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Topic Review
ECM Remodeling in Tumor Microenvironment
Tumorigenesis is characterized by an uncontrolled proliferation of cells that have usually undergone genetic mutations due to hereditary, environmental, and lifestyle factors. Cancer progression, persistent inflammation of the surrounding tissue, and extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling are three highly interconnected processes. Indeed, a multifaceted network of inflammatory signals produced by cancer cells and innate immune cells recruited in the tumor microenvironment (TME) induce changes in the surrounding stroma that, in turn, influence the homeostasis of ECM, creating a “cancerized” microenvironment that supports tumor growth and metastasis. The ECM represents a well-organized and heterogeneous network of macromolecules that provides a mechanical scaffold to the cells and mediates the diffusion of signaling molecules to sustain cell functions.
  • 1.3K
  • 26 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Mechanisms of Alcohol-Mediated Toxicity
Alcohol is one of the commonly used drugs. Ethanol, together with its derivatives and metabolites, exhibits diverse direct and indirect toxic effects, which are responsible for damage to many organs. This toxicity depends on many factors, such as dose, gender, associated comorbidities, or genetic predisposition.
  • 1.3K
  • 26 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Synthesis of Functional Geopolymeric Hybrid Materials
New synthetic hybrid materials, with an inorganic and organic nature, have been developed to promote their application as protective coatings and/or structural consolidants for several substrates in the construction industry and cultural heritage field. In this background, the scientific community paid attention to geopolymers and their new hybrid functional derivatives to design and develop innovative and sustainable composites with better chemical resistance, durability and mechanical characteristics. 
  • 1.3K
  • 14 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Seaweeds as a Functional Ingredient
Seaweeds are autotrophic organisms of simple structure with little or no cellular differentiation and complex tissues, so they are talophytes. They are classified taxonomically into three groups—Chlorophyta, Phaeophyceae, and Rhodophyta, corresponding to green, brown, and red algae, respectively.
  • 1.3K
  • 19 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Brief History of Oxygen
Oxygen, a paramagnetic, diradical gaseous (at room temperature) molecule, is instrumental to life as we know it. It is also crucial to some medical therapies, used in multiple industries and has even been found on other planets. The importance of oxygen cannot be overplayed.
  • 1.3K
  • 28 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Virtual Reality Technologies and Autism Spectrum Disorder
The worldwide rising trend of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) calls for innovative and efficacious techniques for assessment and treatment. Virtual reality (VR) technology gains theoretical support from rehabilitation and pedagogical theories and offers a variety of capabilities in educational and interventional contexts with affordable products. Applications of VR technologies can yield significant benefits provided that they are grounded in the key characteristics of the ASD population. In addressing the core impairments of ASD, and improving the current condition of autistic individuals, the unique advantages of VR for ASD therapy, and the potential of VR for investigating social interaction, could play a crucial role.
  • 1.3K
  • 18 May 2022
Topic Review
Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) Nanocomposites with Cellulose Nanocrystals
Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) is one of the most promising substitutes for the petroleum-based polymers used in the packaging and biomedical fields due to its biodegradability, biocompatibility, good stiffness, and strength, along with its good gas-barrier properties. One route to overcome some of the PHB’s weaknesses, such as its slow crystallization, brittleness, modest thermal stability, and low melt strength is the addition of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) and the production of PHB/CNCs nanocomposites. Choosing the adequate processing technology for the fabrication of the PHB/CNCs nanocomposites and a suitable surface treatment for the CNCs are key factors in obtaining a good interfacial adhesion, superior thermal stability, and mechanical performances for the resulting nanocomposites. 
  • 1.3K
  • 20 May 2022
Topic Review
Evaluating Enzymatic Productivity
Kinetic productivity analysis is critical to the characterization of enzyme catalytic performance and capacity. Enzymatic productivity is a measure of product formation or substrate disappearance over time, at a prescribed temperature under specified reaction conditions. It is the only measure which reliably summarizes the durability and reaction yield (a measure of the conversion of substrate) of an enzymatic process. Kinetic productivity analysis can be employed to assess the catalytic capacity of genetically and chemically modified variants, whole cells, the effect of immobilization carriers on productivity, difference between isoforms isolated from a range of organisms or tissues, and the effect of reaction solution additives.
  • 1.3K
  • 08 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Gene Therapy for Malignant and Benign Gynaecological Disorders
Gene therapy aims to introduce or modify genetic material into target cells, thus altering their function, usually by either restoring a lost function or initiating a new one. Although it was initially employed for the treatment of inherited genetic diseases, gene therapy was soon identified as an effective approach for the treatment of both gynaecological malignancies such as ovarian, cervical, and endometrial cancer and certain benign gynaecological abnormalities, such as leiomyomas, endometriosis, placental, and embryo implantation disorders.  There are two main strategies for specific and efficient gene delivery to cancer and non-cancer cells, and these involve either viral or non-viral systems.
  • 1.3K
  • 22 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Metaverse Space Travel and Anxiety
The metaverse is a collection of 3D-simulated artificial environments designed to foster social interaction. COVID-19 travel anxiety has triggered growing interest in virtual environments (e.g., metaverse travel) in the aftermath of the pandemic. The cost-conscious and tech-savvy behavior of travelers has been resurrected in the ‘new normal’; however, the fear of missing out (FOMO) is now dictating travelers’ choices for newness, immersive and rewarding travel experiences.
  • 1.3K
  • 20 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Techniques to Preserve Endothelial Cells in Vein Grafts
Endothelial cells comprise the intimal layer of the vasculature, playing a crucial role in facilitating and regulating aspects such nutrient transport, vascular homeostasis, and inflammatory response. Endothelial dysfunction is believed to be a key driver for vein graft disease—a pathology in which vein grafts utilised in coronary artery bypass graft surgery develop intimal hyperplasia and accelerated atherosclerosis, resulting in poor long-term patency rates. Activation and denudation of the endothelium following surgical trauma and implantation of the graft encourage a host of immune, inflammatory, and cellular differentiation responses that risk driving the graft to failure. Several approaches have been developed to mitigate the onset and progression of this pathology both clincally and surgically, including optimisation of surgical technique, vein preservation conditions and pharma-modulation. Novel approaches are also under investigation in recent years, including the use of topical gene therapy and the utilisation of endothelial progenitor/colony-forming cells to regenerate vein grafts with the view to improving patient outcomes.
  • 1.3K
  • 10 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Laser-Directed Energy Deposition of Metal Matrix Composites
Multi-material structure fabrication has the potential to address some critical challenges in today’s industrial paradigm. While conventional manufacturing processes cannot deliver multi-material structures in a single operation, additive manufacturing (AM) has come up as an appealing alternative. In particular, laser-directed energy deposition (L-DED) is preferred for multi-material AM. The most relevant applications envisioned for multi-material L‑DED are alloy design, metal matrix composites (MMC), and functionally graded materials (FGM). In view of the industrial relevance of high-performance coatings as tools to mitigate wear, the development of reliable processes to produce MMC coatings is imperative. The tight control of the energy input, together with the ability to tune the composition of the feedstock as an additional process variable, makes L-DED a promising solution. Nonetheless, there are still some issues that need to be faced before multi-material L-DED is ready for industrial use. The identified challenges include—but are not limited to—tightly controlling the composition of the multi-material powder mixture injected into the melt pool; understanding the influence of the thermal history of the process on microstructural aspects, including the interactions between constituents; and studying the in-service behaviour of MMCs with regard to their durability and failure modes.
  • 1.3K
  • 03 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Species and  Distribution of Anopheline Mosquitoes in Hainan
Malaria is a serious mosquito-borne tropical disease impacting populations in tropical regions across the world. Malaria was previously hyperendemic in Hainan Province. Due to large-scale anti-malarial intervention, malaria elimination in the province was achieved in 2019. Anopheles dirus and Anopheles minimus are primary malaria vectors, mainly distributed in the southern and central areas of Hainan.
  • 1.3K
  • 07 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Etiological Factors of Acute on Chronic Liver Failure
Acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) is a syndrome characterized by acute and severe decompensation of chronic liver disease (CLD) correlated with multiple organ failure, poor prognosis, and increased mortality. In 40–50% of ACLF cases, the trigger is not recognized; for many of these patients, bacterial translocation associated with systemic inflammation is thought to be the determining factor; in the other 50% of patients, sepsis, alcohol consumption, and reactivation of chronic viral hepatitis are the most frequently described trigger factors. Other conditions considered precipitating factors are less common, including acute alcoholic hepatitis, major surgery, TIPS insertion, or inadequate paracentesis without albumin substitution.
  • 1.3K
  • 17 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Machine Learning Algorithms
Machine learning (ML) has grown rapidly over the past few decades and has widely used applications not only limited to healthcare problems, such as predicting drug discoveries and diagnosing diseases, but also in other fields, such as mechanics, robotics, and image recognition. In simple words, ML is a rapidly developing field of computational algorithms that aims to replicate human intelligence by adapting to their surroundings and learning from them.
  • 1.3K
  • 21 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Barriers to Port Decarbonisation
Industries worldwide are facing the urgent need to decarbonise in alignment with the goal of the Paris Agreement (PA), which aims to limit global warming. However, progress towards achieving this extremely important goal has been sluggish, and the wider maritime transport sector (ports included) is no exception. 
  • 1.3K
  • 19 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Engineering and Expression Strategies for Optimization of L-Asparaginase
L-asparaginase, an enzyme widely used in the clinic for the treatment of leukemia and in bakeries for the reduction of acrylamide. Newly developed recombinant L-asparaginase (L-ASNase) may have a low affinity for asparagine, reduced catalytic activity, low stability, and increased glutaminase activity or immunogenicity. Some successful commercial preparations of L-ASNase are now available. Therefore, obtaining novel L-ASNases with improved properties suitable for food or clinical applications remains a challenge. 
  • 1.3K
  • 23 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Chitosans and Nanochitosans
Chitosan displays a dual function, acting as both an active ingredient and/or carrier for pharmaceutical bioactive molecules and metal ions. Its hydroxyl- and amino-reactive groups and acetylation degree can be used to adjust this biopolymer’s physicochemical and pharmacological properties in different forms, including scaffolds, nanoparticles, fibers, sponges, films, and hydrogels, among others. 
  • 1.3K
  • 01 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Nanoparticles for Biogas Producers
Nanotechnology has an increasingly large impact on a broad scope of biotechnological, pharmacological and pure technological applications. The novel notion of dosing ions using modified nanoparticles can be used to progress up biogas production in oxygen free digestion processes. 
  • 1.3K
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
CDs as Antimicrobial Agents
Carbon dots (CDs) have been identified as a promising class of photosensitiser nanomaterials for the specific detection and inactivation of different bacterial species. CDs possess exceptional and tuneable chemical and photoelectric properties that make them excellent candidates for antibacterial theranostic applications, such as great chemical stability, high water solubility, low toxicity and excellent biocompatibility. 
  • 1.3K
  • 29 Jul 2021
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