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Topic Review
Hand-Foot-Genital Syndrome
Hand-foot-genital syndrome is a rare condition that affects the development of the hands and feet, the urinary tract, and the reproductive system.
  • 1.3K
  • 23 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Oxidative-Stress Modulators in Hematological Malignancies
Among the different mechanisms involved in oxidative stress, protein carbonylation and lipid peroxidation are both important modifications associated with the pathogenesis of several diseases, including cancer. Hematopoietic cells are particularly vulnerable to oxidative damage, as the excessive production of reactive oxygen species and associated lipid peroxidation suppress self-renewal and induce DNA damage and genomic instability, which can trigger malignancy. A richer understanding of the clinical effects of oxidative stress might improve the prognosis of these diseases and inform therapeutic strategies. The most common protein carbonylation and lipid peroxidation compounds, including hydroxynonenal, malondialdehyde, and advanced oxidation protein products, have been investigated for their potential effect on hematopoietic cells in several studies.
  • 1.3K
  • 17 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Urinary Tract Infections and Microbiota
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) belong among the most common bacterial infections. They comprise the contamination of the periurethral space by specific uropathogens residing in the gut, followed by urethral colonization and pathogen ascension to the urinary bladder. Studying the association between gut microbiota and subsequent development of bacteriuria and UTI is of great interest and importance. Nevertheless, with discovering a multifaceted, symbiotic microbiome in the healthy urogenital tract, the well-established diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for the urinary tract infections (UTIs) need to be re-assessed. Precisely, emerging data suggest that vaginal dysbiosis may result in Escherichia coli colonization and prompt recurrent UTIs. At the same time, urinary microbiome perturbations may precede UTIs' development and other pathologic conditions of the urinary system. Therefore, by the thoroughly assessment of specific gut, urinary tract, and genital tract microbiomes regarding their potential influence on UTI development, knowledge for the incidence reduction and new treatment approaches will be obtained.
  • 1.3K
  • 21 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Machine&Deep Learning towards COVID-19
With many successful stories, machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) have been widely used in our everyday lives in a number of ways. They have also been instrumental in tackling the outbreak of Coronavirus (COVID-19), which has been happening around the world. The SARS-CoV-2 virus-induced COVID-19 epidemic has spread rapidly across the world, leading to international outbreaks. The COVID-19 fight to curb the spread of the disease involves most states, companies, and scientific research institutions. In this research, we look at the Artificial Intelligence (AI)-based ML and DL methods for COVID-19 diagnosis and treatment. Furthermore, in the battle against COVID-19, we summarize the AI-based ML and DL methods and the available datasets, tools, and performance.
  • 1.3K
  • 18 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Role of Oligodendrocytes in Autism
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is an early neurodevelopmental disorder that involves deficits in interpersonal communication, social interaction, and repetitive behaviors. Although ASD pathophysiology is still uncertain, alterations in the abnormal development of the frontal lobe, limbic areas, and putamen generate an imbalance between inhibition and excitation of neuronal activity. Interestingly, recent findings suggest that a disruption in neuronal connectivity is associated with neural alterations in white matter production and myelination in diverse brain regions of patients with ASD. 
  • 1.3K
  • 06 Feb 2021
Topic Review
TGF-β in Cancer
TGF-β is a well know cytokine and growth factor related to tumor growth and fibrosis in different kind of cancers such as lung, pancreas, colon cancer and hepatocellular carcinoma.
  • 1.3K
  • 25 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Adipokines, Myokines, and Hepatokines
Adipose, skeletal, and hepatic muscle tissues are the main endocrine organs that produce adipokines, myokines, and hepatokines. These biomarkers can be harmful or beneficial to an organism and still perform crosstalk, acting through the endocrine, paracrine, and autocrine pathways. Far beyond understanding the actions of each biomarker alone, it is important to underline that these cytokines act together in the body, resulting in a complex network of actions in different tissues, which may have beneficial or non-beneficial effects on the genesis of various physiological disorders and their respective outcomes, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2), obesity, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Overweight individuals secrete more pro-inflammatory adipokines than those of a healthy weight, leading to an impaired immune response and greater susceptibility to inflammatory and infectious diseases. Myostatin is elevated in pro-inflammatory environments, sharing space with pro-inflammatory organokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 (IL-1), resistin, and chemerin. Fibroblast growth factor FGF21 acts as a beta-oxidation regulator and decreases lipogenesis in the liver. The crosstalk mentioned above can interfere with homeostatic disorders and can play a role as a potential therapeutic target that can assist in the methods of diagnosing metabolic syndrome and CVD.
  • 1.3K
  • 25 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Polymeric Immunoglobulin Receptor
Transcytosis of polymeric IgA and IgM from the basolateral surface to the apical side of the epithelium and subsequent secretion into mucosal fluids are mediated by the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR). 
  • 1.3K
  • 21 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Abrasive Waterjet Machining
Abrasive Waterjet Machining (AWJM) is considered a viable alternative to conventional machining processes, due to its capability of rendering even complex features on parts with high productivity. However, it is currently also important for manufacturing processes to comply with the various aspects of sustainability, by putting emphasis on the environmental dimension apart from the economic. Although AWJM generally is considered an inherently environmentally friendly process, it is required that thorough experimental studies be carried out to evaluate the sustainability of AWJM under various conditions. 
  • 1.3K
  • 14 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Genistein
Genistein is an isoflavonoid present in high quantities in soy beans. Possessing a wide range of bioactives, it is being studied extensively for its tumoricidal effects. Investigations into mechanisms of the anti-cancer activity have revealed many pathways including induction of cell proliferation, suppression of tyrosine kinases, regulation of Hedgehog-Gli1 signaling, modulation of epigenetic activities, seizing of cell cycle and Akt and MEK signaling pathways, among others via which the cancer cell proliferation can be controlled. Notwithstanding, the observed activities have been time and dose-dependent. In addition, genistein has also shown varying results in women depending on the physiological parameters, such as the early or post-menopausal states.
  • 1.3K
  • 20 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Aragonite and Unusual Pigments Identification
Aragonite is a mineralogical form of calcium carbonate, mainly of biogenic origin. Historical sources report its use in Roman times as an aggregate in mortars, and in the literature it has only been shown in Roman wall paintings. Thus, its use in 16thcentury wall paintings of the church of Santo Stefano in Selva (Cerignale, Apennines of central Italy) is surprising.
  • 1.3K
  • 01 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Indigo for Non-Toxic and Ecological Gliding Surfaces
The biogenic substance E-indigo can form supramolecular, hydrophobic structures using self-organization. These structures show a low coefficient of friction as a gliding layer against polar surfaces. The formation of primary particles with platelet morphology based on hydrogen-bonded E-indigo molecules is ideal to produce the gliding layer. Structures with excellent gliding properties on ice, snow, and water can be achieved by means of directed friction and high pressure, as well as through tempering. The resulting hard, thin gliding layer of E-indigo does not easily absorb dirt and, thus, prevents a rapid increase in friction. Field tests on snow, with cross-country skis, have shown promising results in comparison to fluorinated and non-fluorinated waxes. Based on quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) data for E-indigo, and its isomers and tautomers, it has been demonstrated that both the application and abrasion of the thin indigo layers are harmless to health, and are ecologically benign and, therefore, sustainable.
  • 1.3K
  • 21 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Lead Azide at Microscale
Lead azide (LA) is a commonly used primary explosive, the detonation growth of which is difficult to study because it is so sensitive and usually has a small charge size in applications.
  • 1.3K
  • 13 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Iron Oxide Nanoparticles in Cancer Diagnostics and Therapy
Cancer theranostics remains a vital research niche as a result of the rising mortality rates caused by various cancers globally. This is excarcebated by challenges related to conventional therapies. Iron-oxide-based NPs that possess characteristically large surface areas, small particle sizes, and superparamagnetism have been cited in applications geared towards diagnosis, and targeted drug delivery. When an external magnetic field is applied to superparamagnetic iron oxide NPs (SPIONs), the domains are aligned to the field. Once the field is removed, they return to a non-magnetic state. The NP magnetic moments turn to flip in the direction of the applied field. This flipping of the magnetic moments generates heat, which forms the basis of tumour ablation therapy through hyperthermia. Substituted iron-oxides or ferrites (MFe2O4) have emerged as interesting magnetic NPs due to their unique and attractive properties such as size and magnetic tunability, ease of synthesis, and manipulatable properties. In recent years, they have been explored for use in targeted therapy and drug delivery for anti-cancer treatment.
  • 1.3K
  • 27 May 2022
Topic Review
Blockchain-Enabled Smart Grid Applications
The conventional electrical grid is undergoing substantial growth for reliable grid operation and for more efficient and sustainable energy use. The traditional grid is now metamorphosing into a smart grid (SG) that incorporates a diverse, heterogeneous blend of operating measures such as smart appliances, meters, and renewable energy resources. With better efficient results and dependability, the SG can be described as a modern electric power grid architecture. The SG is one of the greatest potential advances as a promising solution for the energy crisis. However, it is complex and its decentralization could be of tremendous benefit. Moreover, digitalization and integration of a large number of growing connections make it a target of cyber-attacks. In this sense, blockchain is a promising SG paradigm solution that offers several excellent features. There has been considerable effort put into using blockchains in the smart grid for its decentralization and enhanced cybersecurity; however, it has not been thoroughly studied in both application and architectural perspectives. An in-depth study was conducted on blockchain-enabled SG applications. Blockchain architectures for various applications, such as the synchrophasor applications, electric vehicles, energy management systems, etc., were proposed. 
  • 1.3K
  • 28 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Molecular Mechanisms of Cancer Resistance to Immunotherapy
Cancer has a negative impact on patients’ health and livelihoods, making it one of the most formidable adversaries of humanity. Cancer immunoediting is a major mechanism for controlling cancer that consists of three sequential phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape. The interactions between immune systems and cancer cells are dynamic and constantly evolve because of the surrounding living environment, medical interventions, or genetic factors.
  • 1.3K
  • 12 Oct 2022
Topic Review
List of Virus Species
Excluded are other ranks of virus, viroids and prions. Also excluded are more recently discovered viruses such as Bourbon Virus, common names and obsolete names for viruses.
  • 1.3K
  • 31 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Treatments for Acute Intermittent Porphyria
Rare diseases, especially monogenic diseases, which usually affect a single target protein, have attracted growing interest in drug research by encouraging pharmaceutical companies to design and develop therapeutic products to be tested in the clinical arena. Acute intermittent porphyria (AIP) is one of these rare diseases. AIP is characterized by haploinsufficiency in the third enzyme of the heme biosynthesis pathway. Identification of the liver as the target organ and a detailed molecular characterization have enabled the development and approval of several therapies to manage this disease.
  • 1.3K
  • 22 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Bovine Colostrum as Supportive Care in Anticancer Chemotherapy
BC and its bioactive constituents (LF and others) may be used as supportive care in prevention and treatment of adverse side effects of cancer therapies. Chemotherapy with cytotoxic drugs is applied in the therapy of neoplastic and autoimmune disorders and in transplantation. Hormone therapy with anti-estrogen drugs is used to combat estrogen-receptor-positive breast cancer. Transient complications, associated with chemotherapy, include: impairment of the immune system function (due to severe atrophy of immune organs), damage to sensitive organs and tissues (where cells rapidly divide), such as bone marrow, oral, digestive and genitourinary mucosa systems, male and female reproductive cells, skin, as well as nephrotoxicity, neurotoxicity and cardiotoxicity. Hormone therapy inhibits the production of endogenous estrogens, among others, in the reproductive system. These cancer therapies are accompanied by extremely burdensome and dangerous for health and life symptoms, such as: increased susceptibility to fungal, bacterial, viral and parasitic infections, more severe infection course, neutropenia, anemia, blood-clotting disorders, fever, mucositis, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, constipation, diarrhea, headaches, muscle pain, fluid retention, chronic fatigue, weakness or loss of taste and smell, lack of appetite, weight loss, cachexia, anorexia, cranial neuropathy, seizure, myelopathy, peripheral neuropathy, somnolence, various dermatologic complications, such as extravasation, hyperpigmentation and hypersensitivity reactions. In anti-estrogen therapy, vaginal discharges, reproductive tract bleeding and hot flushes are additionally found.
  • 1.3K
  • 28 Jan 2023
Topic Review
The Action of Sulforaphane in Prostate Cancer
Sulforaphane, derived from broccoli and other members of the Brassica genus, is a phytochemical shown to have anticancer properties. Numerous studies have shown that sulforaphane prevents the development and progression of prostatic tumors. Sulforaphane has been proposed to prevent prostate carcinogenesis by disrupting the Androgen receptor (AR) signaling pathway. Sulforaphane interacts with the promoter region of the AR gene, preventing the transcription of ARs. 
  • 1.3K
  • 25 May 2023
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