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Topic Review
Human Cardiac Muscle Patches in Cardiac Tissue Engineering
Tissue engineering has paved the way for the development of artificial human cardiac muscle patches (hCMPs) and cardiac tissue analogs, especially for treating Myocardial infarction (MI), often by increasing its regenerative abilities.
  • 1.2K
  • 01 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Percutaneous Closure of PFO by Traditional Devices
Patent foramen ovale (PFO) is a cardiac congenital anomaly with high prevalence in the general population (20–30%) and often represents an incidental finding. PFO can be implicated in the pathogenesis of several medical conditions, so called PFO-associated syndromes, including cryptogenic thromboembolism, decompression sickness, migraine, and arterial deoxygenation syndromes. In 1975, King and Mills performed for the first time a percutaneous atrial septal defect closure in humans by using an automatically opening “umbrella-like” device, further refined to the clamshell double-umbrella device, which had the advantage of being recapturable or removable up to the end of the procedure.
  • 1.2K
  • 22 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Epigenetics of Atrial Fibrillation
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is known to be the most common supraventricular arrhythmia affecting up to 1% of the general population. Its prevalence exponentially increases with age and could reach up to 8% in the elderly population. The management of AF is a complex issue that is addressed by extensive ongoing basic and clinical research. AF centers around different types of disturbances, including ion channel dysfunction, Ca2+-handling abnormalities, and structural remodeling. 
  • 1.2K
  • 15 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Effect of Resveratrol on the Cardiovascular System
RES (3,5,4-trihydroxystilbene), a natural phytoalexin found in a wide variety of plants (e.g., nuts, berries, and grapes) is produced in response to environmental stress. RES exists as two geometric isomers: cis-(Z) and trans-(E). Trans- and cis-resveratrol can be either free or bound to glucose. 
  • 1.2K
  • 09 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Biomolecular Paradigm of Active Resolution Mechanisms in Heart
Inflammation is a complex program of active processes characterized by the well-orchestrated succession of an initiation and a resolution phase aiming to promote homeostasis. When the resolution of inflammation fails, the tissue undergoes an unresolved inflammatory status which, if it remains uncontrolled, can lead to chronic inflammatory disorders due to aggravation of structural damages, development of a fibrous area, and loss of function. Various human conditions show a typical unresolved inflammatory profile. Inflammatory diseases include cancer, neurodegenerative disease, asthma, right heart disease, atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, or atrial fibrillation. New evidence has started to emerge on the role, including pro-resolution involvement of chemical mediators in the acute phase of inflammation. Although flourishing knowledge is available about the role of specialized pro-resolving mediators in neurodegenerative diseases, atherosclerosis, obesity, or hepatic fibrosis, little is known about their efficacy to combat inflammation-associated arrhythmogenic cardiac disorders. It has been shown that resolvins, including RvD1, RvE1, or Mar1, are bioactive mediators of resolution. Resolvins can stop neutrophil activation and infiltration, stimulate monocytes polarization into anti-inflammatory-M2-macrophages, and activate macrophage phagocytosis of inflammation-debris and neutrophils to promote efferocytosis and clearance.
  • 1.2K
  • 27 May 2022
Topic Review
Genetic RyR2 Disease
The ryanodine receptor (RyR2) has a critical role in controlling Ca2+ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) throughout the cardiac cycle. RyR2 protein has multiple functional domains with specific roles, and four of these RyR2 protomers are required to form the quaternary structure that comprises the functional channel. Numerous mutations in the gene encoding RyR2 protein have been identified and many are linked to a wide spectrum of arrhythmic heart disease. Gain of function mutations result in a hyperactive channel that causes excessive spontaneous SR Ca2+ release, but rare hypoactive loss of function mutations have also been described.
  • 1.2K
  • 17 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Evolution of Extracellular Vesicles’ Knowledge
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a family of particles/vesicles present in blood and body fluids, composed of phospholipid bilayers that carry a variety of molecules that can mediate cell communication, modulating crucial cell processes such as homeostasis, induction/dampening of inflammation, and promotion of repair. Since their discovery in 1946, the scientific interest on EVs has increased exponentially promoting promising studies on their possible roles in health and disease.
  • 1.2K
  • 24 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Intima Remodeling in Pulmonary Vascular Remodeling
Pulmonary vascular remodeling is the critical structural alteration and pathological feature in pulmonary hypertension (PH) and involves changes in the intima, media and adventitia. Pulmonary vascular remodeling consists of the proliferation and phenotypic transformation of pulmonary artery endothelial cells (PAECs) and pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) of the middle membranous pulmonary artery, as well as complex interactions involving external layer pulmonary artery fibroblasts (PAFs) and extracellular matrix (ECM). Inflammatory mechanisms,apoptosis and other factors in the vascular wall are influenced by different mechanisms that likely act in concert to drive disease progression. These pathological changes and some pathogenetic mechanisms involved in the remodeling process are described.
  • 1.2K
  • 24 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Application of Nanotechnologies in Ischemic Heart Disease
Nanotechnology focuses on atomic and molecular structures with dimensions of 0.1–100 nm. The resulting nanomaterials exhibit distinct mechanical, electrical, thermal, magnetic and imaging features that facilitate novel and unique applications in different branches of science, such as nanomedicine, nanobiology and nanobiotechnology.
  • 1.2K
  • 09 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Oxidative Stress in Cardiovascular Diseases
       This entry aims to introduce the physiological roles and pathological implications of oxidative stress in cardiovascular tissues
  • 1.2K
  • 28 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Zinc Homeostasis
Research has indicated that zinc plays a consequential mechanistic role in the protection against oxidative stress as zinc is required for the proper functioning of the antioxidant system, the suppression of inflammatory mediators, and the modulation of zinc transporters. Recently, the mechanisms surrounding ZnT8, ZIP7, and metallothionein have shown to be of particular pathogenic importance and are considered as potential therapeutic targets in disease management. The literature has shown that zinc dysregulation is associated with diabetes and may be considered as a leading contributor to the deleterious vascular alterations exhibited by the disease. Although further investigation is required, studies have indicated the favorable use of zinc supplementation in the protection against and prevention of oxidative stress and its consequences over the course of the condition.
  • 1.2K
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Acute Heart Failure Epidemiology and Management
Acute heart failure (AHF) is defined as a new onset or recurrence of HF symptoms and signs requiring emergency therapeutic interventions. It may occur as the first manifestation of HF, or more frequently as an acute decompensation of chronic HF.
  • 1.2K
  • 02 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Plant Polyphenols and Their Benefits on Cardiovascular Health
Polyphenols are secondary metabolites found in vegetables, fruits, and grains. These compounds exhibit several health benefits such as immune modulators, vasodilators, and antioxidants.
  • 1.2K
  • 18 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Coronary Heart Disease
Coronary heart disease is a public health problem and is one of the leading causes of loss of quality of life, disability, and death worldwide. A widely used therapeutic option for the treatment of coronary disease worldwide is coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). A CABG seems to be very beneficial for patients, since in addition to the positive quality of life results, other studies indicate that it positively influences the occurrence of depression [30], can lead to the disappearance of symptoms for around 15 years, decreases death resulting from other causes, reduces hospital admission, and reduces death due to cardiovascular factors.
  • 1.2K
  • 20 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Monocytes in Chronic Heart Failure
A long-term condition known as chronic heart failure (CHF) is an ongoing difficulty of the heart in pumping blood enriched in oxygen and required nutrients around the body’s tissues. CHF pathogenesis is associated with various causes, and inflammation is one of the most important factors promoting the condition. In addition, monocytes, a group of cells present in the blood and infiltrating tissues, are known to participate in both pro- and anti-inflammatory processes and thus affect myocardial remodeling over time.
  • 1.2K
  • 14 Feb 2022
Topic Review
ICIs-Related Cardiotoxicity in Different Types of Cancer
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), antibodies that target the checkpoints in immune cells, work to activate inhibited T-cells and other cells of the innate and adaptive arms, resulting in the robust activation of the immune system and productive antitumor immune responses. However, ICIs-related cardiotoxicity has been recognized as a rare but fatal consequence. Although there has been extensive research based on different types of ICIs, these studies have not indicated whether cardiotoxicity is specific to a type of cancer.
  • 1.2K
  • 13 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation
Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) is an increasingly widespread percutaneous intervention of aortic valve replacement (AVR). The target population for TAVI is mainly composed of elderly, frail patients with severe aortic stenosis (AS), multiple comorbidities, and high perioperative mortality risk for surgical AVR (sAVR). These vulnerable patients could benefit from cardiac rehabilitation (CR) programs after percutaneous intervention. To date, no major guidelines currently recommend CR after TAVI. However, emerging scientific evidence shows that CR in patients undergoing TAVI is safe, and improves exercise tolerance and quality of life. Moreover, preliminary data prove that a CR program after TAVI has the potential to reduce mortality during follow-up, even if randomized clinical trials are needed for confirmation. 
  • 1.2K
  • 14 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Diagnosis and Risk Stratification of Dilated Cardiomyopathy
Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) represents one of the most common causes of non-ischemic heart failure, characterised by ventricular dilation alongside systolic dysfunction. Despite advances in therapy, DCM mortality rates remain high, and it is one of the leading causes of heart transplantation. Developments in complementary diagnostic procedures, namely cardiac magnetic resonance and genetic testing, have shed new light on DCM understanding and management. 
  • 1.2K
  • 19 May 2023
Topic Review
MRI for Evaluating DKD Noninvasively
Renal magnetic resonance techniques provide noninvasive information on renal volume, function, metabolism, perfusion, oxygenation, and microstructural alterations, without the need for exogenous contrast media.
  • 1.2K
  • 10 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Viral Myocarditis - From Pathophysiology to Treatment
The pathophysiology of viral myocarditis and its sequelae leading to severe heart failure with a poor prognosis is not fully understood and represents a significant public health issue globally. Most likely, at a certain point, besides viral persistence, several etiological types merge into a common pathogenic autoimmune process leading to chronic inflammation and tissue remodeling, ultimately resulting in the clinical phenotype of dilated cardiomyopathy. 
  • 1.2K
  • 05 Jan 2022
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