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Topic Review
Circulating miRNAs for Breast Cancer Management
Circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as potential non-invasive biomarkers for breast cancer (BC) management. In the context of BC patients undergoing neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC), the possibility of obtaining repeated, non-invasive biological samples from patients before, during, and after treatment is incredibly convenient and provides the opportunity to investigate circulating miRNAs as diagnostic, predictive, and prognostic tools. 
  • 582
  • 24 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Prognostic Factors of Childhood Medulloblastoma
Medulloblastomas, highly aggressive neoplasms of the central nervous system (CNS) that present significant heterogeneity in clinical presentation, disease course, and treatment outcomes, are common in childhood. Moreover, patients who survive may be diagnosed with subsequent malignancies during their life or could develop treatment-related medical conditions. 
  • 582
  • 16 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Emerging Immunotherapies in Breast Cancer
Immunotherapy is a highly emerging form of breast cancer therapy that enables clinicians to target cancers with specific receptor expression profiles. Two popular immunotherapeutic approaches involve chimeric antigen receptor-T cells (CAR-T) and bispecific antibodies (BsAb). Briefly mentioned in this review as well is the mRNA vaccine technology recently popularized by the COVID-19 vaccine. These forms of immunotherapy can highly select for the tumor target of interest to generate specific tumor lysis. Combining emerging immunotherapeutics with tumor marker discovery sets the stage for highly targeted immunotherapy to be the future of cancer treatments. This review highlights the principles of CAR-T and BsAb therapy, improvements in CAR and BsAb engineering, and recently identified human breast cancer markers in the context of in vitro or in vivo CAR-T or BsAb treatment. 
  • 581
  • 06 Dec 2021
Topic Review
EGFR Resistance in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer
Overcoming EGFR Resistance in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer (mCRC) Using Vitamin C. 
  • 581
  • 03 Mar 2023
Topic Review
RET Rearrangements of Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Patients
RET alterations are recognized as key oncogenic drivers in different cancer types, including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Multikinase inhibitors (MKIs) with anti-RET activities resulted in variable efficacy with significant toxicities because of low target specificity. 
  • 581
  • 14 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Macrophage/Microglia Polarization in Treating Glioblastoma/Multiple Sclerosis
Macrophages and microglia are implicated in several diseases with divergent roles in physiopathology. This discrepancy can be explained by their capacity to endorse different polarization states. Theoretical extremes of these states are called M1 and M2. M1 are pro-inflammatory, microbicidal, and cytotoxic whereas M2 are anti-inflammatory, immunoregulatory cells in favor of tumor progression. In pathological states, these polarizations are dysregulated, thus restoring phenotypes could be an interesting treatment approach against diseases.
  • 581
  • 21 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Extracellular Vesicles in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most aggressive and refractory subtype of breast cancer, often occurring in younger patients with poor clinical prognosis. Given the current lack of specific targets for effective intervention, the development of better treatment strategies remains an unmet medical need. Over the last decade, the field of extracellular vesicles (EVs) has grown tremendously, offering immense potential for clinical diagnosis/prognosis and therapeutic applications. While TNBC-EVs have been shown to play an important role in tumorigenesis, chemoresistance and metastasis, they could be repurposed as potential biomarkers for TNBC diagnosis and prognosis. 
  • 580
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Etiology and Pathophysiology of Merkel Cell Carcinoma
Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is an uncommon form of skin neoplasm with poor histological differentiation and an aggressive disease process, leading to high recurrence and mortality. There are multiple risk factors in which being in an immunocompromised state is a significant factor, and the discovery of Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) since 2008 has strengthened causal associations between MCC and immunosuppression. Individuals who have undergone kidney transplantation are therefore more susceptible to having MCC, secondary to post-transplant immunosuppression which plays a vital role in reducing the risk of transplant kidney rejection. 
  • 580
  • 07 Feb 2023
Topic Review
PARP Inhibitors in Ovarian Cancer
Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors are a novel class of therapeutic agents that target tumors with deficiencies in the homologous recombination DNA repair pathway. Genomic instability characterizes high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC), with one half of all tumors displaying defects in the important DNA repair pathway of homologous recombination. Early studies have shown significant efficacy for PARP inhibitors in patients with germline breast related cancer antigens 1 and 2 (BRCA1/2) mutations. It has also become evident that BRCA wild-type patients with other defects in the homologous recombination repair pathway benefit from this treatment. Companion homologous recombination deficiency (HRD) scores are being developed to guide the selection of patients that are most likely to benefit from PARP inhibition. The choice of which PARP inhibitor is mainly based upon the number of prior therapies and the presence of a BRCA mutation or HRD. The identification of patients most likely to benefit from PARP inhibitor therapy in view of HRD and other biomarker assessments is still challenging. The aim of this review is to describe the current evidence for PARP inhibitors in ovarian cancer, their mechanism of action, and the outstanding issues, including the rate of long-term toxicities and the evolution of resistance.
  • 577
  • 22 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Molecular Drivers of Myelodysplastic Neoplasms
Myelodysplastic neoplasms (MDS) form a broad spectrum of clonal myeloid malignancies arising from hematopoietic stem cells that are characterized by progressive and refractory cytopenia and morphological dysplasia. Recent advances in unraveling the underlying pathogenesis of MDS have led to the identification of molecular drivers and secondary genetic events. With the overall goal of classifying patients into relevant disease entities that can aid to predict clinical outcomes and make therapeutic decisions, several MDS classification models (e.g., French–American–British, World Health Organization, and International Consensus Classification) as well as prognostication models (e.g., International Prognostic Scoring system (IPSS), the revised IPSS (IPSS-R), and the molecular IPSS (IPSS-M)), have been developed. The IPSS-M is the first model that incorporates molecular data for individual genes and facilitates better prediction of clinical outcome parameters compared to older versions of this model (i.e., overall survival, disease progression, and leukemia-free survival). 
  • 576
  • 05 May 2023
Topic Review
Therapeutic Approaches to Targeting Androgen Receptor Splice Variants
Therapeutic options for advanced prostate cancer have vastly expanded over the last decade and will continue to grow in the future. Drugs targeting the androgen receptor (AR) signaling pathway, i.e., androgen receptor targeting agents (ARTAs), remain the mainstream treatments that are increasingly transforming the disease into one that can be controlled for an extended period. Prostate cancer is inherently addicted to AR. Under the treatment pressure of ARTA, molecular alterations occur, leading to the clonal expansion of resistant cells in a disease state broadly categorized as castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). One castration resistance mechanism involves AR splice variants (AR-Vs) lacking the ligand-binding domain. Some AR-Vs have been identified as constitutively active, capable of activating AR signaling pathways without androgenic ligands. 
  • 575
  • 21 Feb 2024
Topic Review
CD123 in Blastic Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cell Neoplasm
Blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm (BPDCN) is a rare and aggressive hematologic cancer originating from the malignant transformation of plasmacytoid dendritic cell precursors. The exploration of combinations such as CD123-targeted immunotherapies with azacitidine and venetoclax is suggested to enhance antineoplastic responses and improve survival rates in BPDCN patients.
  • 574
  • 30 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Liver Liquid Biopsy in MASH Related Hepatocellular Carcinoma
A liver liquid biopsy (LLBx) is a minimally invasive test that measures liver-originated by-products in plasma, i.e., proteins, circulating tumor cells, cell-free RNA, metabolomic markers, microRNA, and extracellular vesicles that precede morphological liver changes during the progression/regression of a benign or malignant liver disease process. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is known for its poor prognosis, probably because >50% of patients are diagnosed at a late stage. Early diagnosis is critical for having access to effective therapeutic options such as liver resection or liver transplantation as well as locoregional radio-ablative therapies, i.e., transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) and Yttrium-90 trans arterial radioembolization (Y90).
  • 573
  • 09 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Pediatric Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase-Positive Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma
Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)-positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) is an aggressive T-cell lymphoma characterized by large T-cells with strong CD30 and ALK expression. Although conventional chemotherapy is effective in most patients, approximately 30% experience a relapse or refractory disease and have a poor prognosis. Several risk factors associated with poor prognosis have been identified in pediatric ALK-positive ALCL. These include morphological patterns with the small cell variant or lymphohistiocytic variant, leukemic presentation, the presence of minimal disseminated disease, or involvement of the central nervous system. Relapsed or refractory ALK-positive ALCL is often resistant to conventional chemotherapy; therefore, salvage therapy is required. In recent years, targeted therapies such as ALK inhibitors and brentuximab vedotin (BV) have been developed. ALK inhibitors block the continuous activation of ALK kinase, a driver mutation that leads to cell proliferation in ALK-positive ALCL. Additionally, BV is an antibody–drug conjugate that targets CD30-positive cells. Both ALK inhibitors and BV have displayed dramatic effects in chemoresistant ALK-positive ALCL. Weekly vinblastine treatment and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation have also been reported to be effective therapies. 
  • 573
  • 29 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Cancer Tissue-Derived and Peripheral Blood Biomarkers in HGSOC
High-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) is one of the most lethal tumors generally and the most fatal cancer of the female genital tract. The approved standard therapy consists of surgical cytoreduction and platinum/taxane-based chemotherapy, and of targeted therapy in selected patients. The main therapeutic problem is chemoresistance of recurrent and metastatic HGSOC tumors which results in low survival in the group of FIGO III/IV. Therefore, the prediction and monitoring of chemoresistance seems to be of utmost importance for the improvement of HGSOC management. 
  • 573
  • 18 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Dietary HDAC2i in Breast Cancer
Breast cancer (BC) is a lethal malignancy with high morbidity and mortality but lacks effective treatments thus far. Histone deacetylases 2 (HDAC2) inhibitor (HDAC2i) has been proven to exhibit an anti-cancer effect, can act as a sensitizer for immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) therapy. Simultaneously, dietary intervention, as a crucial supportive therapy, has been reported to provide ingredients containing HDAC2 inhibitory activity. Thus, the novel integration of dietary intervention with ICIs therapy may offer promising possibilities for improving treatment outcomes. 
  • 572
  • 25 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Therapeutic Immune Induction against Cancers
Cancer immunotherapy, a promising and widely applied mode of oncotherapy, makes use of immune stimulants and modulators to overcome the immune dysregulation present in cancer, and leverage the host’s immune capacity to eliminate tumors.
  • 571
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Primary Resistance to Immunotherapy-Based Regimens in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) had been explored extensively in patients affected by unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. These agents were expected to be the keystones of the disease’s first-line treatment because they were theoretically able to revert the immune suppressive tumor microenvironment of the cancerous liver, and because of their manageable safety profile.
  • 571
  • 12 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Neural Biomarkers and Their Role in Cancer
Neural biomarkers can be used to identify the origin of a tumor, can enable the differentiation and classification of tumors, and can serve as prognostic factors in several cancers. These biomarkers are most often found in immature neurons, which do not have a fully developed initial axon segment, unlike mature neurons, which do have a developed axon segment. Moreover, immature neurons are undifferentiated, whereas mature neurons have evolved into specialized cells with specific tasks. 
  • 571
  • 13 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Gender Differences and miRNAs Expression in Cancer
MicroRNAs are small, noncoding molecules of about twenty-two nucleotides with crucial roles in both healthy and pathological cells. Their expression depends not only on genetic factors, but also on epigenetic mechanisms like genomic imprinting and inactivation of X chromosome in females that influence in a sex-dependent manner onset, progression, and response to therapy of different diseases like cancer. There is evidence of a correlation between miRNAs, sex, and cancer both in solid tumors and in hematological malignancies; as an example, in lymphomas, with a prevalence rate higher in men than women, miR-142 is “silenced” because of its hypermethylation by DNA methyltransferase-1 and it is blocked in its normal activity of regulating the migration of the cell. This condition corresponds in clinical practice with a more aggressive tumor. In addition, cancer treatment can have advantages from the evaluation of miRNAs expression; in fact, therapy with estrogens in hepatocellular carcinoma determines an upregulation of the oncosuppressors miR-26a, miR-92, and miR-122 and, consequently, apoptosis. 
  • 571
  • 01 Aug 2023
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