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Topic Review
RET Rearrangements of Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Patients
RET alterations are recognized as key oncogenic drivers in different cancer types, including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Multikinase inhibitors (MKIs) with anti-RET activities resulted in variable efficacy with significant toxicities because of low target specificity. 
  • 573
  • 14 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Single-Cell Analysis of CTCs and Biomarker Detections
The field of single-cell analysis has advanced rapidly in the last decade and is providing new insights into the characterization of intercellular genetic heterogeneity and complexity, especially in human cancer. Circulating and disseminated tumor cells (CTCs and DTCs) are cancer cells that dissociate from primary and metastatic cancer sites and enter the circulation with potential to seed distant metastases. CTCs can be enriched or isolated from a simple blood liquid biopsy. Analysis of multiple single CTCs has the potential to allow the identification and characterization of cancer heterogeneity to guide best therapy and predict therapeutic response.
  • 573
  • 15 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Copper-Based Nanomaterials in Tumor-Targeted Photothermal Therapy/Photodynamic Therapy
Nanotechnology, an emerging and promising therapeutic tool, may improve the effectiveness of phototherapy (PT) in antitumor therapy because of the development of nanomaterials (NMs) with light-absorbing properties. The tumor-targeted PTs, such as photothermal therapy (PTT) and photodynamic therapy (PDT), transform light energy into heat and produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) that accumulate at the tumor site. The increase in ROS levels induces oxidative stress (OS) during carcinogenesis and disease development. Because of the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) feature of copper (Cu), a vital trace element in the human body, Cu-based NMs can exhibit good near-infrared (NIR) absorption and excellent photothermal properties. Compared with other therapeutic modalities, PTT/PDT can precisely target tumor location to kill tumor cells. Moreover, multiple treatment modalities can be combined with PTT/PDT to treat a tumor using Cu-based NMs.
  • 573
  • 20 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Immunotherapy for Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma
Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is a locally aggressive disease related to asbestos exposure with a median survival for untreated patients of 4–8 months. The growing research in the field of MPM has culminated in the approval of new therapies that improve patient survival. New combinations of immunotherapy with chemotherapy could further improve patient outcomes.
  • 573
  • 08 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Evolution of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Systemic Therapy
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is an aggressive, primary malignant liver tumor. It is estimated that HCC accounts for approximately 85% of all primary liver tumors. HCC is a highly prevalent cancer worldwide and the incidence is growing due not only to alcoholism, hepatitis B and C, but also to steatohepatitis. HCC, like renal cell carcinoma and melanoma, is a cancer largely resistant to chemotherapy but the advent of anti-angiogenic, targeted and immune therapies have improved survival for all of these cancers. 
  • 571
  • 09 Jun 2023
Topic Review
EGFR Resistance in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer
Overcoming EGFR Resistance in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer (mCRC) Using Vitamin C. 
  • 570
  • 03 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Cancer Tissue-Derived and Peripheral Blood Biomarkers in HGSOC
High-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) is one of the most lethal tumors generally and the most fatal cancer of the female genital tract. The approved standard therapy consists of surgical cytoreduction and platinum/taxane-based chemotherapy, and of targeted therapy in selected patients. The main therapeutic problem is chemoresistance of recurrent and metastatic HGSOC tumors which results in low survival in the group of FIGO III/IV. Therefore, the prediction and monitoring of chemoresistance seems to be of utmost importance for the improvement of HGSOC management. 
  • 570
  • 18 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Neural Biomarkers and Their Role in Cancer
Neural biomarkers can be used to identify the origin of a tumor, can enable the differentiation and classification of tumors, and can serve as prognostic factors in several cancers. These biomarkers are most often found in immature neurons, which do not have a fully developed initial axon segment, unlike mature neurons, which do have a developed axon segment. Moreover, immature neurons are undifferentiated, whereas mature neurons have evolved into specialized cells with specific tasks. 
  • 569
  • 13 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Gender Differences and miRNAs Expression in Cancer
MicroRNAs are small, noncoding molecules of about twenty-two nucleotides with crucial roles in both healthy and pathological cells. Their expression depends not only on genetic factors, but also on epigenetic mechanisms like genomic imprinting and inactivation of X chromosome in females that influence in a sex-dependent manner onset, progression, and response to therapy of different diseases like cancer. There is evidence of a correlation between miRNAs, sex, and cancer both in solid tumors and in hematological malignancies; as an example, in lymphomas, with a prevalence rate higher in men than women, miR-142 is “silenced” because of its hypermethylation by DNA methyltransferase-1 and it is blocked in its normal activity of regulating the migration of the cell. This condition corresponds in clinical practice with a more aggressive tumor. In addition, cancer treatment can have advantages from the evaluation of miRNAs expression; in fact, therapy with estrogens in hepatocellular carcinoma determines an upregulation of the oncosuppressors miR-26a, miR-92, and miR-122 and, consequently, apoptosis. 
  • 569
  • 01 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Dietary HDAC2i in Breast Cancer
Breast cancer (BC) is a lethal malignancy with high morbidity and mortality but lacks effective treatments thus far. Histone deacetylases 2 (HDAC2) inhibitor (HDAC2i) has been proven to exhibit an anti-cancer effect, can act as a sensitizer for immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) therapy. Simultaneously, dietary intervention, as a crucial supportive therapy, has been reported to provide ingredients containing HDAC2 inhibitory activity. Thus, the novel integration of dietary intervention with ICIs therapy may offer promising possibilities for improving treatment outcomes. 
  • 569
  • 25 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Therapeutic Immune Induction against Cancers
Cancer immunotherapy, a promising and widely applied mode of oncotherapy, makes use of immune stimulants and modulators to overcome the immune dysregulation present in cancer, and leverage the host’s immune capacity to eliminate tumors.
  • 567
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Use of Immune Regulation in HNSCC
Immunotherapy has emerged as a promising new treatment modality for head and neck cancer, offering the potential for targeted and effective cancer management. Squamous cell carcinomas pose significant challenges due to their aggressive nature and limited treatment options. Conventional therapies such as surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy often have limited success rates and can have significant side effects. Immunotherapy harnesses the power of the immune system to recognize and eliminate cancer cells, and thus represents a novel approach with the potential to improve patient outcomes. In the management of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), important contributions are made by immunotherapies, including adaptive cell therapy (ACT) and immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy.
  • 567
  • 12 Mar 2024
Topic Review
PKC Targeted Glioblastoma Treatment
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most frequent and aggressive primary brain tumor and is associated with a poor prognosis. Despite the use of combined treatment approaches, recurrence is almost inevitable and survival longer than 14 or 15 months after diagnosis is low. It is therefore necessary to identify new therapeutic targets to fight GBM progression and recurrence. Some publications have pointed out the role of glioma stem cells (GSCs) as the origin of GBM. These cells, with characteristics of neural stem cells (NSC) present in physiological neurogenic niches, have been proposed as being responsible for the high resistance of GBM to current treatments such as temozolomide (TMZ). The protein Kinase C (PKC) family members play an essential role in transducing signals related with cell cycle entrance, differentiation and apoptosis in NSC and participate in distinct signaling cascades that determine NSC and GSC dynamics. Thus, PKC could be a suitable drugable target to treat recurrent GBM. Clinical trials have tested the efficacy of PKCβ inhibitors, and preclinical studies have focused on other PKC isozymes.
  • 566
  • 21 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Liquid Biopsies in HNSCC
Head and neck cancers are the seventh most frequent malignancy worldwide, consisting of a heterogeneous group of cancers that develop in the oral cavity, pharynx, and larynx, with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) being the most common pathology. Due to limitations with screening and physical examination, HNSCC often presents in advanced disease states and is thus associated with poor survival. In this setting, liquid biopsies, or obtaining patient bodily fluid samples for cancer diagnosis and prognosis, may play a dramatic role in optimizing care for HNSCC patients. 
  • 565
  • 06 May 2021
Topic Review
CAR-T Cells Shoot for New Targets
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy is undeniably a promising tool in combating various types of hematological malignancies. However, it is not yet optimal and a significant number of patients experience a lack of response or relapse after the treatment. Therapy improvement requires careful analysis of the occurring problems and a deeper understanding of the reasons that stand behind them.
  • 565
  • 22 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Primary Resistance to Immunotherapy-Based Regimens in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) had been explored extensively in patients affected by unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. These agents were expected to be the keystones of the disease’s first-line treatment because they were theoretically able to revert the immune suppressive tumor microenvironment of the cancerous liver, and because of their manageable safety profile.
  • 565
  • 12 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Clinical Applications of Circulating Tumor Cells
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most common form of kidney cancer, characterized by silent progression at early stages, heterogeneous behavior and resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Circulating tumor cells (CTC) are rare cancer cells that are released from the primary tumor site, nodal or systemic metastases to the bloodstream. Thus, CTCs play a key role in the metastatic cascade, eventually becoming the precursors of metastasis in distant sites.
  • 565
  • 16 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Molecular Drivers of Myelodysplastic Neoplasms
Myelodysplastic neoplasms (MDS) form a broad spectrum of clonal myeloid malignancies arising from hematopoietic stem cells that are characterized by progressive and refractory cytopenia and morphological dysplasia. Recent advances in unraveling the underlying pathogenesis of MDS have led to the identification of molecular drivers and secondary genetic events. With the overall goal of classifying patients into relevant disease entities that can aid to predict clinical outcomes and make therapeutic decisions, several MDS classification models (e.g., French–American–British, World Health Organization, and International Consensus Classification) as well as prognostication models (e.g., International Prognostic Scoring system (IPSS), the revised IPSS (IPSS-R), and the molecular IPSS (IPSS-M)), have been developed. The IPSS-M is the first model that incorporates molecular data for individual genes and facilitates better prediction of clinical outcome parameters compared to older versions of this model (i.e., overall survival, disease progression, and leukemia-free survival). 
  • 565
  • 05 May 2023
Topic Review
Liver Liquid Biopsy in MASH Related Hepatocellular Carcinoma
A liver liquid biopsy (LLBx) is a minimally invasive test that measures liver-originated by-products in plasma, i.e., proteins, circulating tumor cells, cell-free RNA, metabolomic markers, microRNA, and extracellular vesicles that precede morphological liver changes during the progression/regression of a benign or malignant liver disease process. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is known for its poor prognosis, probably because >50% of patients are diagnosed at a late stage. Early diagnosis is critical for having access to effective therapeutic options such as liver resection or liver transplantation as well as locoregional radio-ablative therapies, i.e., transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) and Yttrium-90 trans arterial radioembolization (Y90).
  • 565
  • 09 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Major Oral and Maxillofacial Cancer
The surgical treatment of advanced oral cancer often requires extensive resections in the head and neck area and the oral cavity.  This type of cancer is collectively referred to as Major Oral and Maxillofacial Cancer. In such cases microvascular free flaps are the gold standard treatment of choice for defect reconstruction, with an overall flap survival rate of approximately 90–95%.
  • 564
  • 20 Aug 2021
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