICT supply chain. The concept of cyber resilience is expected to become the norm, and one of the key measures of an ICT system’s ability to continue its operations in the event of a cyber attack (be it either software or hardware) or incident.
  • 1.3K
  • 08 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Mitochondria in Maturation of Cardiomyocytes
Cardiomyocytes obtained from pluripotent stem cells (PSCs)differentiation culture are regarded as immature structurally, electrophysiologically, metabolically, and functionally. Mitochondria are organelles responsible for various cellular functions such as energy metabolism, different catabolic and anabolic processes, calcium fluxes, and various signaling pathways. Cells can respond to cellular needs to increase the mitochondrial mass by mitochondrial biogenesis. On the other hand, cells can also degrade mitochondria through mitophagy. Mitochondria are also dynamic organelles that undergo continuous fusion and fission events. 
  • 1.3K
  • 26 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Building Energy and Urban Microclimate Simulations
Considering the latest research findings as well as trends in energy policies that necessitate building energy design with accurately predicted performance indicators, building simulation techniques, taking into account the external microclimate effects, should no longer be considered as “for research purposes only” and move to the practitioner level at the early design stages.
  • 1.3K
  • 02 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Additive Manufacturing Technology for Metal Mirrors
With the rapid growth of space optics and aerospace technology, the applications of reflective optical systems are increasing year by year. A case in point is that off-axis three-mirror-anastigmat (TMA) systems have been widely used due to their unique advantages of large aperture and no central occlusion. Meanwhile, the growing requirements for optical systems’ performance, such as resolution and imaging quality, drive the development of focal length and aperture to larger sizes. In turn, the weight, surface accuracy, manufacturing time, and mirror cost are progressively demanding. In recent years, the lightweight space camera used for remote sensing with high resolution has become a global research hotspot in advanced optics.
  • 1.3K
  • 24 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Blockchain Enabled Cyber-Physical Systems
Cyber-physical systems (CPS) is a setup that controls and monitors the physical world around us. The advancement of these systems needs to incorporate an unequivocal spotlight on making these systems efficient. Blockchains and their inherent combination of consensus algorithms, distributed data storage, and secure protocols can be utilized to build robustness and reliability in these systems. Blockchain is the underlying technology behind bitcoins and it provides a decentralized framework to validate transactions and ensure that they cannot be modified. 
  • 1.3K
  • 25 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Knee Injury Detection Using Deep Learning
Knee injuries account for the largest percentage of sport-related, severe injuries (i.e., injuries that cause more than 21 days of missed sport participation). The improved treatment of knee injuries critically relies on having an accurate and cost-effective detection. Deep-learning-based approaches have monopolized knee injury detection in MRI studies.
  • 1.3K
  • 20 May 2022
Topic Review
Surface Laptop 3
The Surface Laptop 3 is a laptop computer developed by Microsoft. It is the third generation of Surface Laptop and was unveiled alongside the Surface Pro 7 and Surface Pro X on an event on 2 October 2019. It succeeds the Surface Laptop 2 that was released in October 2018. Surface Laptop 3 keeps the same form and design, but with an addition of a USB C port, improved battery life, an AMD CPU for the 15 inch model, a first for a surface device. Microsoft opted for an aluminum finish as an option for some models alongside the traditional Alcantara fabric covering. The device runs Windows 10 Home. The devices' display are the same as the previous models. The 13.5 inch model comes with a 2256 x 1504 resolution and the 15 inch model comes with a 2496 x 1664 resolution. Both models have the same 3:2 aspect ratio and 201 ppi. The Surface Laptop 3 13.5 inch model starts at $1,000 and goes up to $2,400. The 15 inch model starts at $1,200 and goes up to $2,800.
  • 1.3K
  • 21 Oct 2022
Topic Review
ID-Based Encryption
ID-based encryption, or identity-based encryption (IBE), is an important primitive of ID-based cryptography. As such it is a type of public-key encryption in which the public key of a user is some unique information about the identity of the user (e.g. a user's email address). This means that a sender who has access to the public parameters of the system can encrypt a message using e.g. the text-value of the receiver's name or email address as a key. The receiver obtains its decryption key from a central authority, which needs to be trusted as it generates secret keys for every user. ID-based encryption was proposed by Adi Shamir in 1984. He was however only able to give an instantiation of identity-based signatures. Identity-based encryption remained an open problem for many years. The pairing-based Boneh–Franklin scheme and Cocks's encryption scheme based on quadratic residues both solved the IBE problem in 2001.
  • 1.3K
  • 25 Oct 2022
Topic Review
The Tetrahydrofuran Motif in Marine Lipids and Terpenes
Heterocycles are particularly common moieties within marine natural products. Specifically, tetrahydrofuranyl rings are present in a variety of compounds which present complex structures and interesting biological activities. Focusing on terpenoids, a high number of tetrahydrofuran-containing metabolites have been isolated. They show promising biological activities, making them potential leads for novel antibiotics, antikinetoplastid drugs, amoebicidal substances, or anticancer drugs. Thus, they have attracted the attention of the synthetics community and numerous approaches to their total syntheses have appeared.
  • 1.3K
  • 28 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Biofilm Formation Based on Studies with Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Studies with the bacterium P. aeruginosa provide important information about the attachment process. One important consideration is how bacteria sense a surface. In P. aeruginosa, there are two distinct surface sensing mechanisms. The first one involves a WSP chemosensory system. In response to the surface contact, the WSP system stimulates the production of cyclic diguanylate. The initial event is uncertain; it probably involves distortion of the cell membrane, which then activates membrane proteins. A second surface sensing mechanism involves type 4 pili. Upon contact with the surface, the methyl-accepting chemotaxis protein Pil J transduces a signal to the protein CyaB, stimulating its activity. 
  • 1.3K
  • 30 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Venom-Derived Peptides
Peptides are potential therapeutic alternatives against global diseases, such as antimicrobial-resistant infections and cancer. Venoms are a rich source of bioactive peptides that have evolved over time to act on specific targets of the prey. Peptides are one of the main components responsible for the biological activity and toxicity of venoms. South American organisms such as scorpions, snakes, and spiders are important producers of a myriad of peptides with different biological activities.
  • 1.3K
  • 21 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Penile Implants
The implant of the first IPP in 1973, performed by Branteley Scott was a turning point in the history of penile prosthesis, revolutionizing the treatment of erectile dysfunction (ED). Since then, the idea of an inflatable device has not changed much. However, the innovations in design, materials, surgical techniques, and perioperative management led to a more natural, durable, and reliable device featuring fewer complications and greater patient satisfaction. Currently, IPP is associated with high patient satisfaction and excellent long-term outcomes, remaining the gold standard for men with refractory ED. 
  • 1.3K
  • 10 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Fecal Markers of Inflammation in Pediatric Patients
Laboratory tests are an integral part of both the diagnostic and follow-up algorithm of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Their advantages over other non-invasive methods for assessing disease activity are greater objectivity than clinical activity indices and imaging studie.
  • 1.3K
  • 21 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Deepfake Identification and Traceability
Researchers and companies have released multiple datasets of face deepfakes labeled to indicate different methods of forgery. Naming these labels is often arbitrary and inconsistent. However, researchers must use multiple datasets in practical applications to conduct traceability research. The researchers utilize the K-means clustering method to identify datasets with similar feature values and analyze the feature values using the Calinski Harabasz Index method. Datasets with the same or similar labels in different deepfake datasets exhibit different forgery features. The KCE system can solve this problem, which combines multiple deepfake datasets according to feature similarity. In the model trained based on KCE combined data, the Calinski Harabasz scored 42.3% higher than the combined data by the same forgery name. It shows that this method improves the generalization ability of the model.
  • 1.3K
  • 08 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Celiac Disease and Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
Celiac disease (CeD) is associated with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), and both have the same genetic background. Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), an autoimmune disease, is caused by insulin deficiency due to destruction of the insulin-producing pancreatic beta cells.
  • 1.3K
  • 25 Jun 2023
Topic Review
AI Algorithms and Material Informatics Tools
The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms in materials design is revolutionizing the field of materials engineering thanks to their power to predict material properties, design de novo materials with enhanced features, and discover new mechanisms beyond intuition. In addition, they can be used to infer complex design principles and identify high-quality candidates more rapidly than trial-and-error experimentation.
  • 1.3K
  • 08 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Major Genetic Factors Involved in Liver Diseases Pathogenesis
Over the past century, our genetic background has not changed, but chronic diseases are on the rise globally. In addition to the genetic component, the critical factors for many diseases are lifestyle, eating changes, exposure to drugs, xenobiotics, alcohol, smoking, polluted air, etc. These techniques include genome-wide association studies (GWAS) that allow the identification of unknown genetic risk factors, positional cloning of unknown genes associated with different diseases, the gene tests for single nucleotide variants (SNVs), and next-generation sequencing (NGS) of selected genes or/and the entire genome. Gut microbiome composition and its metabolites are not only regulating factors in carcinogenesis (including de novo after liver transplantation) but also in xenobiotics and anticancer treatment failure, observations that may be related to the genetic background of the individuals.
  • 1.3K
  • 21 Nov 2023
Topic Review
The Landscape of Microfinance Institutions
The provision of microfinance for the poor in developing countries has received much attention from politicians, economists, development workers and academics, especially since the 1990s, including a special issue recently published in this journal.
  • 1.3K
  • 08 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Aptamer-Bound Nanomaterials in Cancer Therapy
Cancer is still a major disease that threatens human life. Although traditional cancer treatment methods are widely used, they still have many disadvantages. Aptamers, owing to their small size, low toxicity, good specificity, and excellent biocompatibility, have been widely applied in biomedical areas. Therefore, the combination of nanomaterials with aptamers offers a new method for cancer treatment.
  • 1.3K
  • 08 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Magnetic-Assisted Treatment of Liver Fibrosis
Chronic liver injury can be induced by viruses, toxins, cellular activation, and metabolic dysregulation and can lead to liver fibrosis. Hepatic fibrosis still remains a major burden on the global health systems. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) are considered the main cause of liver fibrosis. Hepatic stellate cells are key targets in antifibrotic treatment, but selective engagement of these cells is an unresolved issue. 
  • 1.3K
  • 25 Jan 2022
  • Page
  • of
  • 2728
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Reprints

>>
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Encyclopedia of Engineering
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of Medieval Royal Iconography
Academic Video Service
Feedback